Chapter 25Chapter 25

Beginning of the 20Beginning of the 20thth Century Century Crisis:Crisis:

War and RevolutionWar and Revolution

The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914Serbia (w/ Russian support) Serbia (w/ Russian support) determined to create independent determined to create independent Slavic stateSlavic stateAustria dead-set to oppose any Austria dead-set to oppose any Serbian actionsSerbian actions– P.720 British ambassador to P.720 British ambassador to

Vienna about Serbia 1913Vienna about Serbia 1913June 28, 1914June 28, 1914 – Ferdinand – Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian nationalistassassinated by Serbian nationalistJuly 28July 28 – Austria-Hungary declares – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbiawar on SerbiaJuly 30July 30 – Russia declares war on – Russia declares war on Austria-HungaryAustria-HungaryAugust 1August 1 – Germany declares war – Germany declares war on Russiaon RussiaAugust 3August 3 – Germany invades – Germany invades Belgium violating a 75 year old treaty Belgium violating a 75 year old treaty and declares war on Franceand declares war on FranceAugust 4August 4 – Great Britain declares – Great Britain declares war on Germanywar on GermanyAnd now an entire continent was at And now an entire continent was at war… war…

The WarThe WarMost people believed that the war would only last a short time & had Most people believed that the war would only last a short time & had no idea how long and devastating it would beno idea how long and devastating it would be– many people of the nations involved went in w/ much enthusiasmmany people of the nations involved went in w/ much enthusiasm– most felt that their nation’s cause was justmost felt that their nation’s cause was just– this illusion fueled by the fact that wars since 1815 had lasted weeksthis illusion fueled by the fact that wars since 1815 had lasted weeks

overlooked the American Civil War (1861-65) true prototype for WWIoverlooked the American Civil War (1861-65) true prototype for WWI

By August 1914, the European powers had lined up against each By August 1914, the European powers had lined up against each otherother– Central Powers: Germany, Austria, Ottoman Empire, & BulgariaCentral Powers: Germany, Austria, Ottoman Empire, & Bulgaria– Allied Powers (Allies): Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Japan & Allied Powers (Allies): Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Japan &

MontenegroMontenegro

Initially, the Central Powers had the upper hand because Germany Initially, the Central Powers had the upper hand because Germany had developed an industry to prepare for war over the last 40 yearshad developed an industry to prepare for war over the last 40 yearsHad a plan in place for possible scenario for European war in place by Had a plan in place for possible scenario for European war in place by 1905 (the Schlieffen Plan)1905 (the Schlieffen Plan)

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen PlanCreated in 1905, by German Gen. Alfred Created in 1905, by German Gen. Alfred von Schlieffenvon SchlieffenGermany’s problem - it had enemies in Germany’s problem - it had enemies in the east and westthe east and westRussia was slow to mobilize, so the plan Russia was slow to mobilize, so the plan was to knock out France in about 6 was to knock out France in about 6 weeks & then concentrate on Russiaweeks & then concentrate on Russia

Germany Has Problems from BeginningGermany Has Problems from Beginningthe area of Belgium that Germany the area of Belgium that Germany invaded was heavily fortifiedinvaded was heavily fortifiedheavy resistance delayed German heavy resistance delayed German advance until Aug. 20thadvance until Aug. 20thRussia mobilized far quicker than Russia mobilized far quicker than Schlieffen had plannedSchlieffen had plannedBritish troops delayed Germany further British troops delayed Germany further & inflicted heavy losses& inflicted heavy lossesRussia was gaining ground in the east, Russia was gaining ground in the east, so a detachment of German troops were so a detachment of German troops were sent to the eastern frontsent to the eastern frontFrance was slowly losing ground to the France was slowly losing ground to the Germans, so Gen. Joseph Jacques Germans, so Gen. Joseph Jacques Joffre pulled back his troops to protect Joffre pulled back his troops to protect ParisParis

Early War in the West & EastEarly War in the West & EastAug 4, 1914 – German troops cross into BelgiumAug 4, 1914 – German troops cross into Belgium– Did experience more resistance from BelgiansDid experience more resistance from Belgians– British secretly moving to help slow advance to ParisBritish secretly moving to help slow advance to Paris

By 1By 1stst week of Sept, 20 miles from Paris week of Sept, 20 miles from ParisSept. 5-9, 1914 – Sept. 5-9, 1914 – Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne– French push German forces about 50 miles outside of ParisFrench push German forces about 50 miles outside of Paris– French victory saves Paris & could not press advantage thoughFrench victory saves Paris & could not press advantage though– signified the abandonment of the Schlieffen Plansignified the abandonment of the Schlieffen Plan

beginning of trench warfare, trenches extended from the English Channel to beginning of trench warfare, trenches extended from the English Channel to SwitzerlandSwitzerlandwar in the East much more mobile, but cost in lives was enormouswar in the East much more mobile, but cost in lives was enormous– Russia makes early advances defeated Austria in Galicia & SerbiaRussia makes early advances defeated Austria in Galicia & Serbia– tried to do too much too soon, losing badly at the tried to do too much too soon, losing badly at the Battle of TannenburgBattle of Tannenburg (Aug (Aug

30) & the 30) & the Masurian LakesMasurian Lakes (Sept 15) (Sept 15)Russia ended up losing territory, being pushed 300 miles into their own Russia ended up losing territory, being pushed 300 miles into their own territory, Russian casualties stood at 2.5 million by 1915territory, Russian casualties stood at 2.5 million by 19151915 - 1915 - Battle of YpresBattle of Ypres: Germans introduce a new weapon : Germans introduce a new weapon chlorine gaschlorine gasIn 1915, Germany began unrestricted submarine warfareIn 1915, Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare– keep supplies from reaching French & British troops on the mainlandkeep supplies from reaching French & British troops on the mainland– ““any shipany ship coming from British waters would be sunk” coming from British waters would be sunk”

May 1915 - German subs sink the May 1915 - German subs sink the LusitaniaLusitania (1200 die, 128 Americans) (1200 die, 128 Americans)– this swings U.S. support unofficially to the Allied causethis swings U.S. support unofficially to the Allied cause

1916-1917: The Great Slaughter1916-1917: The Great SlaughterTrench WarfareTrench Warfare

success in the East enabled Germany to move back on offensive in success in the East enabled Germany to move back on offensive in WestWesttrenches of 1914 much more elaborate by nowtrenches of 1914 much more elaborate by now– lines protected by barbed wire entanglements 3-5’ high & 30 yds widelines protected by barbed wire entanglements 3-5’ high & 30 yds wide– concrete machine gun nestsconcrete machine gun nests– mortar batteries & supported further back by heavy artillerymortar batteries & supported further back by heavy artillery– Men lived in holes in the ground & trenches separated by “No Man’s Men lived in holes in the ground & trenches separated by “No Man’s

Land”Land”Trench warfare baffled military leaders because they had trained to Trench warfare baffled military leaders because they had trained to fight wars of movementfight wars of movementPublic outcries to break stalemate put them under heavy pressurePublic outcries to break stalemate put them under heavy pressurePeriodically, commanders would order an artillery barrage to soften up Periodically, commanders would order an artillery barrage to soften up enemy linesenemy linesThen a mob of soldiers would climb out of their trenches & work their Then a mob of soldiers would climb out of their trenches & work their way across NML to enemy trenchesway across NML to enemy trenches– These offensives usually bloody & futile, resulting in heavy losses for the These offensives usually bloody & futile, resulting in heavy losses for the

attackersattackers

Major Battles of 1916Major Battles of 1916Feb. to Sept. 1916 – Feb. to Sept. 1916 – Battle of VerdunBattle of Verdun– Germans tried to take a well fortified French fortressGermans tried to take a well fortified French fortress– 10 months of battle, over 700,000 casualties 10 months of battle, over 700,000 casualties

(380,000 French, 330,000 Germans)(380,000 French, 330,000 Germans)– war still at a standstillwar still at a standstill

May 31 to June 1, 1916 – May 31 to June 1, 1916 – Battle of JutlandBattle of Jutland– the only major battle between British & German fleetsthe only major battle between British & German fleets– took place off the coast of Denmarktook place off the coast of Denmark– both sides claimed victory, but Britain still controlled the seas, both sides claimed victory, but Britain still controlled the seas,

Germany retreated to port & never came out againGermany retreated to port & never came out again

July to Nov. 1916 – July to Nov. 1916 – Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme– just as inconclusive as Verdunjust as inconclusive as Verdun– Britain only gained a total of 125 sq. milesBritain only gained a total of 125 sq. miles– 1.1 million casualties (500,000 German, 400,000 British, 200,000 1.1 million casualties (500,000 German, 400,000 British, 200,000

French)French)– Britain introduces a new weapon: armored tanks Britain introduces a new weapon: armored tanks

Entry of the United StatesEntry of the United StatesSinking of the Sinking of the LusitaniaLusitania in May, 1915 pushed the U.S. to unofficially in May, 1915 pushed the U.S. to unofficially support the Allied causesupport the Allied causewasn’t until the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in January wasn’t until the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 that the U.S. declared war on Germany April 6, 19171917 that the U.S. declared war on Germany April 6, 1917U.S. troops wouldn’t arrive on continent until 1918 but gave Allies a U.S. troops wouldn’t arrive on continent until 1918 but gave Allies a psychological boostpsychological boost1917 not a good year for Allies1917 not a good year for Allies– Offensives on Western front disastrousOffensives on Western front disastrous– Italian armies smashed in OctoberItalian armies smashed in October– in Nov, Bolshevik Revolution led to Russian withdrawal by Spring 1918in Nov, Bolshevik Revolution led to Russian withdrawal by Spring 1918

As the war dragged on patriotic enthusiasm replaced by dissatisfaction in As the war dragged on patriotic enthusiasm replaced by dissatisfaction in most countriesmost countries– to boost morale, the smallest victories were given big headlinesto boost morale, the smallest victories were given big headlines– success & the outcome of the war depended greatly on public support at success & the outcome of the war depended greatly on public support at

home. home. Governments also began using Governments also began using propagandapropaganda to gain support to gain supportpropagandapropaganda – ideas or rumors used to harm the opposing cause– ideas or rumors used to harm the opposing cause– Allied governments were the most successful at using propagandaAllied governments were the most successful at using propaganda– (American & British people were convinced that the Germans were demons (American & British people were convinced that the Germans were demons

committing brutal crimes throughout Europe) committing brutal crimes throughout Europe)

War and RevolutionWar and RevolutionThe Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

The Revolution of 1905 failed to bring about any substantial changesThe Revolution of 1905 failed to bring about any substantial changesNicholas II relied on army & bureaucracy to uphold his ruleNicholas II relied on army & bureaucracy to uphold his ruleWWI magnified Russia’s problemsWWI magnified Russia’s problems– Nicholas II only European monarch that took control of armed forcesNicholas II only European monarch that took control of armed forces– Not trained for such a taskNot trained for such a task– Russian troops ill-fed & under trainedRussian troops ill-fed & under trained– 1914-16: 2 million casualties, 4-6 million wounded or captured1914-16: 2 million casualties, 4-6 million wounded or captured

All classes were discontented with the tsar, Nicholas increasingly All classes were discontented with the tsar, Nicholas increasingly insulated from the reality of events by his wife, Alexandriainsulated from the reality of events by his wife, Alexandria– She had fallen under the influence of Rasputin, a “holy man” that could She had fallen under the influence of Rasputin, a “holy man” that could

stop the bleeding of their hemophiliac son – Alexisstop the bleeding of their hemophiliac son – Alexis– Rasputin became influence behind the throne, meddled in govt. affairsRasputin became influence behind the throne, meddled in govt. affairs– as govt faced more military & political disasters, opposition grewas govt faced more military & political disasters, opposition grew

Aristocrats that supported the tsar decided to try to reverse the Aristocrats that supported the tsar decided to try to reverse the situationsituation– had Rasputin assassinated Dec 1916had Rasputin assassinated Dec 1916– too little, too late – fall of Russia began in March 1917too little, too late – fall of Russia began in March 1917

The March RevolutionThe March RevolutionMarch 8 – celebrated as International Women’s DayMarch 8 – celebrated as International Women’s Day– Women demonstrated in Petrograd shouting “Peace and Bread”Women demonstrated in Petrograd shouting “Peace and Bread”– Workers joined in, Alexandria wrote Nicholas saying it was small nuisanceWorkers joined in, Alexandria wrote Nicholas saying it was small nuisance– Nicholas ordered the troops to disperse the demonstrators, shooting Nicholas ordered the troops to disperse the demonstrators, shooting

people if necessarypeople if necessary– Many soldiers joined the movement, spiraled out of controlMany soldiers joined the movement, spiraled out of control

March 12 – the Duma met even though Nicholas had disbanded itMarch 12 – the Duma met even though Nicholas had disbanded itMarch 15 – Duma established a provisional govt, Nicholas II March 15 – Duma established a provisional govt, Nicholas II abdicated the same dayabdicated the same dayProvisional govt. faced another authority, Provisional govt. faced another authority, soviets soviets or workers councilsor workers councils– Petrograd soviet established in March 1917, sprang up all over Russia Petrograd soviet established in March 1917, sprang up all over Russia

soonsoon– Expressed a more radical interest in the lower classesExpressed a more radical interest in the lower classes

2 main had factions split in 19032 main had factions split in 1903– MensheviksMensheviks – majority, wanted Socialist Democrats to be mass electoral – majority, wanted Socialist Democrats to be mass electoral

socialist party based on a Western modelsocialist party based on a Western model– BolsheviksBolsheviks – minority, dedicated to violent revolution & destruction of – minority, dedicated to violent revolution & destruction of

capitalism, led by V.I. Lenincapitalism, led by V.I. Lenin

Vladimir I. LeninVladimir I. Lenin (1870-1924) (1870-1924)LawyerLawyer1887 became dedicated enemy of 1887 became dedicated enemy of tsarist Russiatsarist RussiaExiled from Russia in 1900, Exiled from Russia in 1900, retuned in 1917 and become retuned in 1917 and become leader of Bolshevik partyleader of Bolshevik partyIssued April Theses (4/20/1917)Issued April Theses (4/20/1917)– Proposed Russia could move Proposed Russia could move

directly into socialismdirectly into socialism– Soviets of soldiers, workers, & Soviets of soldiers, workers, &

peasants were ready-made peasants were ready-made weaponsweapons

3 simple slogans of Bolsheviks3 simple slogans of Bolsheviks– ““Peace, Land & Bread”Peace, Land & Bread”– ““Worker control of production”Worker control of production”– ““All power to the soviets”All power to the soviets”

Petrograd soviet led by Petrograd soviet led by Leon Leon TrotskyTrotsky– rabid revolutionaryrabid revolutionary

The Bolshevik RevolutionThe Bolshevik RevolutionJuly 1917July 1917 – Lenin flees to Finland, falsely accused of attempting to – Lenin flees to Finland, falsely accused of attempting to overthrow the provisional govt.overthrow the provisional govt.Also July – Alexander Kerensky named PM of prov. govtAlso July – Alexander Kerensky named PM of prov. govtSept. 1917Sept. 1917 – Gen. Lavr Kornilov attempts to march on Petrograd & seize – Gen. Lavr Kornilov attempts to march on Petrograd & seize powerpower– Kerensky released Bolsheviks from prison & turned to the soviet for helpKerensky released Bolsheviks from prison & turned to the soviet for help– Kornilov failed; strengthened Petrograd soviet & showed Lenin how Kornilov failed; strengthened Petrograd soviet & showed Lenin how

weak the govt. wasweak the govt. wasBy October, the Bolshevik party had grown from 50,000 to 240,000By October, the Bolshevik party had grown from 50,000 to 240,000Nov 6, 1917Nov 6, 1917 – pro-soviet & pro-Bolsheviks take over Petrograd under – pro-soviet & pro-Bolsheviks take over Petrograd under slogan of “All Power to the Soviets”slogan of “All Power to the Soviets”– Provisional govt. collapsed with little bloodshedProvisional govt. collapsed with little bloodshed

Nov. 8Nov. 8 – Lenin announced a new government, the Council of People’s – Lenin announced a new government, the Council of People’s Commissars w/ himself as headCommissars w/ himself as head– 2 problems – Constituent Assembly & public support2 problems – Constituent Assembly & public support

Broke the Assembly by force (to work w/ assembly would be compromising Broke the Assembly by force (to work w/ assembly would be compromising w/ bourgeoisie)w/ bourgeoisie)Gained public support w/ peasants by passing 1Gained public support w/ peasants by passing 1stst law of administration law of administration– declared land nationalized & turned over to local rural land committeesdeclared land nationalized & turned over to local rural land committees– really just made land-grabs that peasants had made earlier legalreally just made land-grabs that peasants had made earlier legal

March 3, 1918 – Communist govt. signed Treaty of Brest-Litvosk w/ March 3, 1918 – Communist govt. signed Treaty of Brest-Litvosk w/ Germany and withdrew from WWIGermany and withdrew from WWI– Gave up eastern Poland, the Ukraine, Finland & Baltic ProvincesGave up eastern Poland, the Ukraine, Finland & Baltic Provinces

Civil War (1918-1921)Civil War (1918-1921)Fought by Red (Bolshevik) & White (anti-Bolshevik) armiesFought by Red (Bolshevik) & White (anti-Bolshevik) armiesReds attacked on all side by White Army and supportersReds attacked on all side by White Army and supportersJuly 16, 1918 – royal family was staying in the Ural Mts. murdered by July 16, 1918 – royal family was staying in the Ural Mts. murdered by the local soviet & burnt their bodies in a mine shaftthe local soviet & burnt their bodies in a mine shaftRed Army well-disciplined and formidable thanks to Leon TrotskyRed Army well-disciplined and formidable thanks to Leon Trotsky– Soldiers who deserted or refused to follow orders summarily executedSoldiers who deserted or refused to follow orders summarily executed

Disunity of White Army weakened their effortsDisunity of White Army weakened their efforts– Different groups fought for different reasonsDifferent groups fought for different reasons

Reds instituted war communism to ensure regular suppliesReds instituted war communism to ensure regular supplies– Banks & industries nationalizedBanks & industries nationalized– Forcible requisition of grain from peasantsForcible requisition of grain from peasants– State administration centralized under Bolshevik controlState administration centralized under Bolshevik control– Secret police “Cheka” created to eliminate enemies of the new regimeSecret police “Cheka” created to eliminate enemies of the new regime

1921 – Communists (Reds) controlled Russia, now bureaucracy 1921 – Communists (Reds) controlled Russia, now bureaucracy dominated by single political party. Also turned many against Allied dominated by single political party. Also turned many against Allied countries that supported the White Armycountries that supported the White Army

The Last Year of the WarThe Last Year of the WarMarch 1918March 1918 – Russian withdrawal gave Germany new hope for – Russian withdrawal gave Germany new hope for victoryvictoryGermany decided to make one last gamble - an offensive aimed at Germany decided to make one last gamble - an offensive aimed at ParisParis– Lasted from March until July, got within 35 miles of ParisLasted from March until July, got within 35 miles of Paris

July 18,1918July 18,1918 - 2 - 2ndnd Battle of the Marne Battle of the Marne– French led by Gen. Ferdinand Foch, supported by 140,000 American French led by Gen. Ferdinand Foch, supported by 140,000 American

troops victorious over Germanytroops victorious over Germany William II left the country Nov. 9William II left the country Nov. 9thth – November 11November 11thth, 1918, 1918: armistice signed, fighting ends: armistice signed, fighting ends

Though the Allies won the war, it was very costly for both sidesThough the Allies won the war, it was very costly for both sidesThe War had cost The War had cost $186 billion$186 billion when the armistice was signed when the armistice was signedOver 10 million people had lost their livesOver 10 million people had lost their lives– 1.7 million Russian troops, 1.7 million Germans, 1.4 million French, 1.7 million Russian troops, 1.7 million Germans, 1.4 million French,

1.2 million Austrian, 900,000 British, & 125,000 Americans1.2 million Austrian, 900,000 British, & 125,000 Americans– 4.5 million civilians died due to hostilities, famine, & disease4.5 million civilians died due to hostilities, famine, & disease– another 21 million soldiers had been woundedanother 21 million soldiers had been wounded

Now that the fighting had ended it was time to try to repair some of Now that the fighting had ended it was time to try to repair some of the damage that was done the damage that was done

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of VersaillesTreaty between the Allied countries with GermanyTreaty between the Allied countries with Germany"The Big Four" represented the Allies and dominated "The Big Four" represented the Allies and dominated the peace conferencethe peace conferenceDavid Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George - Prime Minister of Great - Prime Minister of Great BritainBritainGeorges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau - Premier of France - Premier of France– both wanted to “make Germany pay”both wanted to “make Germany pay”

Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando - Premier of Italy - Premier of Italy– wanted more territory both in Europe and in the Pacificwanted more territory both in Europe and in the Pacific

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson - President of the United States - President of the United States– wanted a just peace and to create a better world by wanted a just peace and to create a better world by

implementing his Fourteen Points.implementing his Fourteen Points.

Major Provisions:Major Provisions:Territorial changesTerritorial changes

Germany surrendered many lands in Europe & colonial holdingsGermany surrendered many lands in Europe & colonial holdings

Colonial LossesColonial LossesGermany ceded all colonies to the AlliesGermany ceded all colonies to the Allies

DisarmamentDisarmamentGerman army was limited to 100,000 volunteersGerman army was limited to 100,000 volunteersConscription was forbiddenConscription was forbiddenGerman navy was reduced to a few small ships.German navy was reduced to a few small ships.Subs, military aircraft, and war industries were prohibited.Subs, military aircraft, and war industries were prohibited.All of the restrictions were intended to prevent Germany from All of the restrictions were intended to prevent Germany from waging war again.waging war again.

War Guilt and Reparations War Guilt and Reparations - Article 231 - Article 231Germany had to accept sole responsibility for the war.Germany had to accept sole responsibility for the war.Germany had to pay reparations for war damages - $33 billionGermany had to pay reparations for war damages - $33 billionGer.made a few payments, stopped making payments in 1933.Ger.made a few payments, stopped making payments in 1933.

The League of NationsThe League of NationsThe treaty called for the creation of the League of The treaty called for the creation of the League of Nations.Nations.Germany was forced to sign the TreatyGermany was forced to sign the TreatyThe U. S. Senate refused the Treaty due to the The U. S. Senate refused the Treaty due to the inclusion of the League of Nations.inclusion of the League of Nations.

Why?Why?U.S. senators feared the League might drag the U.S. senators feared the League might drag the U.S. into a warU.S. into a warThe U.S. never joined the League.The U.S. never joined the League.The U.S. signed a separate treaty with Germany The U.S. signed a separate treaty with Germany **A treaty that did not include the League of **A treaty that did not include the League of Nations**Nations**