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Chapter 28. The Islamic Empires. The Islamic empires, 1500-1800. The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923). Osman leads bands of seminomadic Turks to become ghazi : Muslim religious warriors Captures Anatolia with light cavalry and volunteer infantry Later, heavy cavalry - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 28
The Islamic Empires
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The Islamic empires, 1500-1800
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The Ottoman Empire (1289-1923)Osman leads bands of seminomadic Turks
to become ghazi: Muslim religious warriorsCaptures Anatolia with light cavalry and
volunteer infantryLater, heavy cavalry
In Balkans, forced Christian families to surrender young boys to military service: devshirmeOften grew up to be exceptionally loyal
Janissaries
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Mehmed II (“the Conqueror,” r. 1451-1481)Capture of Constantinople, 1453Renamed IstanbulTransformation from warrior sultan to
emperor of “two lands” (Europe, Asia) and “two seas” (Black Sea, Mediterranean)
Planned to capture Pope, unsuccessful
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Suleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)Expanded into Asia, EuropeBesieged Vienna, 1529Develops naval power
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The Safavid EmpireIsmail young military leader, r. 1501-1524Orphaned, parents killed by enemiesBecomes Shah, proclaims official religion of
realm Twelver ShiismTwelve infallible imams after Muhammad12th imam in hiding, ready to take powerWore distinctive red hat, called quzilbash
(“red heads”)Empire called Safavid, after Safi al-Din
(1252-1334), Sufi thinker
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Shiite Pilgrims at Karbala
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Battle of Chaldiran (1514)Ottoman Selim the Grim attacks SafavidsHeavy use of Ottoman gunpowder
technology give them the upper handIsmail escapes, two centuries of ongoing
conflictShah Abbas the Great (r. 1588-1629)
revitalizes weakened Safavid empireReforms administration, militaryExpands tradeMilitary expansion
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ReadingReport on Persia, Persians, and Abbas I
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The Mughal EmpireZahir al-Din Muhammad (Babur the Tiger),
Chagatai Turk, invades northern India for plunder, 1523
Gunpowder technology gives Babur advantage
Founds Mughal (Persian for Mongol) dynasty
Expands through most of Indian subcontinent
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Akbar (r. 1556-1605)Grandson of BaburWins fear and respect after throwing
Adham Khan, leader of the army, out the window twiceSecond time just to make sure he was dead
Created centralized governmentDestroyed Hindu kingdom of VijayanagarReligiously tolerant, promoted “Divine Fait
h”Syncretic form of Islam and Hinduism
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ReadingPolitical outlook
and how it manifested itself in the empires of the chapter.
Video clip of Akbar and the founding of his capital and religion
Another video of Akbar that depicts his rule
British Museum exhibit of the Mughals
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Aurangzeb (r. 1659-1707)Expands Mughal empire into southern IndiaHostile to Hinduism
Demolished Hindu temples, replaced with mosques
Tax on Hindus to encourage conversion
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Common Elements of Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal EmpiresEmpires based on military conquest
(“gunpowder empires”)Prestige of dynasty dependent on piety and
military prowess of the rulerClose relations with Sufism, ghazi tradition
Steppe Turkish traditionsIssuance of unilateral decrees Intra-family conflicts over power
1595 Sultan massacres 19 brothers (some infants), 15 expectant women (strangulation with silk)
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Women and PoliticsWomen officially banned from political
activityBut tradition of revering mothers, 1st wives
from Chinggis KhanSüleyman the Magnificent defers to
concubine Hürrem SultanaOriginally Roxelana, Ukrainian womanConvinces husband to murder eldest son in
favor of her own child
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Agriculture and TradeAmerican crops effect less dramatic change
in Muslim empiresCoffee, tobacco importantInitial opposition from conservative circles,
fearing lax morality of coffee housesPopulation growth also reflects territorial
additions and lossesTrade with English East India Company,
French East India Company, and Dutch VOC
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Population Growth
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80
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120
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1500 1600 1700 1800
Mughal
Safavid
Ottoman
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Religious DiversityOttoman Empire: Christians, JewsSafavid Empire: Zoroastrians, Jews,
ChristiansMughal Empire: Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians,
Christians, SikhsMughal Akbar most tolerant
Received Jesuits politely, but resented Christian exclusivity
Enthusiastic about syncretic Sikhism, self-serving “Divine Faith”
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Status of Religious MinoritiesNon-Muslim protected people: dhimmi
Payment of special tax: jizyaFreedom of worship, property, legal affairs
Ottoman communities: millet system of self-administration
Mughal rule: Muslims supreme, but work in tandem with HindusUnder Akbar, jizya abolishedReaction under Aurangzeb
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Capital CitiesIstanbul cultural capital of Ottoman empire,
massive monumental architectureRededication of Hagia Sofia church as Aya
Sofiya mosqueIshafan major Persian cityAkbar builds magnificent Fatehpur Sikri
Chooses site without sufficient water supply, abandoned
Taj Mahal example of Mughal architecture
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Deterioration of Imperial LeadershipOttoman princes become lazy through luxury
Selim the Sot (r. 1566-1574)Ibrahim the Crazy (r.1640-1648)
Attempts to isolate them compounds the problem
Religious tensions between conservatives and liberals intensifyRole of women
Wahhabi movement in Arabia denounces Ottomans as unfit to ruleForce destruction of observatory, printing press
Safavid Shiites persecute Sunnis, non-Muslims and even Sufis
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Economic and Military Decline Foreign trade controlled by EuropeansMilitary, administrative network expensive
to maintainJanissaries mutiny when paid with debased
coinage, 1589, other revolts followUnproductive warsEuropean military technology advances
faster than Ottomans can purchase it
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Cultural ConservatismEuropeans actively studying Islamic
cultures for purposes of trade, missionary activities
Islamic empires less interested in outside world
Swiftly fell behind in technological developmentE.g. Jews from Spain establish 1st printing
press in Anatolia in late 15th centuryBut printing of books in Turkish and Arabic
forbidden until 1729Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of
dissemination
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The Ottoman Empire in DeclineOttoman empire reaches peak of military
expansion in late 17th centuryDefeated by Austrians, Russians, largely
due to European advances in technology and strategy
Elite Janissary corps involved in palace intrigue
Semi-independent local warlords use mercenaries, slave armies to support Sultan in return for imperial favor
Massive corruption, misuse of tax revenues
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Territorial LossesRussia takes territories in Caucasus, central
AsiaNationalist uprisings drive Ottomans out of
BalkansNapoleon’s unsuccessful attack on Egypt
spurs local revolt against Ottomans under Muhammad Ali (r. 1805-1848)Nominally subordinate to Sultan, but
threatened capture of IstanbulBritish support Ottomans only to avoid
possible Russian expansion
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Territorial losses of the Ottoman empire, 1800-1914
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Ottoman EconomyImports of cheap manufactured goods place
stress on local artisans, urban riots resultExport-dependent Ottoman economy
increasingly relies on foreign loansBy 1882 Ottomans unable to pay even
interest on loans, forced to accept foreign administration of debts
Capitulations: agreements that exempted Europeans from Ottoman lawExtraterritoriality gives tax-free status to foreign
banks, businesses
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Early Reforms Attempts to reform taxation, increase
agricultural output, and reduce corruptionSultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807) remodeled
army on European linesJanissaries revolt, kill new troops, imprison
SultanSultan Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839) attempts
same, has Janissaries massacred Also reforms schools, taxation, builds
telegraph, postal service
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Tanzimat (“Reorganization”) Era, 1839-1876Pace of reform accelleratedDrafted new law codesUndermined power of traditional religious
eliteFierce opposition from religious
conservatives, bureacracyAlso opposition from radical Young
Ottomans, who wanted constitutional government
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The Young Turk Era1876 radical dissident elements stage a coup,
install Abdül Hamid II as Sultan (r. 1876-1909)Constitution, representative government adopted,
but suspended within the year, Many liberals exiled, executed
Principal organization; Ottoman Society for Union and Progress: The Young Turk PartyFounded by Ottomans in exile in ParisCalled for rapid, secular reformsForced Abdül Hamid II to restore parliament, then
dethroned him in favor of Mehmed V Rashid (r. 1909-1918)
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Young Turk RuleAttempted to establish Turkish hegemony
over far-flung empireTurkish made official language, despite large
numbers of Arabic and Slavic language speakers
Yet could not contain forces of decline