Chapter 26 – Section 1

The War Begins

Exploring American HistoryUnit VIII- Boom Times and Challenges

The Clouds of War (03:36)

Europe after World War I

1.1. World WarWorld War I caused the deaths of millionsdeaths of millions and the destruction of numerous destruction of numerous cities and farmscities and farms. The European economy was in ruinsEuropean economy was in ruins.

2. The Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles left many European nations unhappy.

• France thought the treaty was too easy on Germany.

• Italy had been on the winning side of the war but was ignored during the peace talks. They had hoped to gain territory.

3. Germany was most affected by the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles.

• Germany gave up control of some of its landGermany gave up control of some of its land, including some important industrial areas.

• German was forced to pay reparationsreparations to other countries, which led to a period of severe inflation.

4. The Weimer Republic was not a strong governmentWeimer Republic was not a strong government.

• It faced opposition from the Communists and the far right.

• The German military was greatly reduced in size and power.

Germany after WWI – 1:48

The War BeginsThe Big Idea

The rise of aggressive totalitarian governments led to the start of World War II.

Main Ideas

• During the 1930s, totalitarian governments rose to power in Europe and Japan.

• German expansion led to the start of World War II in Europe in 1939.

• The United States joined the war after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.

Main Idea 1: During the 1930s, totalitarian governments rose to

power in Europe and Japan.

• Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler took advantage of public anger over effects of Treaty of Versailles to gain power.

– A member of the National Socialist Party, or NazisNational Socialist Party, or Nazis

– Became chancellor in 1933chancellor in 1933 and seized all government power

– Blamed others for Germany’s problems, including Jews and CommunistsBlamed others for Germany’s problems, including Jews and Communists

Italy

• Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini gained complete control of Italy in 1922.Italy in 1922.

– Rule based on fascismfascism, a political system in which the “state”– or government– is seen as more important than individuals.

– In the mid-1930s, began working to expand territory

Germany

• Several European countries moved towards totalitarianismtotalitarianism, a political system in which the government controls every aspect of citizens’ lives.1930s

Benito Mussolini• Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini led the Italian government by 1922.

– His vision of a strong, orderly Italy was appealing– He encouraged the use of violence against Socialists and Communists, whom

many Italians blamed for the chaos of postwar Italy.– He gained wide support for his views.

• Angry over the Treaty of Versailles, he founded the National Fascist National Fascist Party. Party.

• Fascism stressed the glory of the stateFascism stressed the glory of the state —the rights and concerns of individuals were of little importance.

• Established a dictatorshipdictatorship that allowed no other political parties

• Had total control over daily life in a totalitarian regimeHad total control over daily life in a totalitarian regime

Italy (00:57)

Third ReichThird Reich

• Official designation for the Nazi Party's regimedesignation for the Nazi Party's regime in Germany from January 1933 to May 1945January 1933 to May 1945. The name reflects Adolf Hitler's conception of his expansionist regime — which he predicted would last 1,000 yearslast 1,000 years — as the presumed successor of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806, the First Reich) and the German empire under the Hohenzollern dynasty (1871-1918, the Second Reich).

Adolf Hitler

• Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler was an AustrianAustrian who entered German politics because he was angry over the Treaty of Versailles.

• Joined a small political party called the National Socialists, or NazisNational Socialists, or Nazis

• Tried to seize power in Germany by force in 1923; revolt failed and he 1923; revolt failed and he was sent to prisonwas sent to prison

• From prison, wrote From prison, wrote Mein KampfMein Kampf —a book that outlined his political ideas– Believed in the racial superiority of the German peopleracial superiority of the German people

– Blamed the JewsBlamed the Jews for many of Germany’s problems

• Hitler became Germany’s chancellor in 1933.Germany’s chancellor in 1933.

• Set up a totalitarian dictatorshipSet up a totalitarian dictatorship

• Secretly began to build up the German militaryGerman military

Adolph Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party (02:50)

Jesse Owens and the Berlin Jesse Owens and the Berlin Olympics of 1936Olympics of 1936

• Summer Olympics in Berlin provided Hitler with an opportunity to show the world the greatness of the German people ((The Master Race)The Master Race) and the inferiority of certain other groups such as Africans.

• The U.S. Olympic team included many African American athletes, such as Jesse Owens.

• Owens captured gold medals in the 100 and 200 meter Owens captured gold medals in the 100 and 200 meter Dashes, the Long Jump and a relayDashes, the Long Jump and a relay. Living proof that Hitler’s views on race were wrong.

• Germany did not learn the lesson of Owen’s example. Hitler preached a message of hate, anger and false pride which would rule in Germany.

The Soviet Union and Japan

• Group of military leadersGroup of military leaders slowly gained complete control of government.

– By 1930s, had more influence than the Japanese emperor

– Wanted to build a large Japanese empirelarge Japanese empire in East Asia

– Invaded ChinaInvaded China and killed hundreds of thousands

SovietUnion

• Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin became dictator of the Soviet Union by 1928dictator of the Soviet Union by 1928.

– CommunistCommunist ruler

– Terrorized those he saw as political enemiesTerrorized those he saw as political enemies, killing or imprisoning millions of Soviet citizens

Japan

Russia (01:15)

Japan (00:51)

1931; Japanese Aggression in Manchuria (01:53)

The Rise of TotalitarianismThe Rise of Totalitarianism

• ExplainExplain – Under Fascism, which is more important, individual’s rights or the state?

• Compare-Compare- How were the governments of Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union similar at the beginning of World War II?

• EvaluateEvaluate – How do you think Japan’s strong military leaders influenced the emperor?

Main Idea 2:German expansion led to the start of

World War II in Europe in 1939.

• HitlerHitler dreamed of avenging Germany’s defeatavenging Germany’s defeat in World War I.

– Violated the Treaty of VersaillesViolated the Treaty of Versailles

– Rebuilt German militaryRebuilt German military

– Invaded neighboring Rhineland in 1936Invaded neighboring Rhineland in 1936

• Germany signed an alliance with Italy and formed the Axis PowersAxis Powers.

– Japan later joined this pact.

The Rhineland

• Germany could not have troops in an area of the Rhine River valley along the French border.

• This was meant to protect France against a possible German invasion.

• Hitler sent Hitler sent troops into the troops into the Rhineland in Rhineland in 19361936.

• France and Britain were unwilling to stop this.

The Anschluss• In 1938 Hitler tried to

unite the ethnic unite the ethnic Germans of Austria Germans of Austria with those of with those of Germany.Germany.

• He tried to force the Austrian government to agree to AnschlussAnschluss – union with – union with GermanyGermany.

• When the Austrian government refused, Hitler sent troops into the country.

• No one stopped Hitler.

Adolf Hitler Gains PowerThe Sudetenland

• Hitler began plans to gain control of a German-speaking German-speaking portion of portion of CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia.

• He encouraged the Germans in the area to protest the Czech government and then threatened a military attack.

• Neville Neville Chamberlain and Chamberlain and others allowed others allowed Hitler to annex the Hitler to annex the Sudetenland.Sudetenland.

Hitler Sets His Sights on Sudetenland

• Hitler demanded control of SudetenlandHitler demanded control of Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia.

• Czechs turned to allies France and Great Britain.

– Neither wanted armed conflict.

– Took appeasementappeasement approach– a policy of avoiding war with an aggressive nation by giving in to its demands.

• Germany was given control over the Sudetenland in return for a promise not to demand more land. Munich PactMunich Pact

– Some, including British admiral Winston Churchill, were convinced this would not stop Hitler.

Munich Pact - AppeasementAppeasement•Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain signed the Munich Pact in Munich, Germany on September 29, 1938. •Hitler demanded for the secession of the German - speaking Sudetanland of Czechoslovakia to Germany. •Looking for any attempt to prevent further confrontations with Hitler, Great Britain and France accepted Hitler’s demands. France and Great Britain were devastated by World War I and would be willing to do anything to avoid more confrontation. •With Great Britain’s and France’s acceptance, Hitler promised not to claim any other European territory. •British Admiral Winston Churchill said this of the agreement- “The government had to choose between “The government had to choose between shame and war. They have chosen shame and they shame and war. They have chosen shame and they will have war.”will have war.”

Hitler on the march• Lebensraum- “Living Room”, -all people of Lebensraum- “Living Room”, -all people of

German blood in Austria, Czechoslovakia, and German blood in Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. Poland.

• 1938- March- Hitler invades Austria then 1938- March- Hitler invades Austria then Sudetenland.Sudetenland. The Czech hoped other nations would aid them- did not happen.

• Munich Conference-Munich Conference- Chamberlain of England, Daladier of France met with Hitler and Mussolini at Munich, Germany. Sept. 28, 1938Sept. 28, 1938 they agreed to dismember Czechoslovakia and appease Hitler. Chamberlains said, “Peace in our time.”

• November 1938- Hitler increases brutal treatment November 1938- Hitler increases brutal treatment of Jews.of Jews.

• March 1939- Hitler seizes rest of Czechoslovakia- March 1939- Hitler seizes rest of Czechoslovakia- Appeasement failed.Appeasement failed.

• April 7, 1939- Italy invades Albania.

• Isolationists in Congress still block all of FDR attempts to aid the allies.

World War II Begins (01:03)

Hitler Moves WestAugust 1939– Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pactAugust 1939– Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact.

September 3, 1939September 3, 1939– Britain and France, known as the Allied PowersAllied Powers, declare war on Germany.

Hitler uses a blitzkriegblitzkrieg, or “lightning war, or “lightning war,” strategy of quick and hard attacks in Poland; Allied Powers are not prepared.

October 1939– Germany and Soviet forces control Poland.

September 1, 1939– German forces invade Poland; World War II begins.September 1, 1939– German forces invade Poland; World War II begins.

Spring 1940– Germany quickly conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Spring 1940– Germany quickly conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the NetherlandsLuxembourg, and the Netherlands.

June 22, 1940– France surrenders to GermanyJune 22, 1940– France surrenders to Germany, but French resistance continues.

The Nazis Conquer Western Europe (02:02)

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg• The German method of attack known as blitzkriegblitzkrieg,

or lightning war,or lightning war, was made possible by technological advances.

• The development of tankstanks that could move rapidly; the use of airplanesairplanes, bombs, and paratroopersparatroopers; and coordinated radio communication allowed German troops to make rapid offensive movesrapid offensive moves that overwhelmed other European countries.

• The blitzkrieg was successful in the early yearsblitzkrieg was successful in the early years of the war but was ineffective in later years, as the Allies began to use tanks and planes in a similar manner.

Miracle of DunkirkMiracle of Dunkirk

A major battle during World War II which lasted from May 26 to May 26 to June 4, 1940. June 4, 1940. A large force of British and British and French soldiers were cut offFrench soldiers were cut off in northern France by a German armoured advance to the Channel coast at Calais. Over 330,000 Allied troops330,000 Allied troops caught in the pocket were subsequently evacuatedevacuated by sea to England in Operation Dynamo.Operation Dynamo.

Operation Dynamo - May 27, 1940 (03:05)

Battle of Britain• Hitler prepared for invasion of Britain.invasion of Britain.

• In July 1940 the LuftwaffeLuftwaffe, or German air force, began attacking British planes and airfields.

• In August the Luftwaffe began bombing British bombing British cities.cities.

• British Royal Air ForceBritish Royal Air Force destroyed some 2,300 Luftwaffe aircraft.

– Used new technology of radarradar

• Hitler cancelled invasion of Britain.Hitler cancelled invasion of Britain.

The War in Great Britain (02:36)

Battle of Britain- Hitler called it Battle of Britain- Hitler called it “Sea Lion”“Sea Lion” (his plan to invade England) (his plan to invade England)

France had fallen so Great Britain was standing alone against the Nazi, Winston Churchill called “their finest hour”.“their finest hour”.

Hitler sent bombers to bomb British cites during the summer and fall of 1939- the idea was to force the British to surrender.

Factors in the British favor Ultra-Ultra- intercepted and decoded Germany

secret messages. RADAR-RADAR- Radio, detecting, and ranging- They

knew when the Germans are coming and where they would be. They could move the small RAF around and intercept the German bombers.

British still had horrible losses. Even with Ultra- Conventry was bombed and many died.

Germans forced to postponed the invasion. Loss of 2,300 aircraft- but began to use the V-V-1 and V-2.1 and V-2.

American Isolationism (02:41)

FDR and neutralityFDR and neutrality• FDR warned America about war and that the

US could not be a mere spectator. He wanted quarantine, but did not get it

• Pacifists- never go to war for any reason.• Isolationists- fence off the New World and keep

the war out.• 5th Columnists- German agents operating inside

the United States waiting to become active.• Nazi sympathizers- Italian and German

immigrants and American Nazi.• Defeatists- We can not possible defeat them.

(Lindbergh)• Hate England Crowd – such as the Irish.• Business as usual- businesses profiting from the

war. Arms manufacturers and bankers profit either way.

• Appeasers- Give in to Hitler’s demands

Germany ExpandsGermany Expands

• RecallRecall – What did Hitler do that was in violation of the Treaty of Versailles?

• Identify- Identify- What was the Sudetenland?• Make GeneralizationsMake Generalizations – What was Churchill’s

opinion of the appeasement strategy of Neville Chamberlain?

• Elaborate-Elaborate- Why do you think Great Britain and France pledged to defend Poland, but did not get involved in Czechoslovakia?

Germany ExpandsGermany Expands

• Identify- Identify- Name eight countries that were invaded by the Axis Powers?

• RateRate – How do you think Churchill’s words made the British people feel??

• Identify Cause and Effect-Identify Cause and Effect- How did the RAF finally defeat the Luftwaffe?

Main Idea 3: The United States joined the war after Japan

attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.

• The United States opposed Hitler’s actions, but refused to enter war.

• In 1940 President Franklin Roosevelt was reelected.

• In 19411941 Roosevelt proposed and Congress passed the Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act,, allowing the president to aid any nations believed vital to U.S. defense.– Began sending war supplies and assistance to Great supplies and assistance to Great

Britain, China, and other Allied countriesBritain, China, and other Allied countries

– Sent supplies to Soviet Union after Hitler invaded it in June 1941

The Lend-Lease Act: America Aids Great Britain 1:36

Helping the British• England out of cash for Cash Cash

and Carryand Carry. With Neutrality law in place FDR could not help the English and they would surely lose the war.

• Lend-LeaseLend-Lease- clever plan- we - clever plan- we would offer to lease (lend) to would offer to lease (lend) to countries whose defense was countries whose defense was considered vital to the considered vital to the defense of the U.S. - 1941defense of the U.S. - 1941

• British would not need cash to get the supplies.

Attack on Pearl Harbor• United States protested Japanese invasion of French Indochina

in July 1941.

• Japanese military leaders planned large-scale attack on Japanese military leaders planned large-scale attack on U.S. naval fleet at Pearl Harbor in HawaiiU.S. naval fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.

• December 7, 1941–December 7, 1941– Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor.

– Sank or damaged all of the U.S. battleshipsSank or damaged all of the U.S. battleships anchored at Pearl Harbor.

– More than 2,400 Americans killed2,400 Americans killed

– Almost 200 airplanes200 airplanes destroyed

• December 8, 1941– United States declared war on JapanDecember 8, 1941– United States declared war on Japan.

– Germany declared war on the United States.

Defenses

• U.S military planners believed an attack on Pearl Harbor was possible.

• Forces at the base were unprepared to defend it.

• No single commander was in charge.

• Routine defensive steps were not in place.

The Attack

• On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked.

• Aircraft carriers approached the island of Oahu.

• War planes loaded with bombs and torpedoes left the carriers and destroyed American ships and planes.

• The attack lasted 2 hours.

The Attack on Pearl HarborThe Aftermath

• All 8 battleships were damaged; 4 were sunk.

• Nearly 200 aircraft were destroyed.

• Some 2,400 Americans were dead.

• Japan lost only a handful of submarines and fewer than 30 planes.

“Day of Infamy”• The choice for the Japanese was limited in

their eyes- Give up the idea of having an empire or go to war with the U.S.- The military leaders of Japan choose war,

• October 1941- General Hideki Tojo came to power

• ““Magic”- intelligence we received from Magic”- intelligence we received from Japan after breaking the Japanese code.Japan after breaking the Japanese code. We knew they would attack, but now where. U.S. navy forces put on alert status.

• Dec. 7, 1941- Pearl Harbor. Perfect surprise, and the greatest military disaster in American History- 150 American warplanes, 8 Battleships, 3 Cruisers and 3 destroyers, 70 civilians and 2300 servicemen.

• Dec. 8, 1941- FDR speech to Congress-

Dec. 7, 1941 – 4:25

Dec. 7, 1941 – 4:25

WWII- A World ConflictWWII- A World Conflict

Allied Goals-Allied Goals-

1st- Defeat the Germans1st- Defeat the Germans

2nd- U.S. to postpone the offensive in the Pacific and continue an active 2nd- U.S. to postpone the offensive in the Pacific and continue an active defense.defense.

The United States Joins the WarThe United States Joins the War• RecallRecall – Which campaign promise was

President Roosevelt unable to keep?• Identify- Identify- What strategic program extension

did the United States make?• InterpretationInterpretation – What actions did

Roosevelt intend to take when told Congress, “We must be in the great arsenal of democracy”?

• Evaluate- Evaluate- What do you think about the United States’ freeze on Japanese funds to force them to withdraw?

The United States Joins the WarThe United States Joins the War

• RecallRecall – Which time of day did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?

• Contrast- Contrast- What was the USS Arizona in 1941, and how does it serve today?

• RateRate – Why do you think the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was considered successful?