Chapter 3

Colonies Take Root

Chapter 3: Colonies Take Root

Section 1: First English Settlements

Section 2: The New England Colonies

Section 3: The Middle Colonies

Section 4: The Southern Colonies

Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands

Section 1: The First English Settlements

Section 1: The First English Settlements England Seeks Colonies:

England began establishing colonies in America for two reasons New markets for English products Raw materials for English factories

First colony was Roanoke Island in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh It was abandoned in 1586 ran out of food & fought with Indians Re-established in 1587 - it disappeared – great mystery still today In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh, sent John White, one of the original settlers,

including women and children. When supplies ran low, White returned back to England leaving 117 colonists behind. Their was a war in England with Spain so White could not return back for three years to help the colonists. When White finally came back to Roanoke he found that the settlers disappeared without a trace. Today no one knows what happened to these colonists.

Section 1: The First English Settlements Founding Jamestown

Established in 1507 by the Virginia Company Given a charter by King James I

Document issued by a government granting specific rights to a person or company

The colonists had two major problems Poor location for settlement placement Few settlers were actually interested in working

Result = many deaths Only 36 of the original 100 survivedThe Virginia Company named their settlement Jamestown, in 1607, after their

King, James I. By 1608 the town was near failure due to poor management. Captain John Smith saved the settlement by forcing the people to plant crops and give up searching for gold.

Section 1: The First English Settlements John Smith

Sent by the Virginia Company to lead Military type commander Created harsh but necessary rules

He who works not, eats not! Smith created difficulty with Natives

Raided their villages for food The Starving Time

Occurred after Smith returned to England with an injury People went back to their old habits Powhatan (Native Chief) decided to drive the foreigners from his

soil

Section 1: The First English Settlements Jamestown Prospers

Virginia Company continued to send settlers and supplies Eventually the settlement became stable and even prosperous

Settlers made progress, some good, some not so desirable Planted tobacco – became a great export crop

Provided a source of income to sustain the colony Established a representative government

House of Burgesses – elected by voters to make laws for the colony Bought the first slaves in America

From the Dutch in 1620

Section 1: The First English Settlements The Plymouth Colony

Formed by Separatists who fled the Church of England Pilgrims

A person who takes a religious journey In 1620, the Pilgrims sailed to the Americas from Holland.

They did not seek gold or silver. All they wanted was to practice their religion freely. They were often jailed or executed for their beliefs that differed from the English Church.

In September they got permission to set up a colony in Virginia. They boarded the ship called the Mayflower and landed 2 months later on the shore of Cape Cod. This is present day Massachusetts. They named their colony, Plymouth.

Section 1: The First English Settlements Established a ruling document called the Mayflower Compact

before leaving the ship 2nd step to self government – first written document in which

Americans claimed a right to govern themselves The compact said that they would all agree to consult each other

about the laws of the colony. In time they set up a government in which adult male colonists elected a governor and council.

Thanksgiving The pilgrims received help from local natives The Chief gave them food, and another Native named Squanto

brought them seeds to plant & taught them to fish In the fall they celebrated their good fortune, today it is a National

Holiday

Section 1: The First English Settlements

Section 1: The First English Settlements Plymouth Colony

Section 2: The New England Colonies

Section 2: The New England Colonies

Section 2: The New England Colonies Geography of New England

Hills, low mountains, and forests Thin and rocky soil Long and snowy winters Short and warm summers

Puritans in Massachusetts Bay Religious group that wanted to reform the Church of England After being persecuted in England they decided to journey to

America Led by John Winthrop (elected 1st governor of the colony) He passed laws w/o the people say & heavily taxed the colonists He quickly realized the people needed a voice in government,

started the General Court

Section 2: The New England Colonies

Section 2: The New England Colonies The Puritans Leave England

Formed the Massachusetts Bay company Founded Boston Had their own government, and 20,000 residents

by 1643 Salem witch trials

When we fear – we persecute Irony of the Puritans

They founded their colony so they could worship as they chose

They did not extend that toleration to others Toleration – recognition that other people have the

right to different opinions

Section 2: The New England Colonies What details in this

painting show the injustices of the Salem witch trials?

How do these trials compare to trials held in the U.S. today?

Section 2: The New England Colonies Anne Hutchinson teaches her

beliefs

Section 2: The New England Colonies New Colonies

Disagreements within the puritans led to the founding of other colonies Roger Williams (1635 ordered to leave Mass.)

Believed the puritans should split from the church of England entirely Criticized colonists for seizing Native American lands Moved south to Rhode Island and founded Providence at Narragansett

Bay received a charter from the King in 1644

Anne Hutchinson (1635 left Mass) Questioned puritan teachings – taught her own vision Put on trial and expelled from Massachusetts Established a settlement on an island (part of Rhode Island now) and

another in New York

Section 2: The New England Colonies Thomas Hooker (May 1636)

Disagreed with puritan leaders and left with @100 others Founded Hartford Connecticut Thought General Court gave government too much power, started

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639. Received a charter from the King in 1662

John Wheelright Agreed with Anne Hutchinson – was forced to leave Founded Exeter, New Hampshire Received a charter from the king in 1680

Section 2: The New England Colonies Growth and Change

Puritan Beliefs Towns and churches should manage their own affairs People should work hard and live in strong, stable families Government through town meetings

Assembly of townspeople that decided issues Growth

Economically stable Colonists are financially sound Shipbuilding industry Agriculture Exports

Section 2: The New England Colonies Their growth has negative impacts

Thousands of natives had died from diseases carried by europeans By 1670 there were about 12,000 Natives in New England

A loss of over 100,000 Conflicts erupted

King Philip’s War (1675) Metacom (king philip) the chief of the Wampanoag led his tribe

against puritans to stop the expansion and taking of their land Other native tribes joined the effort War ended when Metacom was captured and killed

Puritan influence declines New generations had been born in America More business like than religious fervor

Section 3: The Middle Colonies

Section 3: The Middle Colonies Geography of the Middle Colonies

Four states make up the middle colonies PA is the largest – excellent farming land NY also good for farming NJ and DE are lowlands along the coast

Section 3: The Middle Colonies

Section 3: The Middle Colonies New York and New Jersey

New Netherland becomes New York James the Duke of York was granted all Dutch lands by his brother

the King Charles II All he had to do was conquer the territory The Dutch surrendered at the sight of English warships

The colonies were renamed after the Duke of York New Jersey (NY too large for Duke of York to govern)

Established in 1665 from part of NY that was split off Proprietary colony given to Lord Berkeley & Sir George Carteret

Colony created by a grant of land from a monarch to an individual or company

NJ later became a royal colony in 1702 and was controlled directly by the King

Section 3: The Middle Colonies Pennsylvania and Delaware

Founded by William Penn and the Quakers Quakers were a religious group with no ministers, despised by King

Everyone has a direct link with God, Everyone was equal under God’s eyes

Penn’s Holy Experiment Found a colony where people of all religions could live in peace Deal fairly with Native Americans

Nobody could settle land until it was first purchased How would this fit with Native American beliefs?

Delaware Settled by people from Sweden

Originally part of Pennsylvania Granted autonomy by William Penn in 1704

Section 3: The Middle Colonies

What is happening in this painting?

Where is the focus of action taking place?

What other details do you notice? What is the mood of this

painting? Angry? Cheerful? Cautious?

Why do you think this event has been a popular subject for American painters?

Section 3: The Middle Colonies Growth and Change

By 1700s Pennsylvania had 20,000 colonists Eastern part was manufacturing

Iron, flour, paper, shoemakers, carpenters, masons, coopers farmland was known as the breadbasket

The Backcountry Western part of the colonies

Extended from Pennsylvania to Georgia Pennsylvania Dutch

Backcountry settlers were mostly of Scottish or German descent DEUTSCH

Section 4: The Southern Colonies Geography of the Southern Colonies

Warm & humid climate Excellent farmland Variety of crops able to grow

Tobacco Rice Cotton

All require a lot of labor – led to slavery

Mason Dixon Line (244 mile boundary line) Charles mason & Jeremiah Dixon Surveyed the border between

Pennsylvania and Maryland

Section 4: The Southern Colonies Soil types in the colonies

Section 4: The Southern Colonies

Section 4: The Southern Colonies Virginia Grows

Conflicts with Native Americans Expanding white population needed more lands

More cities – larger farms Natives fought against this expansion

2 major conflicts 1622 and 1644 – Natives defeated both times

After 1644, Natives had to accept English rule Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Land shortages on the coast Caused poorer settlers to move inland to find farmable areas Led to more clashes with Natives

Farmers asked the governor for help Governor refused – Nathaniel Bacon led frontier settlers on a revolt Bacon began attacking and destroying Native villages

Section 4: The Southern Colonies

Governor declares Bacon and his men rebels Bacon responds by attacking Jamestown - Revolt ends when Bacon became sick

and died. 23 of Bacon’s Followers Were hanged

Section 4: The Southern Colonies Religious Toleration in Maryland

George Calvert – a catholic – granted Maryland by Charles II Catholics wished to escape persecution in England

Lord Baltimore After George Calvert’s death his son became proprietor Fearing aggression between religions he got the assembly to pass the

Act of Toleration (1649) It welcomed all Christians to the colony Important step for toleration in America

Section 4: The Southern Colonies Colonies in the Carolinas and Georgia

Carolinas Northern part developed slowly because of few harbors Southern part boomed

Good ports Sugar and rice could be grown, Indigo grew well also Slaves were used to work the large fields, they tried to enslave the

Native Americans but they died of diseases and mistreatment. By 1700 most people coming to the Carolinas were African men and

women brought against their will. The North part of the Carolinas didn’t have slaves at 1st this difference led to the split into North and South Carolina

Section 4: The Southern Colonies Georgia (1733, a Haven for Debtors)

The last of the 13 colonies Founded by James Oglethorpe in Savannah

Wanted a colony where debtors would be protected Founders wanted a colony of small farms, not plantations

Hence, slavery was banned but this only lasted until 1750

Change in the Southern Colonies The Tidewater region

Most important feature were plantations Created a society of slave holders and slave owners Divided the white community in two

Rich plantation owners Struggling small farmers

Section 4: The Southern Colonies

Founding the 13 colonies

Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands Spanish Florida

Spain established a colony in Florida years before English settlers arrived in America

Most colonies were built around forts St. Augustine

First permanent settlement in the United States To weaken the English Colonies

Spain feared English aggression toward their colony Spain gave free land to all slaves who escaped and promised to help

defend

Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands Settling the Spanish Borderlands

Spain controlled much of North America during the 1600s and early 1700s.

Borderlands Lands along a frontier Meant to protect Mexico from foreign powers

A buffer zone Juan de Oñate

Established Santa Fe Brought horses to the borderlands Native Americans under Spanish control learned to use these animals Horses were stolen and riding skills passed on Greatly changed how Natives lived

Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands

Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands Missions along the California Coast

Spanish missions were established to convert Natives to Christianity and teach them crafting skills

Junípero Serra Established missions in California that later became major cities San Diego – Los Angeles – San Francisco

Presidios and Pueblos Presidio - Military fort to defend missions Pueblo - Civilian town used as a center for trade

Life in Spanish Missions Harsh

Natives, although treated better than slaves were not free Forced to work and follow Spanish rules Punished severely for not obeying

Section 5: Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands A Spanish Mission