Chapter 3

• OWL Deadline 27-September– All material through Chapter 3 is fair game for

Exam #1 on 24-September.

• Lab the week of 10-September: Synthesis of Alum

• Stoichiometry and Equations– The Mole– Stoichiometry and Compounds– Chemical Reactions– Limiting Reactants– % and Theoretical Yield

What is a mole?

• A standard unit of quantity.

• The number of atoms present in exactly 12 grams of 12C.

• Avogadro’s number is the constant for 1 mole

• NA = 6.02 x 1023

Stoichiometry & Compounds• In terms of compounds,

stoichiometry refers to the ratio of elements within a molecule or substance (including polyatomic ions and ionic compounds)

• Any unique compound will have its formula

• The formula will have a specific ratio of atoms

• These ratios can be expressed in weight (grams for example) or quantity (moles usually)

• H2O

• C3H8

• PO4-3

• H2C2O42 H2O

• Na2CO3

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• Formula Mass (weight)• The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of the

compound, whether molecular or not.– Empirical Formula Mass– Molecular Formula Mass (another term for molecular mass)– The mass of some other unit containing multiple atoms

• Molar Mass (weight)– The sum of the masses of all of the atoms or molecules in a mole of a

compound, ordinarily expressed in grams/mole.

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3 significant figures74.1 amu

Total 74.095

2 O 2(16.00) = 32.00 amu

Ca(OH)2

1 Ca 1(40.08) = 40.08 amu

2 H 2(1.008) = 2.016 amu

Calculate the formula weight of the following compound from its formula. Report your answers to three significant figures.

Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2

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• What is the mass in amu of the nitrous acid molecule, HNO2?

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• A sample of nitric acid, HNO3, contains 0.253 mol HNO3. How many grams is this?

First, find the molar mass of HNO3:

1 H 1(1.008) = 1.0081 N 1(14.01) = 14.013 O 3(16.00) = 48.00

63.018 (2 decimal places)63.02 g/mol

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mole1

g63.02xmole0.253

figures)tsignifican(3

g 15.9

Next, using the molar mass, find the mass of 0.253 mole:

= 15.94406 g

Remember, moles (mol) are really used for counting and deriving data from those counts.

How many grams does 0.45 mol of sulfur trioxide weigh?

Percent Composition

• Often used in chemical analysis and identifying empirical or molecular formulas

• A weight ratio of the elements in a compound

• Write the name of, identify the stoichiometry involved in, and determine the % composition of each element in

• MgCO3

Empirical/Molecular Formulas and % Composition

• Chemists may discover a compound and, if it is new to them, have no idea what the chemical formulas are– Empirical– Molecular

• You can use a step-by-step approach to determine the Empirical and Molecular formulas even if you have limited data.

• Determine % composition (wt %) of each element.

• Calculate the mole ratio for each element.– Round up to whole numbers

• Use the molecular weight and the empirical formula weight to calculate the molecular formula– We estimate, pretty closely,

the molecular weight from techniques such as mass spectrometry

• You’ve discovered what you think is a new compound:– 2.00 grams of it were found– Chemical analysis shows that it has Carbon and

Hydrogen• What kind of compound is it?

– Chemical analysis shows that of the sample that you have, 0.151 grams of Hydrogen.

– Mass spectrometry shows that the molecular weight is 26.02 grams/mole

– What compound is it?

Figure 3.6: Combustion method for determining the percentages of carbon and hydrogen in a compound

1. Calculate % Composition

2. Calculate Stoichiometry (Mole Ratios)1. Empirical Formula

3. Calculate Ratio of Molecular Weight to Empirical Formula Weight

4. Use ratio from #3 to decipher molecular formula from empirical formula

Stoichiometry and Reactions

• Chemical reactions take place with defined ratios of reactants and products

• These defined ratios are based on the stoichiometry of the compounds or atoms in the reaction, and the stoichiometry related to the reaction itself.– Stoichiometric coefficients

• Let’s identify– Products (and name them)– Reactants (and name them)– Stoichiometry of compounds in this reaction– Stoichiometric coefficients– Phases– Reaction Direction (arrow)

• What important law is adhered to by this reaction (and all the reactions we will study in CHEM 111)

• Let’s identify– Products (and name them)– Reactants (and name them)– Stoichiometry of compounds in this reaction– Stoichiometric coefficients– Phases– Reaction Direction (arrow)

• What important law is adhered to by this reaction (and all the reactions we will study in CHEM 111)

BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

Balancing Equations• Remember, mass MUST be conserved!

– All of the atoms of reactants must appear, in the same mole quantities, in the products

– This can be extrapolated to weights later on with reaction stoichiometry

Practice Balancing Equations

• Methane gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas and liquid water.– Write the reaction– Balance elements that appear in only one compound

first• Remember that compound stoichiometry (subscripts) can not

change

– Balance elements that appear in other compounds second

– Round coefficients up to the lowest whole numbers– Check answer

Aqueous acetic acid reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce aqueous sodium acetate and water. This reaction is in

“equilibrium”.

Reaction Stoichiometry

• Once we have a balanced reaction, we can evaluate how much of one substance can form (or cause to be formed) another substance.– Reaction stoichiometry is almost ALWAYS studied

using moles (stoichiometric coefficients and subscripts)

Propane is combusted in a cooking grill using atmospheric oxygen. The products are carbon dioxide and water. How much water (mol and grams) will form if 10 grams of propane are consumed?

In the Haber Process, 2.00 grams of hydrogen are consumed. How much nitrogen is consumed in with it?

Limiting Reactants

• Often, we have reactants where:– There is an excess of one (compared to the others)– There is a limiting amount of another (compared

to the others.– The Limiting reactant controls how much product

can be produced

– If in the reaction above, we have 4 moles of butane and 20 moles of oxygen (O2), which is limiting and which is excess?

Molecular view of 2H2 + O2 2H2O reaction with H2 as the limiting reactant

If we have one gram of hydrogen gas (H2), how many moles of O2 will be consumed andhow many grams of water will be formed?

Theoretical and % Yield

• Rarely do reactions produce 100% of the product they should– Impurities– Some reactants/products produce other things– Spillage

• The theoretical yield is what you would get, ideally.– Calculated from the balanced equation and limiting

reactant• The % yield (percent yield) is what you actually

produce, relative to the theoretical yield

If we have 1.00 grams of hydrogen gas (H2), and 2.00 grams of O2 reacting to form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 (g)), answer the following:

-Write the balanced chemical reaction

-Identify the limiting reactant

-Calculate the theoretical yield

-Calculate the percent yield if 1.5 grams of hydrogen peroxide is formed.