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IndiaChapter 25, Section 1
Early History
• Civilization began in Indus Valley around 2500 B.C.E.
• Aryans invaded about 1,000 years later
Early History
• Aryans established small kingdoms on the Ganges Plain
• Later Persian and Greek invaders occupied the Indus Valley
Early History
• Two great Indian Empires:
–Mauryan Empire - spread
Buddhism
–Gupta Empire – age of
peace and prosperity
Early History
• Mughal Empire – Muslim
rule over Indus Valley by
early 1500s
–Brought new customs
Europeans Arrive
• Europeans began
trade with India
in the 1500s
• British East India
Company gained
control by 1757
Europeans Arrive
• In 1857, Great Britain est. direct rule over India
• Mohandas Ghandi began nonviolent resistance
Europeans Arrive
• India gained independence on August 14, 1947
• Independence brought division
–Muslims vs. Hindus
Government
• India became a democratic republic in 1950
–World’s largest democracy
–Reflects elements of both the American and British systems
Government
• India is a federation of
states, like the U.S.
• Like Britain, it has a
parliamentary democracy
Economic Challenges
• India has one of the
world’s largest economies,
but per capita income
remains low
Economic Challenges
• Dependence on Farming
–2/3 of population rely on
farming
Economic Challenges
• Dependence on Farming continued…
–Land Reform: more balanced distribution of land among farmers
–Green Revolution: new farming techniques and higher-yielding grain varieties
Economic Changes
• Growing Industry
–Cotton has always been a
major product
–India is now a major producer
of iron, steel, chemicals,
machinery and food products
Indian Culture
• Many languages
–Constitution recognizes 18
major language groups, but
Hindi is the official language
–English is also a common
language
Indian Culture
• Hinduism
–80% of India’s population
–Polytheistic
–Caste System- system of social
classes in which each person is born into
caste and can only move into a different
caste through reincarnation
Pakistan and Bangladesh
Chapter 25, Section 2
Early History
• Indus Valley Civilization
–Began around 2500 B.C.
–Featured well-organized
cities
–Fell around 1500 B.C.
Partition and War
• British rule ended in 1947
–This brought partition, or
division of British India
–Two countries created: India
(Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim)
–Led to violence between
Hindus and Muslims
Partition and War
• Civil war began in Pakistan in
1971
• East Pakistan wanted its
independence
• East Pakistan eventually became
independent Bangladesh
Military Rule
• Short periods of elected gvt
have altered with long periods
of military rule
• Pakistan has fought many
wars with India over Kashmir
Struggling Economies
• Subsistence Farming
–Work small plots of land and
struggle to grow enough
crops to feed their families
–Grow cotton and rice for
export
Struggling Economies
• Small Industry
–Most factories are small and
lack capital
–An important development has
been microcredit, which makes
small loans available to
entrepreneurs
One Religion, Many Peoples
• Islamic Culture
–Ramadan
–Pakistan is stricter in
imposing Islamic law
–Purdah - seclusion of
women
One Religion, Many Peoples
• Ethnic Diversity
–Pakistan has 5 major ethnic
groups
•Each group has its own
language
–The people of Bangladesh are
mostly Bangelis
Modern Life and Culture
• Life revolves around family
–Arranged marriages and
large families are common
• Poetry
• Music and dance