Chapter 31: An Era of Social Change

Section 1: Latinos and Native Americans

Seek Equality –1/7/13

Section 2: Women Fight for Equality- 1/8/13

Section 3: Culture and Counterculture-

1/9/13

Essential Question:How did minority groups in the United States respond to inequality in American society?

“The times they are a-changin’.”

Bob Dylan

Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality

Chapter 31 Section 11/6/14

Key Terms Cesar Chavez

United Farm Workers Organizing Committee

La Raza Unida

American Indian Movement

Key Dates 1966- United Farm Workers Organizing

Committee (UFWOC) started by Cesar Chavez

1968-American Indian Movement formed

1969- Native Americans seize Alcatraz Island

1970- California Grape Boycott ends

1970- La Raza Unida party formed

1973- Native Americans seize Wounded Knee SD

1972- Native American Education Act

1975- Native American Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

Latino Population Grows Large and diverse group:

Mexicans Puerto Ricans Cubans Central and South

Americans

Many came for different reasons: Escape poverty and civil

wars Many Cubans came after

Cuban Revolution of 1959 to escape communism

Many lacked education

Mexicans generally settled in California and American Southwest

Most worked as braceros or temporary laborers

Settled in segregated neighborhoods called Barrios

Puerto Ricans mainly settled on east coast- New York City especially

Cubans fled Castro Many settled in Miami and

southern Florida

The Farm Workers Movement

Many Mexican Americans worked as migrant farm workers Hard work for little pay and no benefits

Cesar Chavez began organizing unions for Farm Workers 1962 -National Farm Workers Association 1966- United Farm Workers Organizing

Committee (UFWOC)

Influenced by MLK- Non-Violent Protest 1965- California Grape Boycott begins 1968- Chavez 3 week hunger strike 1970- Growers finally recognize the union

Cesar Chavez

Growing Influence 1968- Bilingual Education Act passed

Provided instruction in language other than English in public schools

Political Influence 1960- MAPA Mexican American Political Association

formed 1961- 1st Latino elected to Congress- Henry Gonzalez 1962- 2nd Latino elected to Congress- Edward Roybal

1970- La Raza Unida- The United People Party Ran Latino candidates in local elections Focused on issues for the Latino community

Native Americans Struggle for Equality

Hundreds of distinct Native American Groups Poorest group in America High unemployment and little economic opportunity on

reservations

1953- Termination Policy Moved Native Americans from reservations to urban

areas Total disaster- Native Americans did not Assimilate/

remained poor

1965- LBJ creates Council on Indian Opportunity Gives Native Americans more autonomy and promotes

economic opportunity on the Reservations

Native American Reservation Land

The American Indian Movement- AIM

Founded in 1968 Protested for increased Native American Rights Sometimes led to violence

1969- Alcatraz Island Indians of All Tribes, a militant group, seized Alcatraz

island in San Francisco bay Offered to pay $24 in beads and cloth for the island Federal officials removed them after 18 months

1972- Trail of Broken Treaties Protest march in DC- took over Bureau of Indian Affairs

building causing 2 million in damage

1973-Wounded Knee Occupation

AIM led 200 Sioux to Wounded Knee SD

Occupied town and took 11 people hostage

Occupation lasted 71 days

Both sides traded fire continuously

Ended with shootout with FBI and US Marshalls One Native American and one officer were killed in the

fight

Native Americans at Wounded Knee, 1973

Native American Victories

1972- Indian Education Act

1975- Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act Gave Native Americans increased autonomy

Most importantly in education

Many groups sued the government over broken treaties and received millions in reparations Taos in New Mexico were 1st

Others across the country followed in their example

Reflection Question In your opinion, do you believe

the protest methods undertaken by Native Americans were justified to achieve their goals?