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Chapter 3 Drawing Chemical StructuresAnd Classification of Organic Chemistry
2.1 Drawing Chemical Structures
2.2 Classification of Organic Chemistry
2.1.4 Hydrocarbons
. . . compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen.
Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single - alkanes [CnH2n+2]
H C
H
H
C
H
H
H
Hydrocarbons(continued)
Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds.
H C
H
H
C
H
CH
H
Alkanes
the general formula CnH2n+2
saturated hydrocarbons
All the carbon atoms in an alkane are sp3 hybridized and tetrahedral inshape.
Cycloalkanesalicyclic compounds)
the general formula CnH2n
X
Alkyl groups
Alkyl groups (CnH2n+1) are alkane substituents of a complex molecule.
CH3, CH2CH3,CH2CH2CH3,
Classes of Compounds
Classification based on functional group Three broad classes
Hydrocarbons Compounds containing oxygen Compounds containing nitrogen
=>
2.2 Classification of Organic Chemistry
2.2.1 Hydrocarbons
Alkane: single bonds, sp3 carbons Cycloalkane: carbons form a ring Alkene: double bond, sp2 carbons Cycloalkene: double bond in ring Alkyne: triple bond, sp carbons Aromatic: contains a benzene ring
=>
2.2.2 Compounds Containing Oxygen
Alcohol: R-OH Ether: R-O-R' Aldehyde: RCHO
Ketone: RCOR'
CH3CH2 C
O
H
CH3 C
O
CH3
=>
2.2.4 The Common Functional Groups
Class General Formula
Halohydrocarbons RX Alcohols ROH Ethers ROR Aldehydes
CRO
H
Class General Formula
Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters Amines RNH2
CRO
R'
CRO
OH
CRO
O R'
2.2.4 The Common Functional Groups
● functional groups involving double bonds and which contain oxygen
醛
酮
羧酸
酰氯
酸酐
酯
酰胺
酚
ROR醚Ether
Nitrile 睛
Alcohol or akanol 醇
Amine 胺
Nitro 硝基化合物
醛
酮
羧酸
酰氯
酸酐
酯
酰胺
酚
● functional groups which contain a halogen atom
Functional groups can be classed as aliphatic or aromatic.
Aliphatic functional groups(脂肪族官能团)
the aromatic ring is attached to the heteroatom
Aromatic functional groups
the aryl group is directly attached to the carbonyl end of the functional group
Primary( 伯 ), secondary( 仲 ), tertiary( 叔 ), or quaternary( 季 ) nomenclature
The primary (1), secondary (2), tertiary (3) and quaternary (4) nomenclature isused in a variety of situations: to define a carbon center, or to define functionalgroups such as alcohols, halides, amines and amides. Identifying functional groupsin this way can be important since the properties and reactivities of these groupsmay vary depending on whether they are primary, secondary, tertiary, orquaternary.
One of the easiest ways of determining whether a carbon center is 1, 2, 3 or 4 isto count the number of bonds leading from that carbon center to another carbonatom
数 C-C数量
数 N-C数量
Amines and amides
数 C-C数量Alcohols and halides