Chapter 25 Fungi

Fig. 31-1

Fig. 31-2

Reproductive structure

Spore-producingstructures

Hyphae

Mycelium

20 µm

Fig. 31-3

(b) Coenocytic hypha

Septum

(a) Septate hypha

Pore

Nuclei

Nuclei Cell wallCell wall

Fig. 31-5-3

Spores

Spore-producingstructures

GERMINATION

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Mycelium

Key

Heterokaryotic(unfused nuclei fromdifferent parents)

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

KARYOGAMY(fusion of nuclei)

PLASMOGAMY(fusion of cytoplasm)

Heterokaryoticstage

Zygote

Spores

GERMINATIONMEIOSIS

Fig. 31-6

2.5 µm

Fig. 31-7

10 µm

Parentcell

Bud

Fig. 31-11

Chytrids (1,000 species)

Zygomycetes (1,000 species)

Hyphae 25 µm

Glomeromycetes (160 species)

Fungal hypha

Ascomycetes (65,000 species)

Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

Fig. 31-13-4

Rhizopusgrowingon bread

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Youngzygosporangium(heterokaryotic)

Gametangia withhaploid nucleiMating

type (–)

Matingtype (+)

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n)Heterokaryotic (n + n)

PLASMOGAMY

Key

Diploidnuclei

Zygosporangium

100 µm

KARYOGAMY

MEIOSIS

Sporangium

Spores

Dispersal andgermination

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Dispersal andgermination

Sporangia

Mycelium50 µm

Glomeromycetes

• The glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota) were once considered zygomycetes

• They are now classified in a separate clade• Glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae

Fig. 31-15

2.5 µm

Fig. 31-16

Tuber melanosporum, a truffle

Morchella esculenta,the tasty morel

Fig. 31-17-4

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)Dikaryotic (n + n)

Conidiophore

Mycelium

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Germination

Hypha PLASMOGAMY

Haploid spores (conidia)

Conidia;mating type (–)

Matingtype (+)

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Dikaryotichyphae

Ascus(dikaryotic)

Mycelia

KARYOGAMY

Diploid nucleus(zygote)

Germination

Asci

Dispersal

Dispersal

AscocarpEightascospores

Fourhaploidnuclei MEIOSIS

Fig. 31-18a

Maiden veil fungus(Dictyphora), afungus with an odor like rotting meat

Fig. 31-18b

Puffballs emittingspores

Fig. 31-18cShelf fungi, importantdecomposers of wood

Basidium

Fig. 31-19-4

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n)Dikaryotic (n +n)

Key

PLASMOGAMY

Matingtype (+)

Haploid myceliaDikaryotic mycelium

Matingtype (–)

Basidia(n+n)

Gills linedwith basidia

Basidiocarp(n+n)

KARYOGAMY

Diploidnuclei

MEIOSIS

Basidium containingfour haploid nuclei

Dispersal andgermination

Basidiospores(n)

Basidium withfour basidiospores

Basidiospore1 µm

Haploid mycelia

Fig. 31-20

Fig. 31-23a

A fruticose (shrublike) lichen

Fig. 31-23b

Crustose(encrusting)lichens

Fig. 31-23c

A foliose(leaflike)lichen

Fig. 31-24

Algal cell

Ascocarp of fungusSoredia

Fungal hyphae

Fungalhyphae Algal

layer

20 µ

m

Fig. 31-25a

(a) Corn smut on corn

Fig. 31-25b

(b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves

Fig. 31-25c

(c) Ergots on rye

Fig. 31-26

Staphylococcus

Zone ofinhibitedgrowth

Penicillium

Fig. 31-UN6a

Fig. 31-UN6b

Fig. 31-UN6c

Fig. 31-UN6d

Fig. 31-UN6e

You should now be able to:

1. List the characteristics that distinguish fungi from other multicellular kingdoms

2. Describe the life cycles of Rhizopus stolonifer and Neurospora crassa

3. Distinguish among zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes

4. Describe some of the roles of fungi in ecosystems, lichens, animal-fungi mutualistic symbioses, food production, and medicine and as pathogens