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Chapter 3: Color, Texture, and Form
Dynamics: How loud or soft the music is
• Terminology in Italian
Term Musical Symbol Definition
Fortissimo ff Very loud
Forte f Loud
Mezzo forte mf Moderately loud
Mezzo piano mp Moderately soft
Piano p Soft
Pianissimo pp Very soft
Color• Color / Timbre
• Voice: Classified by range into 4 parts– Soprano, (Mezzo soprano), Alto, Tenor, (Baritone),
Bass
Musical Instruments• Instrument families have the same basic shape and
are made of the same materials– Strings, woodwinds, brasses, percussion, keyboard
Strings• Violin, Viola, Cello, Bass (Listening Guide, p. 36)– Core of the Western symphony orchestra
– Different string playing techniques• Vibrato:
• Pizzicato:
• Tremolo:
• Trill:
• Harp: • Glissando:
• Arpeggio:
Woodwinds• Flute:
• Piccolo:
• Clarinet:
• Oboe: • English horn:
• Bassoon:– Contrabassoon: The lowest instrument of the orchestra
• Saxophone:
• Listening Guide: pg. 37-38
Brasses• Trumpet:
• Mute: A plug placed in the bell of the instrument to lessen the sound
• Trombone:
• French horn:
• Tuba:
• Listening Guide, pg. 38
Percussion• Some percussion instruments are pitched
– Timpani: percussion instrument most often heard in classical music
• Non-pitched percussion instruments:– Snare Drum, Bass drum, Cymbals
Keyboard Instruments • Pipe organ:– Stop:
Keyboard InstrumentsHarpsichord
• Most popular during the Baroque Era
Piano• Invented around 1700
The Symphony Orchestra
• Originated during the seventeenth century• Early 18th century: 15-25 musicians
• Late 18th century: 25-80 musicians
• 19th century: around 100 musicians
• Around 1800, a conductor became necessary as ensembles expanded and pieces became more complex
– Orchestral score:
• Listening Cue: Practice identifying instruments of the orchestra on CourseMate Listening Exercise 3.1
Texture• Texture:
• Vincent Van Gogh’s Branch of an Almond Tree in Blossom (1890)
Three Primary Textures in Music• Monophony:
• Unison:
• Homophony:
• Polyphony: • Counterpoint:
Identifying Texture
• The “Hallelujah” chorus from The Messiah by George Frideric Handel (pg. 45)
FORM• Form: • Use of statement, repetition, contrast, and variation
Five Favorite Musical Forms• Strophic Form: AA
– Listening example: pg. 47 (“Lullaby” by Brahms”)
• Theme and Variations: A A1 A2 A3 A4
– Listening example: pg. 48 (“Variations on Twinkle Twinkle” by Mozart)
• Binary Form: A B– Listening example: pg. 48 (“Andante” from
The Surprise Symphony by Haydn)
• Ternary Form: A B A– Listening example: pg. 49 (“Dance of the
Reed Pipes” from The Nutcracker by
Tchaikovsky)
• Rondo Form: ABACA or ABACABA– Listening example: pg. 50 (“Rondeau” by Mouret)