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Chapter 25:Plant Responses And
Adaptations
Hormones and Plant Growth
• Plant cells send signals to one another that indicate when to divide, when not to divide, and when to develop into a new kind of cell
• When animals reach adulthood, they stop growing
• Even when plants reach adulthood, they keep growing
• Meristems allow plants to remain “forever young”
What do plants grow in response to?
• Light• Moisture• Temperature• Gravity
What is a plant hormone?
• A substance that is produced in one part of an organism and affects another part of the same individual
• Control a plant’s patterns of growth and development, and the plant’s responses to environmental conditions
Plant Hormones• To respond to a hormone, the target cell must
contain a receptor to which the hormone binds• If the receptor is present, the hormone can
influence the target cell by: -changing its metabolism
-affecting its growth rate-activating the transcription of
certain genesA single hormone may affect two different
tissues in different ways
Auxins
• Phototropism – tendency of a plant to grow toward a source of light
• Auxins are produced in the apical meristem and are transported downward into the rest of the plant
• Auxins stimulate cell elongation• Responsible for gravitropism– Gravitropism – response of a plant to the force of
gravityInvolved in the way roots grow around objects in
the soil
Auxins
• Regulate cell division in meristems• Apical dominance is the phenomenon in
which the closer a bud is to the stem’s tip, the more its growth is inhibited
• Compounds that mimic auxins are used as herbicides to kill weeds– Herbicides – compounds that are toxic to plants
Cytokinins
• Cytokinins – plant hormones that are produced in growing roots and in developing fruits and seeds
• Stimulate cell division and the growth of lateral buds
• Cause dormant seeds to sprout• Delay the aging of leaves • Inhibit elongation and cause cells to grow
thicker
Plant Hormones
• Stimulate cell elongation• Inhibit growth of lateral
buds
• Inhibit elongation • Stimulate lateral bud
growth
Auxins Cytokinins
BOTH: Determine how a plant grows
Gibberellins
• Gibbberellin – growth-promoting substance• Produce dramatic increases in size, especially
in stems and fruits• Produced by seed tissue • Responsible for rapid early growth of plants
Ethylene
• Ethylene – plant hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen
• Plants produce their own ethylene• In response to auxins, fruit tissues release
small amounts of ethylene, which then stimulates fruits to ripen
• Used to control the ripening process of fruit
25-2 plant responses
Plant tropisms include gravitropism, phototropism, and thigmotropism. Each of these responses demonstrate the ability of plants to respond to external stimuli
25-2 Plant ResponsesTropism= the response of plants to external
stimuli– Phototropism: response to light• Auxin controls it• Auxin=hormone• Maximizes plant exposur to sunlight
– Gravitropism: response to gravity• Auxin controls• Roots grow with gravity• Stem grows against gravity
More tropism!!! :D• Thigmotropism=Response to touch– Plants that are touched regularly may be
stunted in growth– Vines and climbing plants grow around
anything that they touch.
EVEN MORE Tropisms!!!:D• Hydrotropism: response to water• E.g. plant grows towards where water is
abundant• Chemotropism: response to chemicals• Thermotropism: response to temperature• Heliotropism: response to the position of
the sun
Rapid Response• Plant movements that are not tropisms– Tropisms involve plant growth– Tropisms DO NOT happen rapidly!!!
Ex. Venus fly trap
Photoperiodism
Photoperiodism: plants ability to respond to periods of light and darkness– Short-day plants: flower when days are short– Long-day plants: flower when days are long
Phytochromes are plant pigment that absorbs red light is responsible for photoperiodism.
Winter DormancyDormancy: is the period during which an organism’s
growth and activity decrease or stop
• Shorter days and colder temperatures reduces rate of photosynthesis
• Keeping the leaves would be costly in terms of water loss
• The leaves have little chance of surviving the winter
Leaf Abscission• Plant reduces auxin production, and
increases ethylene production• Leaf stops making chlorophyll• Remaining chlorophyll breaks down and
exposes accessory pigments• Nutrients are transported from the leaf to
the plant • Abscission Layer – seals off the leaf from
the rest of the plant
Plant Adaptations
By Jenny Song
Angiosperms can survive in many different locations.
How is this possible?
Through natural selection, plants have evolved different adaptations to live successfully in
each environment.
Adaptations are special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat
Aquatic Plants Often live in MUD(contain little oxygen) To get enough oxygen, many aquatic pants
have air-filled spaces in their tissues. Oxygen diffuses through these spaces from
the leaves to the roots.
Example of an Aquatic Plant: Waterlillies
Salt-Tolerant Plants
Plants that grow in salt water or in very salty air near the ocean.
These plants have special cells that pump salt out of the plant tissues and onto the leaf surfaces.
Then, the rain washes off the salt. Ex. Lampranthus spectabilis (trailing iceplant)
Xerophytes (Desert Plants)
These plants often have extensive roots, reduced leaves, and thick stems that can store water.
Seeds of many desert plants can remain dormant for years.
These seeds will germinate only when enough moisture guarantees them a chance to survive.
Nutritional Specialists
Plants that grow in soil with little nutrients.Ex. Carnivorous plants and parasites
Carnivorous plants trap and digest insects to get nitrogen.
Parasites get water and nutrients directly from a host plant.
These plants HARM their host plants
Epiphytes
Plants that are not rooted in soil. They grow directly on the bodies of other
plants. Are NOT parasites. They gather their own moisture from the rain. They make their own food. Most live in Rain Forests.
Chemical Defenses Many plants produce chemicals that are
poisonous to the animals that eat them. Chemical defenses protect plants from
potential predators.
Digitalis (Foxglove)is
poisonous when eaten.