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CHAPTER 3
APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE
3.1
• Maxima & Minima
• Maxima: point whose function value is greater than or equal to function value of any other point in the interval
• Minima: point whose function value is less than or equal to function value of any other point in the interval
• Extrema: Either a maxima or a minima
Where do extrema occur?• Peaks or valleys (either on a smooth curve, or
at a cusp or corner)f’(c)=0 or f’(c) is undefined
• Discontinuties• Endpoints of an interval• These are known as the critical points of the
function• Once you know you have a critical point, you
can test a point on either side to determine if it’s a max or min (or maybe neither…just a leveling off point)
3.2
• Monotonicity and Concavity
Let f be defined on an interval I (open, closed, or neither). Then f is
a) INCREASING on I if,
b) DECREASING on I if,
c) MONTONIC on I if it is ether increasing or decreasing
)()(
)()(
2121
2121
xfxfxx
xfxfxx
Monotonicity Theorem
• Let f be continuous on an interval I and differentiable at every interior point of I.
a) If f’(x)>0 for all x interior to I, then f is increasing on I
b) If f’(x)<0 for all x interior to I, then f is decreasing on I.
Concave UP vs. Concave DOWN
Let f be differentiable on an open interval I.
a) If f’ is increasing on I, f is concave up(the graph appears to be curved up, as a container that would hold water)
b) If f’ is decreasing on I, f is concave down
(the graph appears to be curved down, as if a container were dumping water out)
Point of Inflection
• Where concavity changes: goes from concave up to concave down (or vice versa)
• f’ is neither increasing or decreasing, the change in f’ = 0, thus f’’=0
Find inflection points & determine concavity for f(x)
• Inflection pts: x=-2,0,1• Concave up: (-2,0), (1,infinity)• Concave dn: (-inf.,-2), (0,1)
0)10('',0)5(.'',0)1('',0)5(''
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3.3
• Local Extrema and Extrema on Open Intervals
First Derivative Test
Let f be continuous on an open interval (a,b) that contains a critical point c.
a) If f’(x)>0 for all x in (1,c) and f’(x)<0 for all x in (c,b), then f(c) is a local max. value.
b) If f’(x)<0 for all x in (1,c) and f’(x)>0 for all x in (c,b), then f(c) is a local min. value.
c) If f’(x) has the same sign on both sides of c, then f(c) is not a local extreme value.
Second Derivative Test
• Let f’ and f’’ exist at every point in an open interval (a,b) containing c, and suppose that f’(c)=0.
a) If f’’(c)<0, then f© is a local max. value of f.
b) If f’’(c)>0, then f© is a local min. value of f.
3.4
• Practical Problems
• Optimization problems – finding the “best” or “least” of “most cost effective”, etc. often involves finding the extrema of the function
• Use either 1st or 2nd derivative test
Example
• A fence is to be constructed using three lengths of fence (the 4th side of the enclosure will be the side of the barn).
• I have 120 yd. of fencing and the barn is 150’ long. In order to enclose the largest possible area, what dimensions of fence should be used?
• (continued on next slide)
Example continued• Area is to be optimized: A = l x w• Perimeter = 120 yd = 360’=2l + w• w = 360’ – 2l
• So, 2 lengths of 90’ and a width of 180’. HOWEVER, the barn is only 150’ wide, so in order to enclose the greatest area, we won’t use a critical point of the function, rather we will evaluate the area using the endpoints of the interval, with w=150’. The length = 55’ and the area enclosed = 8250 sq. ft.
180)90(2360
90,43600
4360'
2360)2360( 2
w
ll
lArea
llllArea
3.5
• Graphing Functions Using Calculus
Critical points & Inflections points
• If f’(x) = 0, function levels off at that point (check on either side or use 2nd deriv. test to see if max. or min.)
• If f’(x) is undefined: cusp, corner, discontinuity, or vertical asymptote (look at behavior and limits of function on either side)
• If f’’(x) = 0: inflection point, curvature changes
3.6
• Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives• If f is continuous on a closed interval
[a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b), then there is at least one number c in (a,b) where
))((')()()(')()(
abcfafbfcfab
afbf
Example: Find a point within the interval (2,5) where the instantaneous velocity is the same as
the average velocity between t=2 and t=5.
sec5.3144)(')(sec
1425
)5)2(2(5)5(2
25
)2()5(
52)(22
2
tttstv
ftssv
tts
ave
If functions have the same derivatives, they differ by a constant.
• If F’(x) = G’(x) for all x in (a,b), then there is a constant C such that F(x) = G(x) + C for all x in (a,b).
3.7
• Solving Equations Numerically– Bisection Method– Newton’s Method– Fixed-Point Algorithm
Bisection Method
• Let f(x) be a continuous function, and let a and b be numbers satisfying a<b and f(a) x f(b) < 0. Let E denote the desired bound for the error (difference between the actual root and the average of a and b).
• Repeat steps until the solution is within the desired bound for error.
• Continue next slide.
Bisection Method
nnnnnn
nnnnnn
nnn
nn
nnn
bbandmasetmfafIf
mbandaasetmfafIf
abhCalculate
STOPmfifmfCalculate
bamCalculate
11
11
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2/)(:)3
.,0)(),(:)2
2/)(:)1
Newton’s Method• Let f(x) be a differentiable function and let
x(1) be an initial approximation to the root r of f(x) = 0. Let E denote a bound for the error. Repeat the following step for n = 1,2,… until the difference between successive error terms is within the error.
)('
)(1
n
nnn xf
xfxx
Fixed-Point Algorithm• Let g(x) be a continuous function and let x(1) be
an initial approximation to the root ro of x = g(x). Let E denote a bound for the error (difference between r and the approximation). Repeat the following step for n – 1,2,… until the difference between succesive approximations are within the error.
)(1 nn xgx
3.8 Antiderivatives
• Definition: We call F an antiderivative of f on an interval if F’(x) = f(x) for all x in the interval.
Power Rule
Cr
xdxx
rr
1
1
Integrate = AntidifferentiateIndefinite integral = Antiderivative
• Constants can be moved out of the integral
• Integral of a sum is the sum of the integrals
• Integral of a difference is the difference of the integrals
3.9 Introduction to Differential Equations
• An equation in which the unknown is a function and that involves derivates (or differentials) of this unknown function is called a differential equation.
• We will work with only first-order separable differential equations.
Example
• Solve the differential equation and find the solution for which y = 3 when x = 1.
CxyCxy
CxCxy
Cxyy
CxCyy
dxxdyy
dxxdyy
y
x
dx
dy
22
23
22
322
22
1
2
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21)2()1(
22
2
)2()1(
)2()1(
1
2
Example continued
• If x = 1 and y = 3, solve for C.
221
2)1(213
21
2
2
2
xy
CC
Cxy