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M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.2
Technology Integration Example: The Alien Rescue® Project
Phases 1-2: TPACK & relative advantage
Phase 3: Objectives and Assessments
Phase 4: Integration Strategies
Phase 5: Instructional Environment
Phase 6: Evaluate and Revise
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.3
Instructional Software
Programs designed specifically to deliver or support one or more kinds of learning activities
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.4
Instructional Software Functions
Drill-and-Practice – skill practice
Tutorial – information delivery
Simulation – demonstration– exploration
Instructional Games– skill practice– exploration
Problem Solving – skill practice– exploration
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.5
Instructional Roles for Software
Today’s software can be difficult to classify Several different activities Overlap of functions in one package
– Example: Language learning software might incorporate:
• Drill activities (directed strategy)• Problem solving & gaming (constructivist strategy)
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.6
Learning Theory Connections
First instructional software reflected behavioral and cognitive learning theories– Some functions (e.g., drill & practice, tutorial)
remain focused on directed strategies
Later software designed to support a constructivist approach– Some functions (e.g., simulation, games) can be
used in either directed or constructivist ways
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.7
Programming Languages as Instructional Software
Educational Programming Languages– Instructional software– Tool software
Logo– Used to introduce young children to problem
solving through programming
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.8
Recent Trends in Software Design and Delivery
Online access and components Web 2.0 technologies Rich user experiences Renewed emphasis on directed strategies
and networked systems– Integrated learning systems (ILS)
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.9
Drill-and-Practice
Types Flash card activity Branching drill Extensive feedback
activities
Criteria for Well-Designed Programs
Control over presentation rate
Answer judging Appropriate feedback
for correct & incorrect answers
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.10
Drill-and-Practice
Benefits Immediate feedback Motivation Saving teacher time
Limitations and Problems
Perceived misuses Criticism by
constructivists
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.11
Drill-and-Practice
Integration Strategies Supplement or replace
worksheets and homework exercises
Prepare for tests
Guidelines for Use Set time limits Assign individually Use learning stations
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.12
Tutorials
Types Linear tutorial Branching tutorial
Criteria for Well-Designed Programs
Extensive interactivity Thorough user control Appropriate pedagogy Adequate answer-
judging and feedback Appropriate graphics Adequate record
keeping
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.13
Tutorials
Benefits Immediate feedback Motivation Time savings Self-contained & self-
paced unit of instruction
Limitations and Problems
Criticism by constructivists
Lack of good products Reflect only one
instructional approach
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.14
Tutorials
Integration Strategies Self-paced reviews Alternative learning
strategies Instruction when
teachers are unavailable
Guidelines for Use Assign individually Use learning stations
or individual checkout
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.15
Simulations
Types Physical Iterative Procedural Situational
Criteria for Well-Designed Programs
System fidelity and accuracy
Good accompanying documentation to explain system characteristics and uses
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.16
Simulations
Benefits Compress time Slow down processes Get students involved Make experimentation safe Make impossible possible Save money and resources Repetition with variations Observation of complex
processes
Limitations and Problems Accuracy of models Misuse of simulations
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.17
Simulations
Integration Strategies Replacement or
supplement to:– lab experiments – role-playing – field trips
Introducing or clarifying a new topic
Fostering exploration & process learning
Encouraging cooperation and group work
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.18
Simulations
Guidelines for Use Can be equally
effective with whole class, small groups, or individuals
Particularly good to instigate discussion and collaborative work– Usually considered
more appropriate for pairs and small groups
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.19
Instructional Games
Characteristics Rules Elements of
competition and challenge
Amusing or entertaining formats
Criteria for Well-Designed Programs
Appealing formats and activities
Instructional value Reasonable physical
dexterity requirements Social, societal, and
cultural considerations– Minimal
violence/aggression
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.20
Instructional Games
Benefits High interest Retention Appeals to students’
desire to complete and play
Limitations and Problems
Learning versus having fun
Confusion of game rules and real-life rules
Inefficient learning
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.21
Instructional Games
Integration Strategies In place of worksheets
and exercises To teach cooperative
group working skills As a reward
Guidelines for Use Use appropriately Involve all students Emphasize the
content-area skills
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.22
Problem Solving
Types Content-area skills Content-free skills
Criteria for Well-Designed Programs
Challenging and interesting formats
Clear links to developing specific problem-solving skills or abilities
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.23
Problem Solving
Benefits Challenging activities
increase interest and motivation
Prevents inert knowledge by illustration situations in which skills apply
Limitations and Problems
Names versus skills Software claims
versus effectiveness Possible negative
effects of directed instruction
Transfer
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.24
Problem Solving
Integration Strategies Teach component
skills in problem- solving strategies
Provide support in solving problems
Encourage group problem solving
Guidelines for Use Directed teaching
– Clearly define skills and the teaching strategy
Constructivist approach– Encourage exploration– Provide structure– Vary amount of
direction and assistance– Promote reflection– Stress process over
correct answers
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.25
Integrated Learning Systems (ILS)
Characteristics Networked or online
system of instruction Provide complete
curricula on a topic Monitor and provide
reports on student progress
Summarize data by student, class, school
Criteria for Well-Designed ILS
Good curriculum coverage
Good pedagogical strategies
Several different report formats
Easily read and interpreted reports
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.26
Integrated Learning Systems (ILS)
Benefits Provide supplemental
educational services required by NCLB
Benefits of drill, tutorials, simulations, instructional games, and problem solving—depending on selection
Easier to access via network or online
Personalized instruction Summary progress data
Limitations and Problems
Costs Research on impact Concerns about the
role of ILS
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.27
Integrated Learning Systems (ILS)
Guidelines for Use Clear problem Closed or open system Match scope and
sequence Match to target
population Adequacy of reporting
and management system
Cost of hardware and software resources
Project educational benefits
Obtain ILS updates from vendors
Evaluate ILS for match with expectations
Calculate personnel and fiscal impact
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.28
Integrated Learning Systems (ILS)
Integration Strategies Directed applications
– Remediation – Mainstream delivery system
Constructivist applications– Resource-rich environments
M. D. Roblyer & Aaron H. Doering Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, 5/ECopyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. 3.29
Software Reviews Online
SREB EvaluTech www.evalutech.sreb.org
California Learning Resource Network www.clrn.org/home
SuperKids www.superkids.com
Education World www.educationworld.com