Chapter 3: Chemical and Chapter 3: Chemical and Physical Features of Water Physical Features of Water

and the World Ocean.and the World Ocean.

Marine BiologyMarine Biology

Mr. SwiftMr. Swift

Chapter 3: Objectives Part IChapter 3: Objectives Part I

• Define and differentiate between Define and differentiate between atoms, elements, and molecules.atoms, elements, and molecules.

• Describe the water molecule, Describe the water molecule, including hydrogen bonding and the including hydrogen bonding and the three states of water. three states of water.

• Define heat capacity and relate it to Define heat capacity and relate it to water and the marine environment. water and the marine environment.

• Discuss water as a solvent, including Discuss water as a solvent, including salts and ions in your discussion. salts and ions in your discussion.

• List the sources of salts in sea water. List the sources of salts in sea water.

Chapter 3: Objectives Part IIChapter 3: Objectives Part II

• Discuss the composition of sea water, Discuss the composition of sea water, including the most abundant dissolved including the most abundant dissolved Ions.Ions.

• Define salinity and list the typical salinity Define salinity and list the typical salinity of sea water. of sea water.

• Discuss the rule of constant proportions as Discuss the rule of constant proportions as it relates to seawater salinity. it relates to seawater salinity.

• Describe how evaporation and Describe how evaporation and precipitation affect seawater salinity. precipitation affect seawater salinity.

• Discuss how salinity and temperature Discuss how salinity and temperature affect the density of water. affect the density of water.

• Describe the range of salinity and Describe the range of salinity and temperature in the ocean.temperature in the ocean.

Chapter 3: Objectives Part Chapter 3: Objectives Part IIIIII• Create typical profile of temperature with depth. Create typical profile of temperature with depth. • Define thermocline.Define thermocline.• Describe how temperature data are collected in the Describe how temperature data are collected in the

ocean, including expendable bathythermographs and ocean, including expendable bathythermographs and satellites. satellites.

• Discuss global sea surface temperature. Discuss global sea surface temperature. • List the most common dissolved gases in sea water. List the most common dissolved gases in sea water. • Describe the effect of temperature on dissolved Describe the effect of temperature on dissolved

gases. gases. • Discuss the factors that influence the transparency of Discuss the factors that influence the transparency of

sea water.sea water.• Describe how sunlight is filtered out with depth in sea Describe how sunlight is filtered out with depth in sea

water. water.

Chapter 3: Objectives Part Chapter 3: Objectives Part IVIV• Define pressure and describe how pressure Define pressure and describe how pressure

changes with depth. changes with depth. • Discuss how pressure limits the depth range of Discuss how pressure limits the depth range of

both marine organisms and scientific instruments. both marine organisms and scientific instruments. • Define the Coriolis Effect. Define the Coriolis Effect. • Describe how solar energy creates wind in our Describe how solar energy creates wind in our

atmosphere. atmosphere. • Locate the Trade Winds, Westerlies, and Polar Locate the Trade Winds, Westerlies, and Polar

Easterlies on a global map. Easterlies on a global map. • Briefly describe how winds create ocean currents. Briefly describe how winds create ocean currents. • Describe a gyre. Describe a gyre.

Chapter 3: Objectives Part VChapter 3: Objectives Part V

• Describe the parts of a wave, including crest, trough, height, wave Describe the parts of a wave, including crest, trough, height, wave length, and period. length, and period.

• Define fetch and list the factors that influence waves. Define fetch and list the factors that influence waves. • Distinguish between seas, swells, and surf. Distinguish between seas, swells, and surf. • Define tides. Define tides. • Briefly describe why there are tides, including in your explanation Briefly describe why there are tides, including in your explanation

the role and influence of sun and moon on the earth’s tides. the role and influence of sun and moon on the earth’s tides. • Define tidal range. Define tidal range. • Define and describe spring and neap tides. Define and describe spring and neap tides. • Distinguish between semidiurnal, mixed semidiurnal, and diurnal Distinguish between semidiurnal, mixed semidiurnal, and diurnal

tides. tides. • Describe the stratification of the ocean in polar, temperate, and Describe the stratification of the ocean in polar, temperate, and

tropical waters. tropical waters. • Discuss the stability of sea water. Discuss the stability of sea water. • Describe how density differences create deepwater circulation in Describe how density differences create deepwater circulation in

the ocean. Describe the three-layered ocean.the ocean. Describe the three-layered ocean.

Chapter 3 OutlineChapter 3 Outline• The Waters of the OceanThe Waters of the Ocean

– The Unique Nature of Pure WaterThe Unique Nature of Pure Water• The Three States of WaterThe Three States of Water• Heat and WaterHeat and Water• Water as a SolventWater as a Solvent

– SeawaterSeawater• Salt CompositionSalt Composition• Salinity, Temperature, and DensitySalinity, Temperature, and Density• Dissolved GasesDissolved Gases• TransparencyTransparency• PressurePressure

• Water Density and the Three-Layered Water Density and the Three-Layered OceanOcean– Stability and OverturnStability and Overturn– The Three-Layered OceanThe Three-Layered Ocean

• Ocean CirculationOcean Circulation– Surface CirculationSurface Circulation

• The Coreolis EffectThe Coreolis Effect• Wind PatternsWind Patterns• Surface CurrentsSurface Currents

• Thermocline Circulation and the Great Ocean Thermocline Circulation and the Great Ocean ConveyorConveyor– The Three-Layered OceanThe Three-Layered Ocean– Stability and OverturnStability and Overturn– The Great Ocean ConveyorThe Great Ocean Conveyor

• Waves and TidesWaves and Tides– Waves Waves – TidesTides

• Why Are There Tides?Why Are There Tides?• Tides in the Real WorldTides in the Real World

• Box Readings:Box Readings: • Tall Ships and Surface CurrentsTall Ships and Surface Currents• Waves That KillWaves That Kill• Eye on Science:Eye on Science: The Bering Ecosystem StudyThe Bering Ecosystem Study

The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls The tide rises, the tide falls, The tide rises, the tide falls, The twilight darkens, the curlew calls; The twilight darkens, the curlew calls; Along the sea-sands damp and brown Along the sea-sands damp and brown The traveller hastens toward the town, The traveller hastens toward the town, And the tide rises, the tide falls. And the tide rises, the tide falls. Darkness settles on roofs and walls, Darkness settles on roofs and walls, But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls; But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls; The little waves, with their soft, white hands, The little waves, with their soft, white hands, Efface the footprints in the sands, Efface the footprints in the sands, And the tide rises, the tide falls. And the tide rises, the tide falls. The morning breaks; the steeds in their stallsThe morning breaks; the steeds in their stallsStamp and neigh, as the hostler calls; Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls; The day returns, but nevermoreThe day returns, but nevermoreReturns the traveller to the shore, Returns the traveller to the shore, And the tide rises, the tide falls. And the tide rises, the tide falls.

~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882)~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882)