Chapter 31Chapter 31

The War to End War The War to End War

1917-19181917-1918

War to End WarWar to End War

Wilson- “peace without victory” Wilson- “peace without victory” Unrestricted submarine warfare-Unrestricted submarine warfare- Germany Germany

would sink all ships, including America’s, would sink all ships, including America’s, in the war zone in the war zone No longer distinguished between combatants No longer distinguished between combatants

and non-combatants and non-combatants

War By Act of Germany War By Act of Germany

Wilson asked congress for authority to arm Wilson asked congress for authority to arm American merchant shipsAmerican merchant ships

Zimmerman Note-Zimmerman Note- March 1, 1917March 1, 1917 German foreign secretary secretly proposed a German foreign secretary secretly proposed a

German- Mexican alliance German- Mexican alliance tempted Mexico w/ promises of recovering US tempted Mexico w/ promises of recovering US

land that previously belonged to them if they land that previously belonged to them if they declared war on US declared war on US

War by Act of Germany War by Act of Germany

German u-boats sank 4 unarmed merchant German u-boats sank 4 unarmed merchant vessels in first two weeks of Marchvessels in first two weeks of March

Revolution in Russia toppled tsarsRevolution in Russia toppled tsars April 2, 1917 April 2, 1917

Wilson asks Congress to declare war (war declared Wilson asks Congress to declare war (war declared April 6) April 6)

No longer believed US could trade neutrally w/o being No longer believed US could trade neutrally w/o being sucked into war sucked into war

““Made in Germany” Made in Germany”

War Message War Message

““We shall fight for the things we have We shall fight for the things we have always carried nearest our hearts. For always carried nearest our hearts. For democracy, for the right of those who democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their submit to authority to have a voice in their government, for the rights of liberties of government, for the rights of liberties of small nations… to such a task we can small nations… to such a task we can dedicate our lives and our future”dedicate our lives and our future”

““It is a fearful thing to lead this great It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war”peaceful people into war”

Wilsonian Idealism Wilsonian Idealism

Not getting support for the war in the Not getting support for the war in the midwestmidwest

2 goals:2 goals:1.1. War to end warWar to end war

2.2. Make the world safe for democracy (w/o fear Make the world safe for democracy (w/o fear of power-crazed autocrats) of power-crazed autocrats)

Wilson’s appeal worked- increased Wilson’s appeal worked- increased American support for war American support for war

Fourteen Points Fourteen Points

Wilson=moral leader of Allied cause Wilson=moral leader of Allied cause 14 points inspired Allies & demoralized 14 points inspired Allies & demoralized

Central PowersCentral Powers 1-5: broad in scope 1-5: broad in scope Self determinationSelf determination #14 foreshadows the League of Nations#14 foreshadows the League of Nations Not universally accepted Not universally accepted

George CreelGeorge Creel

Head of the Committee of Public Head of the Committee of Public Information Information Job: sell America on the war & Wilson’s Job: sell America on the war & Wilson’s

war aimswar aims Four Minute Men Four Minute Men Propaganda: posters, leaflets, booklets, Propaganda: posters, leaflets, booklets,

“hang the kaiser” movies, songs“hang the kaiser” movies, songs Oversold Wilson, led world to expect too Oversold Wilson, led world to expect too

muchmuch

Anti-German Sentiment Anti-German Sentiment

8 million German-Americans in US 8 million German-Americans in US Hatred of Germans roseHatred of Germans rose

German books removedGerman books removed German classes cancelledGerman classes cancelled Sauerkraut= liberty cabbage; Sauerkraut= liberty cabbage;

hamburger=liberty steakhamburger=liberty steak

Anti-German Sentiment Anti-German Sentiment

Espionage Act of 1917-Espionage Act of 1917- prohibited support of US prohibited support of US enemies during wartime enemies during wartime Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs

Sedition Act of 1918-Sedition Act of 1918- prohibited speech that cast prohibited speech that cast government/war effort in negative lightgovernment/war effort in negative light

Any criticism of government could be punishedAny criticism of government could be punished Shenck v. United StatesShenck v. United States (1919)- Supreme Court (1919)- Supreme Court

affirmed legality of laws, not violating freedom of affirmed legality of laws, not violating freedom of speechspeech ““clear and present danger” clear and present danger”

Factories go to WarFactories go to War

Council of National Defense- studied Council of National Defense- studied problems of economic mobilizationproblems of economic mobilization

Built ships & built up the armyBuilt ships & built up the army War Industries Board formed, disbanded War Industries Board formed, disbanded

days after armisticedays after armistice American preference for laissez-faire & American preference for laissez-faire &

weak central gov. proved strong even weak central gov. proved strong even during warduring war

Workers in Wartime Workers in Wartime

““Labor will win the war”Labor will win the war” War Department- “work or fight”War Department- “work or fight” National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board (Taft)- (Taft)-

prevented labor disputes that would prevented labor disputes that would hamper the war efforthamper the war effort

AFL supported warAFL supported war International Workers of the World (IWW) International Workers of the World (IWW)

did not support war, caused damage to did not support war, caused damage to war effortwar effort

Workers in WartimeWorkers in Wartime

AFL loyalty rewarded- wages had risen AFL loyalty rewarded- wages had risen more than 20% by end of warmore than 20% by end of war

Still, labor harbored grievancesStill, labor harbored grievances 1919- greatest strike in US history in steel 1919- greatest strike in US history in steel

industry industry • Owners brought in African Americans to work Owners brought in African Americans to work

instead, strike collapsed instead, strike collapsed

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage

Women flooded into factories & fieldsWomen flooded into factories & fields National Women’s PartyNational Women’s Party

Led by Alice PaulLed by Alice Paul Gave a voice to womenGave a voice to women

Fighting for democracy abroadFighting for democracy abroad true true democracy at homedemocracy at home

1919thth amendment- gave all American amendment- gave all American women the right to vote women the right to vote 80 yrs after Seneca Falls 80 yrs after Seneca Falls

Political Victory…Political Victory…

Women’s BureauWomen’s Bureau emerged to protect emerged to protect women’s working rightswomen’s working rights Most women left wartime jobs after war Most women left wartime jobs after war

Sheppard-Towner Maternity ActSheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921- of 1921- provided federally financed instruction in provided federally financed instruction in maternal & infant healthcare maternal & infant healthcare

War Economy War Economy

Food AdministrationFood Administration, led by Herbert Hoover, led by Herbert Hoover Rejected use of ration cards Rejected use of ration cards Voluntary Voluntary

Propaganda CampaignPropaganda Campaign Meatless Mondays & Wheatless WednesdaysMeatless Mondays & Wheatless Wednesdays

““Victory Gardens”Victory Gardens” 1818thth amendment- Prohibits all alcoholic amendment- Prohibits all alcoholic

drinksdrinks

War Economy War Economy

Hoover’s approach workedHoover’s approach worked Farm production increased by ¼Farm production increased by ¼ Food exports to Allies tripled Food exports to Allies tripled

Fuel AdministrationFuel Administration Heatless Mondays, Lightless Nights Heatless Mondays, Lightless Nights

Liberty Loan Drives- “Halt the Hun”Liberty Loan Drives- “Halt the Hun” Increased taxes Increased taxes

American Army American Army

Europe needed America to send a trained Europe needed America to send a trained army to fightarmy to fight

Conscription Conscription All males 18-45All males 18-45 No one could buy exemption No one could buy exemption

Army grew to 4 million menArmy grew to 4 million men Women allowed in armed forces for 1Women allowed in armed forces for 1stst

time time African Americans in segregated units African Americans in segregated units

Americans Fighting Americans Fighting

1 year after Congress declares war 1 year after Congress declares war (France) (France) Initially not that effectiveInitially not that effective

Also in Belgium, Italy & RussiaAlso in Belgium, Italy & Russia 10,000 troops to Siberia10,000 troops to Siberia

Purpose: prevent Japan from getting a hold Purpose: prevent Japan from getting a hold on Siberia, rescue Czechoslovak troops & get on Siberia, rescue Czechoslovak troops & get military supplies military supplies

America Helps Defeat GermanyAmerica Helps Defeat Germany

German drive on western frontGerman drive on western front Threatened to knock out FranceThreatened to knock out France

30,000 American soldiers to 30,000 American soldiers to Chateau Chateau Thierry Thierry in Francein France First significant engagement of American First significant engagement of American

troops in European wartroops in European war American giant rose to replace Russia American giant rose to replace Russia Slowed down German drive Slowed down German drive

America Helps Defeat GermanyAmerica Helps Defeat Germany

Second Battle of the Marne Second Battle of the Marne (July-August 1918)(July-August 1918) Counteroffensive that marked the beginning of German Counteroffensive that marked the beginning of German

withdrawalwithdrawal St. Mihiel St. Mihiel (Sep. 1918)(Sep. 1918)

Americans & French pushed Germans from St. Mihiel, Americans & French pushed Germans from St. Mihiel, FranceFrance

Meuse-Argonne Offensive Meuse-Argonne Offensive (Sep.-Nov. 1918)(Sep.-Nov. 1918) Lasted 47 daysLasted 47 days Engaged 1.2 million American troopsEngaged 1.2 million American troops 10% of people involved killed10% of people involved killed Slow progress, inadequate training, severe loss from Slow progress, inadequate training, severe loss from

machine guns machine guns Victory was in sight for AlliesVictory was in sight for Allies

14 Points Disarm Germany14 Points Disarm Germany

Berlin ready to surrender, turn to Wilson Berlin ready to surrender, turn to Wilson for peace based on 14 Points for peace based on 14 Points

Kaiser must be overthrown before Wilson Kaiser must be overthrown before Wilson would negotiate would negotiate

Eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the Eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, 1918eleventh month, 1918 Germany surrendersGermany surrenders

Americans rejoice- Great War endedAmericans rejoice- Great War ended

14 Points Disarm Germany14 Points Disarm Germany

US contributions to the war: food, US contributions to the war: food, ammunition, credit, oil & manpowerammunition, credit, oil & manpower

US only fought 2 major battlesUS only fought 2 major battles ProspectProspect of endless U.S. troops that of endless U.S. troops that

demoralized Germans, not US actual demoralized Germans, not US actual military performancemilitary performance

General Pershing (American general who General Pershing (American general who led US troops) relied on England & France led US troops) relied on England & France as much as they relied on him as much as they relied on him

Wilson at War’s EndWilson at War’s End

Wilson at peak of his popularity Wilson at peak of his popularity ““moral leader of the world”moral leader of the world” Series of tragic mistakesSeries of tragic mistakes

Personally appealed for Democratic victory in Personally appealed for Democratic victory in CongressCongress

Travels to Paris to negotiate peaceTravels to Paris to negotiate peace Neglected to include Republicans in his Neglected to include Republicans in his

official partyofficial party

An Idealist in ParisAn Idealist in Paris Wilson welcomed in Europe (1919)Wilson welcomed in Europe (1919) Big FourBig Four: :

WilsonWilson Premier Vittorio Orlando (Italy)Premier Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Prime Minister David Lloyd (Britain)Prime Minister David Lloyd (Britain) Georges Clemenceau “The Tiger” (France)Georges Clemenceau “The Tiger” (France)

Wilson’s goal: League of Nations Wilson’s goal: League of Nations Victors of territory would not receive it outright, but Victors of territory would not receive it outright, but

as trustees of L.o.N.as trustees of L.o.N. Made an integral part of peace treaty Made an integral part of peace treaty

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles DisagreementsDisagreements

Republican senators would not accept League Republican senators would not accept League of Nations as it isof Nations as it is Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot Lodge

Wilson had to negotiate w/ several countries Wilson had to negotiate w/ several countries over territoryover territory France: Rhineland & Saar ValleyFrance: Rhineland & Saar Valley Italy: FiumeItaly: Fiume Japan: Shandong Peninsula Japan: Shandong Peninsula

Security TreatySecurity Treaty: Britain & US pledged to come to : Britain & US pledged to come to French aid if ever invaded by GermanyFrench aid if ever invaded by Germany

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

June 1919June 1919 Germany did not get peace based on 14 Germany did not get peace based on 14

Points Points anger in Germany anger in Germany Required Germany to take responsibility for Required Germany to take responsibility for

the war & pay reparationsthe war & pay reparations Wilson forced to compromise on some of 14 Wilson forced to compromise on some of 14

points to get League of Nationspoints to get League of Nations Wilson now a fallen idolWilson now a fallen idol Liberated PolandLiberated Poland

Domestic Problems Domestic Problems

Isolationists in America protested against Isolationists in America protested against treatytreaty Wanted no part of an entangling allianceWanted no part of an entangling alliance

Anti-Germans thought pact was not harsh Anti-Germans thought pact was not harsh enoughenough

Some liberals thought it was too harshSome liberals thought it was too harsh

Wilson’s Collapse Wilson’s Collapse

Wilson tours America to increase support Wilson tours America to increase support for treatyfor treaty

not received well in Midwest (German-not received well in Midwest (German-Americans) Americans)

Applauded in Rocky Mountain regionApplauded in Rocky Mountain region Wilson collapsed on tour from physical Wilson collapsed on tour from physical

exhaustion, later had stroke exhaustion, later had stroke

Defeat through DeadlockDefeat through Deadlock

Senator Lodge came up w/ 14 formal Senator Lodge came up w/ 14 formal reservations against treatyreservations against treaty

Wilson wanted all or nothing- told Wilson wanted all or nothing- told Democrats to vote AGAINST treaty w/ Democrats to vote AGAINST treaty w/ Lodge’s reservationsLodge’s reservations

Treaty defeated 55 to 39 in SenateTreaty defeated 55 to 39 in Senate March 1920- treaty brought up againMarch 1920- treaty brought up again

Had majority but not 2/3 majority Had majority but not 2/3 majority

Solemn Referendum of 1920Solemn Referendum of 1920

Wilson hoped to appeal to people for Wilson hoped to appeal to people for solemn referendum in next presidential solemn referendum in next presidential election election

RepublicanRepublican: Warren G. Harding & Calvin : Warren G. Harding & Calvin CoolidgeCoolidge

DemocratDemocrat: James M. Cox & FDR: James M. Cox & FDR Supporters of the League Supporters of the League

Harding elected Harding elected US looking for change & tired of idealismUS looking for change & tired of idealism

Betrayal of Great ExpectationsBetrayal of Great Expectations

League of Nations weakened by US League of Nations weakened by US refusal to join refusal to join

Collapse of Treaty of Versailles- America Collapse of Treaty of Versailles- America at faultat fault

US could have taken new power as a US could have taken new power as a world leader, instead drifted into world leader, instead drifted into isolationismisolationism