Chapter 26Chapter 26

The Futile Search for Stability: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the WarsEurope Between the Wars

1919-19391919-1939

Search for SecuritySearch for SecurityPres. Wilson realized that many of the treaties resulting from WWI Pres. Wilson realized that many of the treaties resulting from WWI contained provisions that could lead to future conflictscontained provisions that could lead to future conflicts

League of Nations weak & only action it could take to halt aggression was League of Nations weak & only action it could take to halt aggression was economic sanctionseconomic sanctions

U.S. & Britain failed to honor promises to ally w/ FranceU.S. & Britain failed to honor promises to ally w/ France– France left alone & bitterFrance left alone & bitter

– earlier alliances w/ Russia left Germany w/ threat of 2 front warearlier alliances w/ Russia left Germany w/ threat of 2 front war

– Communist Russia hostile now, so France had to find new alliesCommunist Russia hostile now, so France had to find new allies

Settled w/ “Little Entente” – Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, & Settled w/ “Little Entente” – Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, & PolandPoland– hoped this would force Germany to maintain the status quohoped this would force Germany to maintain the status quo

– overlooked the military deficiencies of these alliesoverlooked the military deficiencies of these allies

France settled on a $33 billion in reparations in 1921France settled on a $33 billion in reparations in 1921– Annual payments of $622,641,509 over 53 yearsAnnual payments of $622,641,509 over 53 years

– Ger. made 1Ger. made 1stst payment in 1921, facing financial troubles could not pay more payment in 1921, facing financial troubles could not pay more

– French occupied the Ruhr valley (industrial region), Germany exhibited French occupied the Ruhr valley (industrial region), Germany exhibited passive resistance (printed paper money w/o solid backing)passive resistance (printed paper money w/o solid backing)

– 1914 – $1 = 4.2 German marks, 1923 $1 = 4.2 trillion marks 1914 – $1 = 4.2 German marks, 1923 $1 = 4.2 trillion marks

Economic depression hitting Germany, self-imposed inflation made Economic depression hitting Germany, self-imposed inflation made situation worsesituation worse– Economic woes encouraged political upheavalsEconomic woes encouraged political upheavals– Communists staged uprisings in Oct. 1923Communists staged uprisings in Oct. 1923– a young Adolf Hitler’s Nazis tried to gain control in Munich in Nov.a young Adolf Hitler’s Nazis tried to gain control in Munich in Nov.

The Hopeful Years (1924-29)The Hopeful Years (1924-29)

New leadership in GB & France led to better relations w/ German New leadership in GB & France led to better relations w/ German govt.govt.

Aug 1924 – Aug 1924 – Dawes PlanDawes Plan, reparation total reduced & payments made , reparation total reduced & payments made as funds were availableas funds were available– accounted for a $200 million loan to Germany towards rebuildingaccounted for a $200 million loan to Germany towards rebuilding– also led to heavy American investment in Europealso led to heavy American investment in Europe

Another sign for hope during this time is coexistence between the Another sign for hope during this time is coexistence between the West & Soviet RussiaWest & Soviet Russia– By 1924, soviet hopes for communist revolutions in Western states By 1924, soviet hopes for communist revolutions in Western states

dissipateddissipated– West realized Bolshevik regime & Lenin would not be oustedWest realized Bolshevik regime & Lenin would not be ousted– Full diplomatic relations established, but each side suspicious of the other Full diplomatic relations established, but each side suspicious of the other

The Great DepressionThe Great DepressionWWI had strengthened business cartels & labor unionsWWI had strengthened business cartels & labor unions– Govt regulation appears necessary to limit their powerGovt regulation appears necessary to limit their power– Trade barriers, protectionism, & reparations and war debt contributed to a Trade barriers, protectionism, & reparations and war debt contributed to a

very fragile market in mid-1920’svery fragile market in mid-1920’s

CausesCauses

a downturn in domestic economiesa downturn in domestic economies– prices of agricultural goods declining from overproductionprices of agricultural goods declining from overproduction– increase in use of oil & hydroelectric led to slump in coal industry increase in use of oil & hydroelectric led to slump in coal industry

International financial crisis caused by collapse of American stock International financial crisis caused by collapse of American stock market in 1929market in 1929– Europe’s prosperity 1924-29 fueled by American bank loans to GermanyEurope’s prosperity 1924-29 fueled by American bank loans to Germany– 1928-1929: American investors began pulling money out of Germany to 1928-1929: American investors began pulling money out of Germany to

invest in booming stock marketinvest in booming stock market– After stock market crash, Americans pulled even more money out of After stock market crash, Americans pulled even more money out of

European investmentsEuropean investments– The Credit-Anstalt (Vienna’s biggest bank) collapsed May 31, 1931The Credit-Anstalt (Vienna’s biggest bank) collapsed May 31, 1931

UnemploymentUnemploymentduring 1932, 25% of British workers unemployedduring 1932, 25% of British workers unemployed40% of German labor force our of work40% of German labor force our of workbetween 1929-32, industrial production dropped almost 50% in the between 1929-32, industrial production dropped almost 50% in the United States (almost as much as Germany)United States (almost as much as Germany)Women usually able to secure low-paying jobs a servants or maidsWomen usually able to secure low-paying jobs a servants or maids– Men remained unemployedMen remained unemployed– Men resented this & were more open to the cries of people promising Men resented this & were more open to the cries of people promising

simple solutions of the economic crisissimple solutions of the economic crisis– Many younger men joined gangs & congregated in public placesMany younger men joined gangs & congregated in public places

Governments seemed powerless to deal w/ crisisGovernments seemed powerless to deal w/ crisisDismal economic outlook led to increase in interest in socialism & Dismal economic outlook led to increase in interest in socialism & fascismfascism

The Democratic States (p. 755-56)The Democratic States (p. 755-56)Great BritainGreat Britain

Govt tried unsuccessfully to combat depressionGovt tried unsuccessfully to combat depressionStill dismissed work of John Maynard Keyes (p. 755-56)Still dismissed work of John Maynard Keyes (p. 755-56)– condemned the view that depressions should work themselves outcondemned the view that depressions should work themselves out– said govt could create demand for jobs by financing public workssaid govt could create demand for jobs by financing public works

FranceFranceAfter defeat of Germany, now most powerful country on continentAfter defeat of Germany, now most powerful country on continentGreatest need – to rebuild devastated parts of FranceGreatest need – to rebuild devastated parts of France– Planned to use reparation money from GermanyPlanned to use reparation money from Germany– Occupation of Ruhr Valley caused taxes to be raised, increased discontent w/ Occupation of Ruhr Valley caused taxes to be raised, increased discontent w/

Nat’l Bloc govtNat’l Bloc govtDidn’t feel full effects of the Great Depression until 1932Didn’t feel full effects of the Great Depression until 1932Increasing demonstrations by right-wing groups caused the left to come Increasing demonstrations by right-wing groups caused the left to come together & form Popular Front in 1936together & form Popular Front in 1936Popular Front made many advances w/ working conditions but did not Popular Front made many advances w/ working conditions but did not effectively deal w/ depressioneffectively deal w/ depression– By 1938, decreasing confidence in the govt led France to be unprepared for By 1938, decreasing confidence in the govt led France to be unprepared for

aggressiveness of Nazi Germany in coming yearsaggressiveness of Nazi Germany in coming yearsUnited StatesUnited States

Other than Germany, no country more affected by Great DepressionOther than Germany, no country more affected by Great DepressionFDR wins presidential election in 1932FDR wins presidential election in 1932– by 1933 – 15 million people out of workby 1933 – 15 million people out of work– 11stst New Deal (1933) – FDIC established, CCC employed 2 million through New Deal (1933) – FDIC established, CCC employed 2 million through

public workspublic works– 22ndnd New Deal (1935) – WPA employed 2-3 million, established American New Deal (1935) – WPA employed 2-3 million, established American

welfare statewelfare stateSlow progress made, 11 million unemployed by May 1937Slow progress made, 11 million unemployed by May 1937Only WWII would serve to bring American workers to full employment Only WWII would serve to bring American workers to full employment

The Authoritarian & Totalitarian StatesThe Authoritarian & Totalitarian StatesFascist Italy (p. 759-762)Fascist Italy (p. 759-762)

After WWI, democracies in the U.S. & Great Britain remained After WWI, democracies in the U.S. & Great Britain remained strong, but in Italy, Germany, & Russia a form of strong, but in Italy, Germany, & Russia a form of totalitarianismtotalitarianism emergedemerged

– totalitarianismtotalitarianism – a government aimed at controlling every – a government aimed at controlling every aspect of citizens’ livesaspect of citizens’ lives

After WWI, Italian nationalists were mad they didn’t receive After WWI, Italian nationalists were mad they didn’t receive large pieces of territory from the Central Powerslarge pieces of territory from the Central Powers

– The government was unable to relieve the discontent of the The government was unable to relieve the discontent of the people, allowing the rise of Benito Mussolini and the Fascist people, allowing the rise of Benito Mussolini and the Fascist Party in 1919Party in 1919

fascismfascism was a political philosophy advocating three things was a political philosophy advocating three things

– glorification of the stateglorification of the state

– a single party system with one strong rulera single party system with one strong ruler

– an aggressive form of nationalisman aggressive form of nationalism

fascism was like communism but it defended private property & fascism was like communism but it defended private property & a class structurea class structure

– BlackshirtsBlackshirts (Mussolini’s followers) physically attacked (Mussolini’s followers) physically attacked political opponents in the streets.political opponents in the streets.

Oct. 1922 - Oct. 1922 - BlackshirtsBlackshirts marched on Rome marched on Rome – King Victor Emanuel III refused to stop them, Mussolini King Victor Emanuel III refused to stop them, Mussolini

became prime minister became prime minister

Soon Mussolini established a Soon Mussolini established a corporate statecorporate state & eliminated all & eliminated all non-Fascist partiesnon-Fascist parties

– corporate statecorporate state - government represented by industries not - government represented by industries not political partiespolitical parties

Build up of the military solved the unemployment problem & Build up of the military solved the unemployment problem & also rekindled feelings of patriotismalso rekindled feelings of patriotism

– He made it clear to all Italians that it was their destiny to He made it clear to all Italians that it was their destiny to revive the Roman Empirerevive the Roman Empire

Hitler & Nazi GermanyHitler & Nazi GermanyWeimar GermanyWeimar Germany

After German defeat in WWI, a German democratic After German defeat in WWI, a German democratic state known as the Weimar Republic establishedstate known as the Weimar Republic established– Had no outstanding political leadersHad no outstanding political leaders– Most able leaders died in the 1920’sMost able leaders died in the 1920’s

Military hero & monarchist at heart, Paul von Military hero & monarchist at heart, Paul von Hindenburg elected President in 1925Hindenburg elected President in 1925– Not in favor of the republic to begin withNot in favor of the republic to begin with– Suffered politically from attacks from both left & Suffered politically from attacks from both left &

rightright

Economic blunders of early 1920s pushed middle Economic blunders of early 1920s pushed middle class to rightist parties opposing the Republicclass to rightist parties opposing the Republic– Discontent of the late 1920s & early 1930s paved Discontent of the late 1920s & early 1930s paved

the way for Hitler & the Nazi Party’s rise to powerthe way for Hitler & the Nazi Party’s rise to power

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)

Son of Austrian customs officialSon of Austrian customs official

Failure in secondary school, made his way to Failure in secondary school, made his way to Vienna to become an artist (1908-13)Vienna to become an artist (1908-13)

Vienna is where he formed his outlook on life Vienna is where he formed his outlook on life & race& race

4 major influences in Vienna4 major influences in Vienna– Georg von Schonerer – urged union of all Georg von Schonerer – urged union of all

Germans into one nation-stateGermans into one nation-state

– Karl Luger – head of anti-Semitic Christian Karl Luger – head of anti-Semitic Christian Social PartySocial Party

– Lanz von Liebenfields – ideas about Lanz von Liebenfields – ideas about superiority of German Aryans & “animal” veiw superiority of German Aryans & “animal” veiw of the Jewish peopleof the Jewish people

– Richard Wagner – true artist is a social Richard Wagner – true artist is a social outcast that is subject to his own rhythms not outcast that is subject to his own rhythms not society’ssociety’s

1913 – moved to Munich w/ no real purpose1913 – moved to Munich w/ no real purpose

WWI gave him purpose, after war returned to WWI gave him purpose, after war returned to Munich & entered politicsMunich & entered politics

Rise of the NazisRise of the NazisAfter returning to Munich, Hitler joined the obscure German Workers’ After returning to Munich, Hitler joined the obscure German Workers’ Party (right-wing nationalists)Party (right-wing nationalists)Summer 1921 – Hitler had assumed total control of the party, Summer 1921 – Hitler had assumed total control of the party, renamed it National Socialist German Workers’ or Nazi Partyrenamed it National Socialist German Workers’ or Nazi Party– (Nazi comes from first two syllables of the German name)(Nazi comes from first two syllables of the German name)– Thought the name would set his party apart from othersThought the name would set his party apart from others

Worked hard to develop the party into mass political movementWorked hard to develop the party into mass political movement– Flags, badges, uniforms, periodicals, & rituals all very importantFlags, badges, uniforms, periodicals, & rituals all very important– own police force, own police force, SturmabteilungSturmabteilung or SA (Storm Troops) or SA (Storm Troops)– SA used to defend the party in meeting halls & break up other party SA used to defend the party in meeting halls & break up other party

meetingsmeetings

Hitler’s oratorical skills responsible for attacking an increasing # of Hitler’s oratorical skills responsible for attacking an increasing # of followersfollowers– Low hundreds in 1921, 55,000 Nazis & 15,000 SA in 1923Low hundreds in 1921, 55,000 Nazis & 15,000 SA in 1923

1923 – right wing groups see Weimar govt on verge of collapse1923 – right wing groups see Weimar govt on verge of collapse– Other leaders renege on agreement, Hitler & Nazis stage uprising aloneOther leaders renege on agreement, Hitler & Nazis stage uprising alone– Nov. 8 – Called the Nov. 8 – Called the Munich Beer Hall PutschMunich Beer Hall Putsch, quickly crushed, quickly crushed

Hitler arrested, put on trial & convicted of treason, got 5 yrs. in prisonHitler arrested, put on trial & convicted of treason, got 5 yrs. in prison– result of sympathetic right-wing judgesresult of sympathetic right-wing judges

The Nazi Seizure of PowerThe Nazi Seizure of Powertrial & imprisonment reinforced his faith in himself & his missiontrial & imprisonment reinforced his faith in himself & his missionoccupied himself in prison by writing occupied himself in prison by writing Mein KampfMein Kampf (My Struggle) (My Struggle)– an account of his movement & his ideologyan account of his movement & his ideology– synthesis of German nationalism, virulent anti-Semitism, synthesis of German nationalism, virulent anti-Semitism,

anticommunism all linked by social Darwinismanticommunism all linked by social Darwinism– superior nations need superior nations need LebensraumLebensraum (living space) (living space)– superior individuals right to secure authoritarian leadership over superior individuals right to secure authoritarian leadership over

massesmasses– elaborated on a series of ideas that would guide his hand when in elaborated on a series of ideas that would guide his hand when in

powerpowerHitler’s biggest advantage was that no one took his ideas seriouslyHitler’s biggest advantage was that no one took his ideas seriouslyWhen Hitler was released in prison, the Nazi party in shamblesWhen Hitler was released in prison, the Nazi party in shambles– Reorganized the party in late ’20s & expanded to all parts of GermanyReorganized the party in late ’20s & expanded to all parts of Germany– By 1929, it was a national party organizationBy 1929, it was a national party organization– Enrollment grew – 1925: 27,000 1929: 178,000Enrollment grew – 1925: 27,000 1929: 178,000– Mostly young & fiercely committedMostly young & fiercely committed

This gave the Nazi party the appearance of a young man’s movement This gave the Nazi party the appearance of a young man’s movement Hitler’s fiery speaking style exited the young followersHitler’s fiery speaking style exited the young followers– The people that joined the party were the wanted beer hall brawls, The people that joined the party were the wanted beer hall brawls,

enthusiasm, & comradeship not democratic debateenthusiasm, & comradeship not democratic debate

1928 – only won 2.6% of votes focusing on urban workers (12 seats 1928 – only won 2.6% of votes focusing on urban workers (12 seats in Reichstag)in Reichstag)1929 – shifted focus to rural middle & lower class people1929 – shifted focus to rural middle & lower class people1930 – won 18% of votes & 107 seats in parliament1930 – won 18% of votes & 107 seats in parliamentGreat Depression hit hardest in 1931Great Depression hit hardest in 1931– Economic & psychological impact made extremist parties w/ radical Economic & psychological impact made extremist parties w/ radical

solutions more attractivesolutions more attractive

By 1930, the Reichstag was totally ineffectual – relied on emergency By 1930, the Reichstag was totally ineffectual – relied on emergency decrees from President Hindenburg to ruledecrees from President Hindenburg to ruleHitler’s rise from late 1930 to 1933 depended on political Hitler’s rise from late 1930 to 1933 depended on political maneuvering around Hindenburgmaneuvering around Hindenburg– but elections from 1930-32 indirectly responsiblebut elections from 1930-32 indirectly responsible

In his campaigns he appealed to worst fears of special interestsIn his campaigns he appealed to worst fears of special interests– Working-class: attacked high financeWorking-class: attacked high finance– Middle-class: played on fears of communist revoltMiddle-class: played on fears of communist revolt– Denied conflict of interests, claimed to be above classesDenied conflict of interests, claimed to be above classes

Jan 30, 1933 – under pressure from right-elites, Hindenburg allows Jan 30, 1933 – under pressure from right-elites, Hindenburg allows Hitler to become Chancellor & form a new governmentHitler to become Chancellor & form a new government

The Nazi State (1933-39)The Nazi State (1933-39)By end 1933, only 2 threats to Hitler’s power: the army & the SABy end 1933, only 2 threats to Hitler’s power: the army & the SA– Some in the SA criticized & spoke of “second revolution”Some in the SA criticized & spoke of “second revolution”– Hitler had the SA leader (Ernst Rohm) & several officers killed in return for the Hitler had the SA leader (Ernst Rohm) & several officers killed in return for the

army’s support in allowing him to succeed Hindenburg after his deatharmy’s support in allowing him to succeed Hindenburg after his death

Hindenburg died 8/02/34, Hitler abolished presidency & becomes sole Hindenburg died 8/02/34, Hitler abolished presidency & becomes sole ruler of Germanyruler of Germany– Plebiscite held 8/15/34. 85% support Hitler’s move, The Third Reich beginsPlebiscite held 8/15/34. 85% support Hitler’s move, The Third Reich begins

He had large ideological goals – Aryan racial state that would dominate He had large ideological goals – Aryan racial state that would dominate Europe / the world for generationsEurope / the world for generationsMost think of Nazi Germany as all-powerful govt. that maintained Most think of Nazi Germany as all-powerful govt. that maintained absolute controlabsolute control– Actually constant personal & institutional conflictActually constant personal & institutional conflict– Groups always fighting over spheres of influenceGroups always fighting over spheres of influence– By fostering conflict, Hitler became ultimate decision makerBy fostering conflict, Hitler became ultimate decision maker

For those that needed coercion, the SS was createdFor those that needed coercion, the SS was created– Originally Hitler’s bodyguard, under direction of Heinrich Himmler, came to Originally Hitler’s bodyguard, under direction of Heinrich Himmler, came to

control the regular & secret police forcescontrol the regular & secret police forces

Indoctrination at a young age necessary, Hitler Youth & other groups Indoctrination at a young age necessary, Hitler Youth & other groups createdcreated

Nazi Party was intended to be an Aryan stateNazi Party was intended to be an Aryan stateNazi Party reflected anti-Semitic ideasNazi Party reflected anti-Semitic ideas– one in power, didn’t take long to translate into anti-Semitic policiesone in power, didn’t take long to translate into anti-Semitic policies

4/1/33 – Nazi govt. initiated a 2-day boycott of Jewish businesses4/1/33 – Nazi govt. initiated a 2-day boycott of Jewish businessesSoon followed by laws excluding “non-Aryans” from legal positions, Soon followed by laws excluding “non-Aryans” from legal positions, civil service, judgeships, the medical field, teaching positions, civil service, judgeships, the medical field, teaching positions, entertainment & pressentertainment & press1935 – unleashed a new round of anti-Semitic laws w/ the 1935 – unleashed a new round of anti-Semitic laws w/ the “Nuremberg Laws”“Nuremberg Laws”– excluded German Jews from citizenshipexcluded German Jews from citizenship– forbade marriages & extramarital relations between Jews & Germansforbade marriages & extramarital relations between Jews & Germans– separated Jews & Germans socially, socially & legallyseparated Jews & Germans socially, socially & legally– natural extension of Hitler’s view of a pure Aryan racenatural extension of Hitler’s view of a pure Aryan race

more violent phase of anti-Jewish activity took place in 1938 & 1939more violent phase of anti-Jewish activity took place in 1938 & 1939initiated 11/9-10/38, initiated 11/9-10/38, KristallnachtKristallnacht (Night of Shattered Glass) (Night of Shattered Glass)– assassination of a low ranking official by a Polish Jew became excuse assassination of a low ranking official by a Polish Jew became excuse

for Nazi-led rampagefor Nazi-led rampage– synagogues burned; over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed; over 100 synagogues burned; over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed; over 100

Jews killed; 30,000 rounded up & sent to concentration campsJews killed; 30,000 rounded up & sent to concentration camps– More drastic prohibitions resulted, Jews “encouraged” to emigrate More drastic prohibitions resulted, Jews “encouraged” to emigrate

The Soviet UnionThe Soviet UnionThe civil war had come to an end in 1921The civil war had come to an end in 1921

Enormous cost in life, but Red Terror & Red Army assured survival of Enormous cost in life, but Red Terror & Red Army assured survival of Communist regimeCommunist regime

Lenin had implemented “war communism”Lenin had implemented “war communism”– banks, transportation, mines, factories, farms - all nationalizedbanks, transportation, mines, factories, farms - all nationalized– Govt. had right to requisition food from the people (people often Govt. had right to requisition food from the people (people often

resisted…and failed)resisted…and failed)

Also drought from 1920-22, hunger caused many deathsAlso drought from 1920-22, hunger caused many deaths

Industrial production in 1921 was at 20% of 1913 levelsIndustrial production in 1921 was at 20% of 1913 levels

March 1921 – Lenin implements the NEP (New Economic Policy)March 1921 – Lenin implements the NEP (New Economic Policy)– basically revised version of capitalismbasically revised version of capitalism– peasants could now sell their produce openlypeasants could now sell their produce openly– businesses under 20 employees operated under private ownershipbusinesses under 20 employees operated under private ownership

1922 – Lenin & Communists formally created a new state called the 1922 – Lenin & Communists formally created a new state called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

NEP revived the economy, by 1923 agricultural output was at 75% of NEP revived the economy, by 1923 agricultural output was at 75% of pre-war levelspre-war levels– Industry fared less well than agriculture, but NEP averted economic disasterIndustry fared less well than agriculture, but NEP averted economic disaster

– For all the good it did, Lenin intended it to be a temporary policyFor all the good it did, Lenin intended it to be a temporary policy

1922-24 – Lenin suffered a series of strokes, dying 1/21/241922-24 – Lenin suffered a series of strokes, dying 1/21/24

Politburo divided over direction of the nationPolitburo divided over direction of the nation– Left – led by Trotsky, wanted to end NEP & continue the revolutionLeft – led by Trotsky, wanted to end NEP & continue the revolution

– Right – rejected world revolution, wanted to concentrate on building a Right – rejected world revolution, wanted to concentrate on building a socialist statesocialist state

Ideological divisions underscored by political rivalry between Trotsky & Ideological divisions underscored by political rivalry between Trotsky & Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin

While Trotsky was a prominent, vocal figure in the Party, Stalin was While Trotsky was a prominent, vocal figure in the Party, Stalin was content to hold the station of party general secretarycontent to hold the station of party general secretary

The Politburo made the big decisions about Party policy, but it became The Politburo made the big decisions about Party policy, but it became very apparent that the general secretary was the most important very apparent that the general secretary was the most important position in the partyposition in the party– Controlled who got their party cards, appointed regional secretariesControlled who got their party cards, appointed regional secretaries

– appointments that Stalin made gave him a loyal base of supporters appointments that Stalin made gave him a loyal base of supporters

– Trotsky expelled from party in 1927, murdered in Mexico 1940Trotsky expelled from party in 1927, murdered in Mexico 1940

The Stalinist Era (1929-1939)The Stalinist Era (1929-1939)Era marked economic, social, & political revolution more sweeping in Era marked economic, social, & political revolution more sweeping in results than the revolutions of 1917results than the revolutions of 1917

1928 – announces 11928 – announces 1stst five-year plan five-year plan– Aimed to shift USSR from agricultural to industrial powerAimed to shift USSR from agricultural to industrial power– Emphasized capital production not consumer goodsEmphasized capital production not consumer goods– 1928-37: steel prod. Increased 4 to 18 million tons/year, coal output from 1928-37: steel prod. Increased 4 to 18 million tons/year, coal output from

36 to 128 million tons36 to 128 million tons

To finance this shift govt. cut spending on housing & wagesTo finance this shift govt. cut spending on housing & wages– wages decreased by 43% 1928-40wages decreased by 43% 1928-40– laws passed restricting worker movementlaws passed restricting worker movement– propaganda stressed need to sacrifice for good of the statepropaganda stressed need to sacrifice for good of the state

Stalin’s desire for total control led to purges of Old BolsheviksStalin’s desire for total control led to purges of Old Bolsheviks

1936-38: most prominent Bolsheviks put on trial & sentenced to 1936-38: most prominent Bolsheviks put on trial & sentenced to deathdeath– Purges of army officers, intellectuals, party members, & many others Purges of army officers, intellectuals, party members, & many others

killed or sent to labor camps in Siberiakilled or sent to labor camps in Siberia– 8 million arrested, untold millions murdered or died in camps 8 million arrested, untold millions murdered or died in camps