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Introduction• Manual drafting
– Term used to describe traditional pencil or ink drafting
– Tools and equipment • Available from a number of vendors• Always purchase high-quality equipment for
accuracy and durability
Drafting Supplies• Purchased by kit or individually
• Minimum needed for manual drafting:– Mechanical leader
• With 4H, 2H, H, and F grade leads
– 0.3 mm automatic drafting pencil • With 4H, 2H, and H leads
– One 0.5 mm automatic drafting pencil • With 4H, 2H, and F leads
Drafting Supplies (cont’d.)• Minimum needed for manual drafting (cont’d.):
– 0.7 mm automatic drafting pencil • With 2H, H, and F leads
– 0.9 mm automatic drafting pencil • With H, F, and HB leads
– Lead sharpener– 6" bow compass– Dividers
Drafting Supplies (cont’d.)• Minimum needed for manual drafting
(cont’d.):– Eraser– Erasing shield– 30°− 60° triangle– 45° triangle– Irregular curve– Adjustable triangle (optional)
Drafting Supplies (cont’d.)• Minimum needed for manual drafting
(cont’d.):– Scales– Drafting tape– Architectural floor plan template for residential
plans, with 1/4" = 1'−0" scale– Circle template with small holes– Lettering guide
Drafting Supplies (cont’d.)• Minimum needed for manual drafting
(cont’d.):– Sandpaper sharpening pad– Dusting brush
• Additional equipment:– Technical pen set and drafting ink– Lettering and drafting templates– Drafting furniture
Drafting Pencils and Leads• Mechanical pencils
– Requires lead to be manually inserted
• Automatic pencils– Has a lead chamber that, at the push of a button
or tab, advances the lead
• Lead grades– Several available
• Selection depends on pressure amount and technique factors
Drafting Pencils and Leads (cont’d.)• Polyester leads
– Used to draw on polyester film
• Colored leads – Have special uses
• Technical pens – Provide excellent inked lines
Drafting Pencils and Leads (cont’d.)• Basic pencil motions
– Mechanical pencils • Kept sharp with a slightly rounded point• Keep aligned with drafting instrument, tilted about
45° • Always pull the pencil• Keep lines uniform in width (rotation and pressure)
– Automatic pencils• Keep straight from side to side, tilted about 40°
Erasers and Accessories• Erasers used for drafting
– White pencil eraser– Pink pencil eraser– Soft-green or soft-pink pencil eraser– Kneaded eraser– Vinyl eraser– India ink refill eraser
Erasers and Accessories (cont’d.)• Erasing tips
– Erase only hard enough to remove unwanted feature
• Ghost lines result from hard pressure• Work slowly• Do not apply too much pressure or erase in one
spot too long• On polyester film, use a vinyl eraser and/or a moist
cotton swab
Erasers and Accessories (cont’d.)• Electrical erasers
– Erase quickly at high speed
• Erasing shields– Thin sheets with slots and holes
• Cleaning agents– Special eraser particles
• Dusting brushes– Removes eraser particles
Drafting Instruments• Compasses
– Used to draw circles and arcs• Drop-bow• Center-wheel• Beam
• Dividers– Used to transfer dimensions or to divide a
distance into a number of equal parts• Proportional dividers
Drafting Instruments (cont’d.)• Parallel bar
– Used to draw horizontal lines
• Triangles– Used to draw angled lines
• Architectural templates– Used for tracing
• Irregular curves (i.e., French curves)– Used to draw arcs with no constant radii
Drafting Machines• Used in place of triangles and parallel bars
– Arm drafting machine– Track drafting machine
• Drafting machine head – Contains controls for horizontal, vertical, and angular movement
Scales• Used for:
– Making measurements– Establishing dimensions– Drawing features at reduced size
• Scale notation:– Usually noted on title block or
below the view differing in scale
Scales (cont’d.)• Types:
– Metric scale• Millimeter is commonly used
– Architects scale• Contains 11 different scales
– Civil engineer’s scale• Commonly used to draw site plans, maps, or
subdivision plats or to read existing land documents