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Chapter 27
VIETNAM
IDIOTS GUIDE
•Open to pg. 6•Read Saigon is not a Detroit Suburb
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Bullet Points pg. 929 Read pages 904 - 909
Ch 27 Sec 1The War Begins
• I can understand how Vietnam became a major battlefield in the war against communism
HO CHI MINH
Vietnam Time Line• 1858-1884 - France invades Vietnam,
makes Vietnam a colony. • October 1930 - Ho Chi Minh helps start
the Indochinese Communist Party.
WHY?• To drive French out • September 1940 - Japan invades
Vietnam.
• May 1941 - Ho Chi Minh creates the Viet Minh
• During war Ho asks for U.S. help - Denied
• September 2, 1945 - Ho Chi Minh declares an independent Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
IMPORTANT ! ! !• During WW II Roosevelt, Churchill &
Stalin agree that COLONIAL powers would not take back colonies.
• After Roosevelt dies, Truman afraid of commies
• Has more important things to do than worry about Ho and Vietnam (or so he thinks)
IDIOTS GUIDE
• Pg 15• Ho Ho, Ho chi Minh
-January 1950 - The Viet Minh receive military advisors and weapons from China.
-July 1950 - The United States pledges $15 million military aid to France .
-May 7, 1954 - The French suffer a defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
IDIOTS GUIDE
• Pg 43
• Explanation of Truman Doctrine
DOMINO THEORY
• U.S. sees communism as threat to world peace
• Eastern Europe taken by communists after WW II
• China turns communist 1949• N. Korean Communists attack S.
Korea 1950
DOMINO THEORY• N. Vietnamese communists defeat
French 1954THINK
What happens when you knock over the first in a row of dominos?
How does this apply to communism and S.E. Asia?
• U.S. believes communism MUST be stopped
July 21, 1954 - The Geneva Accords creates a cease-fire for the peaceful withdrawal of the French from Vietnam and provides a temporary boundary between North and South Vietnam
Settlement in Geneva
• Vietnam divided into North and SouthNorth – Communist under Ho Chi
MinSouth – Non-communist under Ngo Dihn Diem
• Elections to UNIFY country called off by Diem
Reaction
• Organized resistance to Diem – Vietcong
• North Vietnam supplied weapons• Was a terrorist organization
controlled by North• U.S. supports Diem
More Support
• Eisenhower sends money and advisors
• New President, Kennedy sends more money and advisors
Problems• Diem’s
government corrupt
• Diem imprisons critics
• Diem’s actions cause more people to help Vietcong
Reaction
• Diem orders crackdown on critics• Kennedy withdraws support from Diem• South Vietnamese military, with support
from U.S. C.I.A. (Central Intelligence Agency –[spies]) overthrows Diem
• Diem assassinated• Kennedy assassinated – Johnson becomes
President
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Bullet Points pg. 929 Read pgs. 910 - 915
Ch 27 Sec 2American Involvement Grows
• I can understand how the demands of greater involvement divided the nation
Problems• Diem gone• Unstable
government• Military coups
(revolts)• Many new
leaders
Analyze
• With the military concentrating on who was going to be in power, how much effort was given to fighting the Vietcong?
• Who was winning at this point, the Vietcong or South Vietnam?
U.S. Support Grows• More money• More weapons• More advisors• Secret missions against the North
RESULT
More supplies to Vietcong by U.S.S.R. and China
GULF OF TONKIN INCIDENT
• Aug. 2, 1964 – 3, N. Vietnamese gunboats shoot at U.S. destroyer. Destroyer shoots back sinks all three
• Aug. 4, 1964 – Alleged second attack takes place. Believed to be bogus.
• President Johnson goes to Congress and asks permission to -
Assist any S.E. Asian country whose
government was considered to be jeopardized by
communist aggression
U.S.S. MADDOX
What is Johnson allowed to do?
But, every two years he must go back to congress and ask for the money
Johnson escalates the war.
QUESTION
• Under the Constitution, only the congress can DECLARE war.
• Was this a declared war?• Was this war legal?
Escalation
• Johnson running for President in 1964
• Does not escalate immediately• Orders air strikes against N. Vietnam• March 1965 – 3,500 marines to
defend Da Nang
Escalation
• By years end (1965) 184,000 troops
• 1968 – ½ million (500,000)
I Feel Like I’m Fixin’ to Die RagWell, come on all of you, big strong men,Uncle Sam needs your help again.He's got himself in a terrible jamWay down yonder in VietnamSo put down your books and pick up a gun,We're gonna have a whole lotta fun.
And it's one, two, three,What are we fighting for ?Don't ask me, I don't give a d . . .,Next stop is Vietnam;And it's five, six, seven,Open up the pearly gates,Well there ain't no time to wonder why,Whoopee! we're all gonna die.
Now come on Wall Street, don't be slow,Why man, this is war au-go-goThere's plenty good money to be madeBy supplying the Army with the tools of its trade,But just hope and pray that if they drop the bomb,They drop it on the Viet Cong.
And it's one, two, three,What are we fighting for ?Don't ask me, I don't give a d . . .,Next stop is Vietnam.And it's five, six, seven,Open up the pearly gates,Well there ain't no time to wonder whyWhoopee! we're all gonna die.Lead break X2
Well, come on generals, let's move fast;Your big chance is here at last.Now you can go out and get those reds'Cause the only good commie is the one that's deadAnd you know that peace can only be wonWhen we've blown 'em all to kingdom come.
And it's one, two, three,What are we fighting for ?Don't ask me, I don't give a d . . .,Next stop is Vietnam;And it's five, six, seven,Open up the pearly gates,Well there ain't no time to wonder whyWhoopee! we're all gonna die.
Now come on mothers throughout the land,Pack your boys off to Vietnam.Come on fathers, and don't hesitateTo send your sons off before it's too late.And you can be the first ones in your blockTo have your kid come home in a box.
And it's one, two, threeWhat are we fighting for ?Don't ask me, I don't give a d . . .,Next stop is Vietnam.And it's five, six, seven,Open up the pearly gates,Well there ain't no time to wonder why,Whoopee! we're all gonna die.
New leaders
• New President in S. Vietnam• Nguyen Cao Ky (military leader)
- Cracked down on protests- Cracked down on corruption- Established stability- Focus on fighting Vietcong
Search and Destroy
• High tech weapons• Chemical weapons
Napalm – Thickening jelly mixed with gasoline
War, huh, yeahWhat is it good forAbsolutely nothingUh-huhWar, huh, yeahWhat is it good forAbsolutely nothingSay it again, y'all
War, huh, good GodWhat is it good forAbsolutely nothingListen to me
Ohhh, war, I despiseBecause it means destructionOf innocent lives
War means tearsTo thousands of mothers eyesWhen their sons go to fightAnd lose their lives
I said, war, huhGood God, y'allWhat is it good forAbsolutely nothingSay it againWar, whoa, LordWhat is it good forAbsolutely nothingListen to me
War, it ain't nothingBut a heartbreakerWar, friend only to the undertakerOoooh, warIt's an enemy to all mankindThe point of war blows my mindWar has caused unrestWithin the younger generationInduction then destructionWho wants to die
Aaaaah, war-huhGood God y'allWhat is it good forAbsolutely nothingSay it, say it, say itWar, huhWhat is it good forAbsolutely nothingListen to me
War, it ain't nothing but a heartbreakerWar, it's got one friendThat's the undertakerOoooh, war, has shatteredMany a young mans dreamsMade him disabled, bitter and meanLife is much to short and preciousTo spend fighting wars these daysWar can't give lifeIt can only take it away
Ooooh, war, huhGood God y'allWhat is it good forAbsolutely nothingSay it againWar, whoa, LordWhat is it good forAbsolutely nothingListen to me
War, it ain't nothing but a heartbreakerWar, friend only to the undertakerPeace, love and understandingTell me, is there no place for them todayThey say we must fight to keep our freedomBut Lord knows there's got to be a better way
Ooooooh, war, huhGood God y'allWhat is it good forYou tell meSay it, say it, say it, say itWar, huhGood God y'allWhat is it good forStand up and shout itNothing
Agent Orangedefoliant
Puff the Magic Dragon
Helicopters
Low tech but effective
•Familiar with swamps & jungles
•Used hit and run tactics•No uniforms
Whoa, thought it was a nightmare,Lo, it's all so true,They told me, "Don't go walkin' slow'Cause Devil's on the loose."
Better run through the jungle,Better run through the jungle,Better run through the jungle,Woa, Don't look back to see.
Thought I heard a rumblin'Callin' to my name,Two hundred million guns are loadedSatan cries, "Take aim!"
Better run through the jungle,Better run through the jungle,Better run through the jungle,Woa, Don't look back to see.
Over on the mountainThunder magic spoke,"Let the people know my wisdom,Fill the land with smoke."
Better run through the jungle,Better run through the jungle,Better run through the jungle,Woa, Don't look back to see.
Booby Traps
Booby Traps
Booby Traps
Search & Destroy
• U.S. & S. Vietnam forces did not take and hold ground
• Mission – kill as many enemy as possible
• War of attrition
What is wrong with this idea?
• As soon as the troops leave, the VC move back in
• Retribution against residents
Tet Offensive
• Jan. 31, 1968• Vietnamese New Years holiday• Coordinated VC and NVA attack on
all major cities in south• 1 month fight• 40,000 VC & NVA dead
Consequences
• U.S. and S. Vietnamese won the battle
BUT• Everyone realizes NVA and VC can
strike anywhere, anytime• Pres. Johnson convinced war is lost• Loss of support at home
A Nation DividedDOVES
• War cannot be won
• War is morally wrong
• Urged withdrawal
• Opposed draft
HAWKS• Supported war• Opposed limited
fighting• Urged ALL OUT
war
Images – Anti war
REQUIEM FOR THE MASSESRequiem aeternam, requiem aeternamMama, mama, forget your piesHave faith they won't get coldAnd turn your eyes to the bloodshot skyYour flag is flying full
At half mast, for the matadorsWho turned their backs to please the crowdAnd all fell before the bull
Red was the color of his blood flowing thinPallid white was the color of his lifeless skinBlue was the color of the morning sky
He saw looking up from the ground where he diedIt was the last thing ever seen by himKyrie Eleison
Mama, mama, forget your piesHave faith they won't get coldAnd turn your eyes to the bloodshot skyYour flag is flying full
At half mast, for the matadorsWho turned their backs to please the crowdAnd all fell before the bull
Black and white were the figures that recorded himBlack and white was the newsprint he was mentioned inBlack and white was the question that so bothered him
He never asked, he was taught not to askBut was on his lips as they buried himRex tremendae majestatisRequiem aeternam, Requiem aeternam
Requiem aeternam – eternal restRex tremendae majestatis – king of tremendous majesty
Jane Fonda in N. Vietnam
Support for War• Many middle
aged and older Americans supported war
• Afraid of Communism
Ballad of the Green BeretsFighting soldiers from the skyFearless men who jump and
dieMen who mean just what they
sayThe brave men of the Green
Beret
Silver wings upon their chestThese are men, America's bestOne hundred men we'll test todayBut only three win the Green Beret
Trained to live, off nature's landTrained in combat, hand to handMen who fight by night and dayCourage deep, from the Green Beret
Silver wings upon their chestThese are men, America's bestOne hundred men we'll test todayBut only three win the Green Beret
Back at home a young wife waitsHer Green Beret has met his fateHe has died for those oppressedLeaving her this last request
Put silver wings on my son's chestMake him one of America's bestHe'll be a man they'll test one dayHave him win the Green Beret
February 27, 1968
“To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion.”
Pres. Johnson
"If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America."
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Bullet Points pg. 929 Read pgs. 918 - 923
Ch 27 Sec 3The War Ends
•I can understand the causes and effects of American withdrawal from Vietnam
Election of 1968
• Johnson decides not to run for reelection
• Focus attention on ending war
Democrats• After Bobby
Kennedy killed, Hubert Humphrey is candidate for Democrats
Chicago Convention
• Riots in Chicago – Anti War
• Made Democrats look bad
Republicans• Nominated
Richard Nixon, VP under Eisenhower
• Law and order at home
• Peace with honor in Vietnam
And the Winner is
Abraham, Martin, and John
Has anybody here seen my old friend Abraham? Can you tell me where he's gone? He freed a lot of people, But it seems the good they die young. You know, I just looked around and he's gone.
Anybody here seen my old friend John? Can you tell me where he's gone?
He freed a lot of people, But it seems the good they die young. I just looked around and he's gone.
Anybody here seen my old friend Martin? Can you tell me where he's gone? He freed a lot of people, But it seems the good they die young. I just looked 'round and he's gone.
Didn't you love the things that they stood for? Didn't they try to find some good for you and me? And we'll be free Some day soon, and it's a-gonna be one day ...
Anybody here seen my old friend Bobby? Can you tell me where he's gone? I thought I saw him walkin' up over the hill, With Abraham, Martin and John.
Peace with Honor
• Vietnamization1. South Vietnam
troops better trained and take charge
2. U.S. troops withdraw
Vietnamization• July 1969 – U.S. troops begin
withdrawal• Aug. 1969 – 25,000 troops withdraw• Sept. 1969 – Ho Chi Minh dies• April 1970 – 150,000 troops
withdraw
Nixon Expands War
• Vietcong supplies coming in on Ho Chi Minh Trail
Ho Chi Minh Trail Trucks
Nixon Expands War
New Protests
•College students protest•Kent State, Ohio – May 4, 1970
• Jackson State College, Miss.
May 14, 1970 – 2 Dead
OHIO
Tin soldiers and Nixon's coming,We're finally on our own.This summer I hear the drumming,Four dead in Ohio.
Gotta get down to itSoldiers are gunning us downShould have been done long ago.What if you knew herAnd found her dead on the groundHow can you run when you know?
La la la la la la la laLa la la la la la laLa la la la la la la laLa la la la la la la.
Gotta get down to itSoldiers are gunning us downShould have been done long ago.What if you knew herAnd found her dead on the groundHow can you run when you know?
Tin soldiers and Nixon's coming,We're finally on our own.This summer I hear the drumming,Four dead in Ohio.Four dead in OhioFour dead in Ohio.
Other Protests
•People in other countries protest Americas involvement in the War
American Woman
American woman, stay away from meAmerican woman, mama let me beDon't come hangin' around my doorI don't wanna see your face no more
I got more important things to doThan spend my time growin' old with youNow woman, I said stay awayAmerican woman, listen what I say
American woman, get away from meAmerican woman, mama let me beDon't come knockin' around my doorDon't wanna see your shadow no more
Colored lights can hypnotizeSparkle someone else's eyesNow woman, I said get awayAmerican woman, listen what I say
American woman, said get awayAmerican woman, listen what I sayDon't come hangin' around my doorDon't wanna see your face no moreI don't need your war machinesI don't need your ghetto scenes
Colored lights can hypnotizeSparkle someone else's eyesNow woman, get away from meAmerican woman, mama let me be
Go, gotta get away, gotta get awayNow go, go, go, I'm gonna leave you, womanGonna leave you, womanBye-bye, bye-bye, bye-bye, bye-bye
You're no good for meI'm no good for youGonna look you right in the eyeTell you what I'm gonna do
Go, gotta get away, gotta get awayNow go, go, go, I'm gonna leave you, womanGonna leave you, womanBye-bye, bye-bye, bye-bye, bye-bye
BLOWIN IN THE WINDHow many roads must a man walk downBefore they call him a man ?How many seas must a white dove sailBefore she sleeps in the sand ?How many times must the cannon balls flyBefore they're forever banned ?The answer my friend is blowin' in the windThe answer is blowin' in the wind.
How many years must a mountain existBefore it's washed to the sea ?How many years can some people existBefore they're allowed to be free ?How many times can a man turn his headand pretend that he just doesn't see ?The answer my friend is blowin' in the windThe answer is blowin' in the wind.
How many times must a man look upBefore he can see the sky ?How many ears must one man haveBefore he can hear people cry ?How many deaths will it take till he knowsThat too many people have died ?The answer my friend is blowin' in the windThe answer is blowin' in the wind.
Blowin’ in the Wind
• What word is used 9 times in the song?
• Is this a real question or is it rhetorical?
• Where is the answer?
Quest for Peace
• N. Vietnam wants All U.S. troops out before talking about peace
• U.S. wants all N.V.A. troops out before talking about peace
• Talks go until 1972
Secret Agreement
• Just before 1972 election, U.S. troops down to 60,000
• Agreement made with North Vietnam• S. Vietnam never part of agreement,
won’t cooperate• U.S. bombs until N. Vietnam agrees
Paris Peace Accords
• Nixon wins reelection
• Jan. 27, 1973, Peace Treaty signed
• March 1973, All U.S. troops are out
Fighting Continues
• North Vietnam breaks treaty• Attacks South Vietnam• By 1975, North Vietnam conquers
S. Vietnam• U.S. evacuates 5,500 non-
communist S. Vietnamese
COSTSU.S.
• 58,000+ U.S. Dead• 300,000 wounded• $200 billion• War Powers Act –
No more than 60 days without Congress approving
VIETNAM• 350,000 S.
Vietnamese dead• 500,000 = N.V.A.
and Vietcong dead• Millions of civilians• Nation ruined by
bombing
• • •
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Bullet Points pg. 929 Read pgs. 924 - 927
A time of Uncertainty
• I can understand the successes and failures of the Nixon presidency
Age of Uncertainty
• High inflation because of war
• Wage and price controls
• Discovery that Republican planners had burglarized National Democratic headquarters (Watergate)
Age of Uncertainty
• Nixon knew of burglary• Paid “hush money” to burglars
Age of Uncertainty
• Discovery that Nixon taped White House conversations
• Tried to hide evidence• Congress subpoenaed
tapes• Nixon had parts of
tapes destroyed
Age of Uncertainty
• Agnew resigns - Tried to evade income tax
• Gerald Ford appointed V.P.
• Nixon resigns before impeachment
Nixon Resigns
Age of Uncertainty
• Ford pardons Nixon
• Ford runs for election
• Defeated by Jimmy Carter
Young People Disillusioned
• Many people distrust government
• Felt betrayed and abandoned
Two HangmenAs I rode into Tombstone on my horse, his name
was MackI saw what I'll relate to you, going on behind my backIt seems the folks were up-in-arms, a man now had to dieFor believing things that didn't fit, the laws they'd set aside
The mans name was "I'm a Freak". the best that could seeHe was the executioner, a hangman just like meI guess he'd seen loopholes from working with his ropeHe'd hung the wrong man many times, so now he turned to hope
He talked to all the people from his scaffold in the squareHe told them of the things he found, but they didn't seem to careHe said the laws were obsolete, a change they should demandBut the people only walked away, he couldn't understand
The marshals name was "Uncle Sam", he said he'd right this wrongHe'd make the hangman shut his mouth, if it took him all day longHe finally arrested Freak, and then he sent for meTo hang a fellow hangman, from a fellow hangmans tree
It didn't take them long to try him in their court of lawHe was guilty then of "Thinking", a crime much worse than allThey sentenced him to die, so his seed of thought can't spreadAnd infect the little children, that's what the law had said
So the hangin' day came 'round, and he walked up to the nooseI pulled the lever, but before he fell I cut him loseThey called it a conspiracy, and that I had to dieSo to close our mouths and kill our minds, they hung us side-by-side
And now we're two hangmen, hangin' from a treeThat don't bother me, at allTwo hangmen, hangin' from a tree That don't bother me, at all
