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Chapter 25: The Great Chapter 25: The Great Depression and the New Deal, Depression and the New Deal, 1929-19391929-1939

Preview:Preview: “The Great Depression, the longest one in the “The Great Depression, the longest one in the history of the nation, left many Americans shaken. Rates of history of the nation, left many Americans shaken. Rates of birth and marriage declined, and many women worked birth and marriage declined, and many women worked additional hours in and out of the home. Franklin additional hours in and out of the home. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal attacked the Depression along three Roosevelt’s New Deal attacked the Depression along three broad fronts: recovery for the economy, relief for the needy, broad fronts: recovery for the economy, relief for the needy, and reforms designed to ward off future depressions. It and reforms designed to ward off future depressions. It succeeded in all but the quest for the recovery.”succeeded in all but the quest for the recovery.”

The Highlights:The Highlights: The Human Impact of the Great DepressionThe Human Impact of the Great Depression The Tragedy of Herbert HooverThe Tragedy of Herbert Hoover The Early New Deal (1933-1935)The Early New Deal (1933-1935) A Second New Deal (1935-1936)A Second New Deal (1935-1936) The American People under the New DealThe American People under the New Deal The End of the New Deal (1937-1940)The End of the New Deal (1937-1940)

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The Human Impact of the The Human Impact of the Great DepressionGreat Depression

Hard TimesHard Times– Subsistence incomesSubsistence incomes– Marriage and familyMarriage and family– Fathers and mothersFathers and mothers– Psychological impactPsychological impact

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The Golden Age of Radio and FilmThe Golden Age of Radio and Film– Programming: helped change Programming: helped change

national habitsnational habits– Legion of Decency (1933)Legion of Decency (1933)

““Dirty Thirties”: An Ecological Dirty Thirties”: An Ecological DisasterDisaster– Dust BowlDust Bowl– Impact of commercial farmingImpact of commercial farming– ““Okie” migration to California Okie” migration to California

portrayed in John Steinbeck’s portrayed in John Steinbeck’s The The Grapes of WrathGrapes of Wrath (1939) (1939)

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Mexican Americans and RepatriationMexican Americans and Repatriation– Cesar ChavezCesar Chavez– RepatriationRepatriation– LULAC and ethnic identityLULAC and ethnic identity

African Americans in the DepressionAfrican Americans in the Depression– Father Divine and Elijah MuhammadFather Divine and Elijah Muhammad– Scottsboro boys incident and court case Scottsboro boys incident and court case

illustrated heightened racial tensionsillustrated heightened racial tensions

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The Failure of ReliefThe Failure of Relief– Private charityPrivate charity– City servicesCity services– TERA: Temporary Emergency Relief TERA: Temporary Emergency Relief

Administration (1931)Administration (1931)

The Tragedy of Herbert Hoover

“By the winter of 1931-1932 the story was the same everywhere: relief organizations with too little money and too few resources to make much headway against the Depression”(826).

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The Hoover Depression ProgramThe Hoover Depression Program– Hoover: government should foster Hoover: government should foster

private solutions to public problemsprivate solutions to public problems– Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)– Reconstruction Finance Corporation Reconstruction Finance Corporation

(1932)(1932)– Unemployment reliefUnemployment relief

Stirrings of DiscontentStirrings of Discontent– Farm Holiday AssociationFarm Holiday Association– Communist partyCommunist party

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The Bonus ArmyThe Bonus Army– The bonus army wanted to cash in The bonus army wanted to cash in

the bonus certificates they had the bonus certificates they had received from Congress in 1924received from Congress in 1924

– Hoover called U.S. Army to remove Hoover called U.S. Army to remove protestors-many woundedprotestors-many wounded

The Election of 1932The Election of 1932– Republicans supported Hoover; Republicans supported Hoover;

Democrats nominated Franklin D. Democrats nominated Franklin D. RooseveltRoosevelt

– ““Roosevelt coalition” was victoriousRoosevelt coalition” was victorious

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The Early New Deal (1933-The Early New Deal (1933-1935)1935)

The Democratic RooseveltsThe Democratic Roosevelts– Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt– The Brains TrustThe Brains Trust

Saving the BanksSaving the Banks– Emergency Banking Act (1933) Emergency Banking Act (1933) – Federal Deposit Insurance (1933)Federal Deposit Insurance (1933)

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Relief for the UnemployedRelief for the Unemployed– Work reliefWork relief– The Civil Works Administration (CWA)The Civil Works Administration (CWA)– The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)– Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)

Planning for Industrial RecoveryPlanning for Industrial Recovery– Public Works Administration (1933)Public Works Administration (1933)– National Recovery Administration National Recovery Administration

(1933)(1933)– Schecter Schecter decision (1935) struck down decision (1935) struck down

the NRAthe NRA

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Planning for AgriculturePlanning for Agriculture– Agricultural Adjustment Agricultural Adjustment

Administration (1933)Administration (1933)– Butler v. U.S. Butler v. U.S. (1936)(1936)

“Though Roosevelt regarded recovery as his primary goal, the New Deal never achieved it. Conditions improved, but the economy only limped along”(837).

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A Second New Deal (1935-A Second New Deal (1935-1936)1936)

Voices of ProtestVoices of Protest– Liberty League (1934)Liberty League (1934)– ““End Poverty in California”End Poverty in California”– Huey LongHuey Long– Charles CoughlinCharles Coughlin– Francis TownsendFrancis Townsend

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The Second Hundred DaysThe Second Hundred Days– Works Progress Administration Works Progress Administration

(WPA)(WPA)– Social Security (1935)Social Security (1935)– National Labor Relations Act (1935)National Labor Relations Act (1935)

The Election of 1936The Election of 1936– Roosevelt turned the election into a Roosevelt turned the election into a

contest between haves and have-contest between haves and have-notsnots

– Roosevelt coalitionRoosevelt coalition

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The American People The American People under the New Dealunder the New Deal The New Deal and Western WaterThe New Deal and Western Water

– Water management programs Water management programs extended federal powerextended federal power

– Bureau of Reclamation was a powerful Bureau of Reclamation was a powerful force in Washington and the Westforce in Washington and the West

The Limited Reach of the New DealThe Limited Reach of the New Deal– African AmericansAfrican Americans– Mexican AmericansMexican Americans

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Tribal RightsTribal Rights– The New Deal renewed federal interest The New Deal renewed federal interest

in the plight of the Indiansin the plight of the Indians– John Collier’s Indian Reorganization ActJohn Collier’s Indian Reorganization Act

A New Deal for WomenA New Deal for Women– A network of activist formed to promote A network of activist formed to promote

women’s interests and social reformwomen’s interests and social reform– Women’s Division of the Democratic Women’s Division of the Democratic

National CommitteeNational Committee– New Dealers placed greater emphasis New Dealers placed greater emphasis

on aiding women than on employing on aiding women than on employing themthem

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The Rise of Organized LaborThe Rise of Organized Labor– CAWIU farm strike (1933)CAWIU farm strike (1933)– John L. Lewis headed the United John L. Lewis headed the United

Mine Workers (UMW)Mine Workers (UMW)– Congress of Industrial Organizations Congress of Industrial Organizations

(1936)(1936) Campaigns of the CIOCampaigns of the CIO

– Sit-down strikesSit-down strikes– Union gainsUnion gains

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““Art for the Millions”Art for the Millions”– New Deal program Federal One New Deal program Federal One

employed writers, musicians, employed writers, musicians, painters, actors, and photographerspainters, actors, and photographers

– Rivera and OrozcoRivera and Orozco– Documentary realism: stirred the Documentary realism: stirred the

social conscience of the countrysocial conscience of the country

“No agency of the New Deal touched more Americans than Federal One, the bureaucratic umbrella of the WPA’s arts program. For the first time, thousands of unemployed writers, musicians, painters, actors, and photographers went on the federal payroll, and millions of Americans saw their work”(850).

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The End of the New Deal The End of the New Deal (1937-1940)(1937-1940) Packing the CourtsPacking the Courts

– Roosevelt complained that the Roosevelt complained that the Supreme Court had created a “no-Supreme Court had created a “no-man’s land”man’s land”

– Roosevelt’s planRoosevelt’s plan The New Deal at BayThe New Deal at Bay

– John Maynard KeynesJohn Maynard Keynes– Recovery abroadRecovery abroad

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The Legacy of the New DealThe Legacy of the New Deal– Lasted five years from 1993-1938 Lasted five years from 1993-1938

and left a legacy of changeand left a legacy of change– FDR modernized the presidency FDR modernized the presidency – The many New Deal programs The many New Deal programs

formed the outlines of the new formed the outlines of the new welfare statewelfare state

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