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Chapter 29 Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad. Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson Democrats. Background: Progressive Governor of New Jersey President of Princeton University Reformer , Idealist , Elitist? , stubborn when believed was correct. Election of 1912: Democrats. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 29 Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad
ELECTION OF 1912 WOODROW WILSON
DEMOCRATS Background:
Progressive Governor of New Jersey
President of Princeton University
Reformer , Idealist , Elitist? , stubborn when believed was correct
ELECTION OF 1912: DEMOCRATS
Woodrow Wilson Platform: “New
Freedom” Anti-Trust Legislation Banking reform Tariff reductions Shunned social-
welfare proposals
ELECTION OF 1912: PROGRESSIVES OR “BULL MOOSERS”
Theodore Roosevelt Platform: “New
Nationalism” Trusts and Labor
unions controlled by regulatory agencies
Program of social welfare
Women’s suffrage Minimum wage Social insurance
ELECTION OF 1912: REPUBLICANS
William H. Taft Platform:
To continue moderate Progressivism
ELECTION OF 1912: RESULTS
Winner: Woodrow Wilson Wilson was a “minority”
President…no “mandate” from the people Why?
Taft and Roosevelt split the vote Taft became Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court Socialist Debs got almost a
million votes
“TRIPLE WALL OF PRIVILEGE”
“Triple Wall” Wilson wanted to attack:• The Tariff• The Banks• The Trusts
Underwood Tariff• Substantially reduced the tariff rates
The 16th Amendment• Graduated Income Tax
RESEARCHING BANKING REFORM The nation’s financial
structure, as created under the Civil War National Banking Act had proven to be glaringly ineffective, asshown by the Panic of 1907, so Wilson had Congress authorize aninvestigation to fix this. The investigation, headed
by Senator Aldrich, in effect recommended a third Bank of the United States.
Democrats heeded the findings of a House committee chaired byCongressman Arsene Pujo, which traced the tentacles of the “money monster” into the hidden vaults of American banking and business.
Louis D Brandeis’s Other People’s Money and How theBankers Use It (1914) furthermore showed the problems of Americanfinances at the time.
THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT
Created Federal Reserve Board 12 regional banks
that issued Federal Reserve notes
Allowed for flexible money system
THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT
Presidential Commission examined interstate commerce laws
Root out unfair trade practices , such as false advertising and bribery
Root out unlawful competition
CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT OF 1914
Outlawed interlocking directories and pure discrimination ,
“Magna Carta” of the labor movement• Exempted labor
unions from Anti-Trust laws (as had been called by Supreme Court’s interpretation of Sherman Act)
• Legalized strikes and peaceful picketing
WILSONIAN PROGRESSIVE ACTS
Federal Farm Loan Act Federal Government credit for farmers at low
interest rates Warehouse Act of 1916
Government loans on the security of staple crops
La Follette Seaman’s Act of 1915 Living wage for merchant ships
Workingman’s Compensation Act of 1916 Disability insurance for civil service employees
Adamson Act 8 hour work day for federal employees
“BLACK PROGRESSIVISM”/ LOUIS BRANDEIS Wilson did not do
well with “Black Progressivism”
Louis Brandeis First Jewish
Supreme Court Justice
NEW DIRECTIONS IN FOREIGN POLICY
Wilson did not embrace the “Dollar Diplomacy” and “Big Stick”
Jones Act• Made Philippines a
territory, promoted independence as soon as Philippines had stable government , July 4th 1946
Wilson did not embrace the “Dollar Diplomacy” and “Big Stick”
Jones Act• Made Philippines a
territory, promoted independence as soon as Philippines had stable government , July 4th 1946
WILSON DID ACT AS AN “AGGRESSOR” A COUPLE OF TIMES
When California banned Japanese ownership of land, Wilson sent Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan to plead with legislators and tensions cooled.
When disorder broke out in Haiti in 1915, Wilson sent American Marines, and in 1916, he sent Marines to quell violence in theDominican Republic.
In 1917, Wilson bought the Virgin Islands from Denmark.
In 1913 Mexican rebels overthrew a government friendly to the United States and placed Victoriano Huerta and Carranza and Pancho Villa in positions of power in Mexico. President Wilson refused to recognize the new Mexican government.
In 1913 Mexican rebels overthrew a government friendly to the United States and placed Victoriano Huerta and Carranza and Pancho Villa in positions of power in Mexico. President Wilson refused to recognize the new Mexican government.
Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
Wilson ordered Marines to take Vera Cruz becauseMexicans affronted Americans. Carranza and Huerto protested bitterly. It was finally mediated by the A.B.C. Powers. Shortly after Huerto collapsed and was replaced by Carranza whom President Wilson reluctantly supported.
Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
MORALISTIC DIPLOMACY IN MEXICO Meanwhile, “Pancho”
Villa, combination bandit/freedomfighter, murdered 16 Americans in January of 1916 in Mexico and thenkilled 19 more a month later in New Mexico. Wilson sent General John J.
Pershing to capture Villa, and hepenetrated deep into Mexico, clashed with Carranza’s andVilla’s different forces, but didn’t take Villa.
World War I was starting in Europe
WORLD WAR ITHE WAR TO END ALL WARS
Causes of World War 1
“isms”
Nationalism Imperialism Militarism
NATIONALISM
Devotion to interests, culture of one’s nation
Nationalism leads to competition, antagonism between nations
Many fear Germany’s growing power in Europe
Various Ethnic groups resent domination, want independence
Russia sees self as protector of all Slavic peoples
IMPERIALISM MILITARISM
Germany industrializes, competes with France, Britain for colonies
Development of armed forces, their use in diplomacy
Cost of building, defending empires leads to more military spending
Great Britain traditionally had the most powerful navy in Europe. Germany began to expand her navy, which created tension between the two nations
INTRICATE AND SOMETIMES SECRET ALLIANCES IN EUROPE LED TO
OBLIGATIONS BUT ALSO DIVIDED LOYALTIES IF ATTACKED
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH GERMANY
WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH ITALY. OTTOMAN
EMPIRE WAS ALLIED WITH
GERMANY AGAINST RUSSIA.
SERBIA HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH RUSSIA WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH FRANCE WHO HAD AN
AGREEMENT WITH GREAT BRITAIN WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT
PROTECT BELGIUM’S
NEUTRALITY
ALLIANCE SYSTEM To protect themselves from each other,
countries formed alliances These alliances held that if one nation
was attacked, the other nations would defend it
Triple Entente or ALLIES – France, Britain, Russia
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire are CENTRAL POWERS
Alliances give security; nations unwilling to tip balance of power
EUROPEAN ALLIANCES, WWI
AN ASSASSINATION LEADS TO WAR
June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne travels to Serbia. He was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a member of an organization called Black Hand, who wanted independence for the region from Austria-Hungary.
This assassination touches off a war as it helped lead countries to avenge the murder and fulfill their alliance obligations.
ALLIANCES BRING MANY COUNTRIES INTO WAR Austria-Hungary declares war on
Serbia, expects a short war Alliance system pulls one nation after
another into warRussia came to the aid of SerbiaGermany then declared war on RussiaFrance declared war on GermanyGermany attacked Belgium (ally of France)Britain entered the war to help Belgium &
France
THE WAR BEGAN WITH THE
ALLIES VERSUS THE CENTRAL POWERS AND SIX NEUTRAL
NATIONS
CENTRAL POWERS
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
GERMANY
BULGARIA
TURKEY
ALLIES
FRANCE
UNITED KINGDOM (AND ALL OF HER COLONIES)
ITALY RUSSIA
JAPAN ROMANIA
SERBIA GREECE
PORTUGAL
NEUTRAL NATIONS
SPAIN SWITZERLAND NORWAY SWEDEN BELGIUM DENMARK
THE FIGHTING STARTS Germany’s Schlieffen
Plan: Hook movement through Belgium, defeat France before Russia mobilizes; then defeat Russia Fight one front
Belgium held off Germany for three weeks – France and Britain mobilize to Belgium border
Britain and France on the defensive; forced to retreat to Marne River
Allies halt the German advance and both sides dig in for a long siege
TRENCH WARFARE By Spring 1915, 2 parallel systems of trenches cross France
400 miles from North Sea to Switzerland “No man’s land” barren expanse of mud between opposing
trenches Scale of killing horrific, fighting inconclusive
1.2 million casualties Armies fight to gain only yards of ground
Only 7 miles of ground will change hands
“NO MAN’S LAND”
THE AREA BETWEEN THE
TRENCHES WAS THE MOST
DANGEROUS PLACE TO BE
A PRECARIOUS NEUTRALITY Wilson, whose wife had
recently died, issued a neutrality proclamation and was promptly wooed by both the Allies and the German and Austro-Hungarian powers.
The Germans and Austro-Hungarians counted on their relatives inAmerica for support, but the U.S. was mostly anti-German from theoutset, as Kaiser Wilhem II made for a perfect autocrat to hate.
German and Austro-Hungarian agents in America further tarnished the Central Powers’ image when they resorted to violence in Americanfactories and ports, and when one such agent left his briefcase in aNew York elevator, the contents of which were found to contain plansfor sabotage.
HOW DID MOST AMERICANS FEEL ABOUT JOINING THE WAR IN EUROPE?
MOST PEOPLE WANTED TO REMAIN NEUTRAL BECAUSE:
THEY FELT THAT IT WAS NOT OUR FIGHT
EUROPE WAS TOO FAR AWAY
WAR WAS EXPENSIVE
DIVIDED LOYALTIES SINCE WE TRADED WITH BOTH GERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN (AND FRANCE) AND DID NOT WANT TO SEVER TIES WITH EITHER ONE BY FIGHTING AGAINST THEM
I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a SoldierThis popular song of 1915 conveys the antiwar sentiment that swept America after the European war began in 1914.
AMERICANS QUESTION NEUTRALITY Socialists, pacifists, many ordinary people
against U.S. in war Naturalized citizens concerned about effect
on country of birth Many feel ties to British ancestry, language,
democracy, legal system U.S. has stronger economic ties with Allies
than with Central Powers Allies are depicted as victims of German
aggression Many join French & British militaries
REALLY NEUTRAL???
President Wilson declares America should be “neutral in fact as well as in name and impartial in thought as well as in action”.Americans trade 23 billion with Allies and
only 29 billion with Central Powers. Largely this occurred because of close socio-cultural connection with allies and easier trade routes to England. (Morgan Loans)
Lafayette Escadrille
THE HISTORY OF THE LAFAYETTE ESCADRILLE
The Lafayette Escadrille was a French unit comprised mainly of American soldiers who volunteered to fight before the United States entered World War I. The group was originally known as the American Escadrille , but changed name to maintain neutrality.
REALLY NEUTRAL??? Moral Diplomacy
Wilson believed in freedom of the seas, open trade, self determination for ethnic groups, no secret alliances, arms reductions and Constitutionalism.
Because Wilson pressed freedom of the seas his Secretary of State, William J. Bryan resigned.
REALLY NEUTRAL ??? Wilson’s acts towards
war before election: Council on National
Defense Act Federal board to prepare
for war National Defense Act of
1916 Increased army size
1916 Navy Act Expanded Navy
1916 Revenue Act Surtax on high incomes/
tax on corporate profits for war
1916 Navy Act: authorized 50 destroyers built over a
three year period.
GERMAN SUBMARINE WARFARE
To break England’s control of the Atlantic, Germany depended on their new weapon: the Submarine (U-Boat in German).
WARNINGS ISSUED TO TRAVELERS
“Neutral Seas” may Not Be Safe
WAR ON THE HIGH SEAS
On May 7, 1915 the Germans sank the Lustiana with 128 Americans on board. This outraged many Americans. Wilson, who believed in freedom of the seas, did not want war. Instead, after the Germans sank the British liner The Arabic he got the Germans to agree to the Arabic pledge which stated not to sink ships without warning. After the French ship The Sussex was sunk, Germany agreed to the Sussex pledge which said the same thing as long as England did the same. England would not agree or stop their naval blockade of Europe.
Left: The LuistaniaRight: The
Sussex
TOUGH TIMES FOR CENTRAL POWERS Central powers feeling
impact of England’s naval blockade
Russia ready to leave war ( Bolshevik Revolution )
Germany public is getting war weary
Perhaps Central Powers need one last devastating blow…especially if neutral America joins cause of Allies
1916 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Democrats: Woodrow Wilson Campaign Slogan:
“He Kept us Out of War”
Republicans: Charles E. “Evasive” Hughes
Wilson wins because of Solid South and Midwest areas voting for him