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©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved.Rights reserved.
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Chapter 31: Chapter 31: The Age of LimitsThe Age of Limits
Preview:Preview: “Americans in the 1970s discovered painful “Americans in the 1970s discovered painful limits to many aspects of their society: limits to economics limits to many aspects of their society: limits to economics growth sparked by a shortage of oil, limits on the growth sparked by a shortage of oil, limits on the environment due to pollution and overdevelopment. Richard environment due to pollution and overdevelopment. Richard Nixon, too, met political limits, as he was forced from office Nixon, too, met political limits, as he was forced from office by his role in campaign scandals. With the nation mired in by his role in campaign scandals. With the nation mired in an economic downturn, Presidents Ford and Carter steered an economic downturn, Presidents Ford and Carter steered a course that acknowledged the decline of American a course that acknowledged the decline of American power.”power.”
The Highlights:The Highlights: The Limits of ReformThe Limits of Reform Watergate and the Politics of ResentmentWatergate and the Politics of Resentment A Ford, Not a LincolnA Ford, Not a Lincoln Jimmy Carter: Restoring the FaithJimmy Carter: Restoring the Faith
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The Limits of ReformThe Limits of Reform
ConsumerismConsumerism– Ralph Nader attacks GMRalph Nader attacks GM– Consumer organizationsConsumer organizations
EnvironmentalismEnvironmentalism– Conservation versus preservationConservation versus preservation– Barry Commoner and ecologyBarry Commoner and ecology– EPA established (1970)EPA established (1970)– Earth DayEarth Day
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Watergate and the Watergate and the Politics of ResentmentPolitics of Resentment Nixon’s New FederalismNixon’s New Federalism
– Revenue sharingRevenue sharing– Family Assistance PlanFamily Assistance Plan– Nixon reformsNixon reforms
StagflationStagflation– A stagnant economy combined with A stagnant economy combined with
rising pricesrising prices– Nixon advocated federal wage and Nixon advocated federal wage and
price controls price controls
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Social Policies and the CourtSocial Policies and the Court– School busingSchool busing– Nixon and the CourtNixon and the Court
Us versus ThemUs versus Them– Nixon administration blurred the Nixon administration blurred the
lines between honest dissent and lines between honest dissent and radical criminalsradical criminals
– ““Nattering nabobs of negativism”Nattering nabobs of negativism”
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TriumphTriumph– George McGovernGeorge McGovern– Nixon received almost 61 percent of Nixon received almost 61 percent of
the popular votethe popular vote The President’s EnemiesThe President’s Enemies
– The plumbersThe plumbers– Impoundment: refusal to spend the Impoundment: refusal to spend the
appropriated money for a programappropriated money for a program
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Break-InBreak-In– June 1972: Democratic National June 1972: Democratic National
Committee headquarters in Committee headquarters in Watergate apartment complex Watergate apartment complex burglarizedburglarized
– Bob Woodward and Carl BernsteinBob Woodward and Carl Bernstein To the Oval OfficeTo the Oval Office
– Senate hearingsSenate hearings– Agnew resignsAgnew resigns– Saturday Night MassacreSaturday Night Massacre
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ResignationResignation– The smoking gunThe smoking gun– Fair Campaign Practices Act (1974)Fair Campaign Practices Act (1974)
“Gerald Ford inherited a presidential office almost crippled by the Watergate scandals. As the first unelected president, he had no popular mandate….By all instincts a conservative, he was determined to continue Nixon’s foreign policy of cautious détente and a domestic program of social and fiscal conservatism”(1054-55).
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Kissinger and Foreign PolicyKissinger and Foreign Policy– War Powers Act (1973)War Powers Act (1973)– Coup in ChileCoup in Chile
Global Competition and the Limits Global Competition and the Limits of American Influenceof American Influence– Yom Kippur War and the energy crisisYom Kippur War and the energy crisis– Oil boycott from October 1973 until Oil boycott from October 1973 until
March 1974 staggered the economies March 1974 staggered the economies of western Europe and Japanof western Europe and Japan
A Ford, Not a Lincoln
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Shuttle DiplomacyShuttle Diplomacy– Between Sadat’s government in Cairo Between Sadat’s government in Cairo
and the Israeli government of Golda and the Israeli government of Golda Meir in JerusalemMeir in Jerusalem
– South Vietnam fallsSouth Vietnam falls DetenteDetente
– Helsinki Summit (1975)Helsinki Summit (1975)– The erosion of American power The erosion of American power
dismayed Republican conservativesdismayed Republican conservatives
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The Limits of a Post-Watergate The Limits of a Post-Watergate PresidentPresident– In trying to put Watergate in the In trying to put Watergate in the
past, Ford reopened the woundspast, Ford reopened the wounds– CIA and FBI abusesCIA and FBI abuses
Fighting InflationFighting Inflation– By his first State of the Union By his first State of the Union
address, Ford faced the twin address, Ford faced the twin scourges of inflation and recessionscourges of inflation and recession
– Energy Policy and Conservation Act Energy Policy and Conservation Act (1975)(1975)
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The Election of 1976The Election of 1976– Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter– Most voters backed their party’s Most voters backed their party’s
candidate, giving Carter 50.1 candidate, giving Carter 50.1 percent of the votepercent of the vote
“In the 1976 presidential campaign the greatest debates occurred within rather than between the major parties”(1060).
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Jimmy Carter: Restoring the Jimmy Carter: Restoring the FaithFaith
The Search for DirectionThe Search for Direction– Carter’s large goals remained obscureCarter’s large goals remained obscure– Department of EnergyDepartment of Energy– Three Mile Island (1979)Three Mile Island (1979)
A Sick EconomyA Sick Economy– The Chrysler bailoutThe Chrysler bailout– Recession seemed to doom Carter’s Recession seemed to doom Carter’s
political futurepolitical future
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Leadership, Not HegemonyLeadership, Not Hegemony– Human rightsHuman rights– Brzezinski and Central AmericaBrzezinski and Central America
The Wavering Spirit of DétenteThe Wavering Spirit of Détente– Reviving the China cardReviving the China card– SALT II (1979)SALT II (1979)
The Middle East: Hope and The Middle East: Hope and HostagesHostages– Camp David Accords (1978)Camp David Accords (1978)– The Iranian revolutionThe Iranian revolution– The Soviet Union invades AfghanistanThe Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
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A President Held HostageA President Held Hostage– Carter’s approval rating sank to Carter’s approval rating sank to
record lows-77 percent negativerecord lows-77 percent negative– Crisis of confidenceCrisis of confidence
“The uneasiness of the late 1970s reflected a widespread disillusionment with liberal social programs and even with pragmatic engineers like Carter….Tom Wolfe’s Me Generation seemed to be rejecting Carter’s appeal to sacrifice. It turned instead to promoters of self-help therapy, Fundamentalist defenders of the faith, and staunch conservatives who promised both spiritual and material renewal for the 1980s”(1066).
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