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Chapter 33Europe & North America
Section 1: The Western World
Section 2: Western European Democracies
Section 3: North American Prosperity
Section 4: The Soviet Union
Section 5: Eastern Europe
Section 1: The Western World
Summary:Western Europe quickly rebuilt after
WWII, but faced problems in the 1970s
Section 1: The Western World
For more than 40 years, the Cold War divided Europe Berlin, Germany, was a Cold War
trouble spot After WWII, the city was divided into the democratic West and the communist East
Section 1: The Western World
In 1961, the communists built a wall to stop the East Germans from fleeing into West BerlinIn addition, distrust led both the U.S.
and the U.S.S.R. to build more nuclear weapons
However, Soviet and American leaders knew that an Arms Race could bring disaster
Section 1: The Western World
In the 1970s, a joint effort called détente, or lessening of bad feelings, aimed to ease tensions and limit arms
Section 1: The Western World
As Western Europe recovered after WWII, the economy grewNations set up welfare, or government
aid programs, to aid the needy In 1957, much of Western Europe joined the Common Market (later called the European Community and European Union)
Section 1: The Western World
This powerful trade alliance worked to end tariffs and to move goods freely across bordersHowever, economic growth slowed in
the 1970s
Section 1: The Western World
Western industries faced an oil crisis when oil-producing nations decreased production and increased prices
New competition from Japan, China, and India contributed to an economic slowdown that forced the governments to cut cost
Section 2: Western European Democracies
Summary:After 1945, the Western European
democracies worked with increased cooperation, but each nation faced its own problems
Section 2: Western European Democracies
After 1945, Western Europe joined forces through trade and military alliancesStill, difficulties existed for the nations
Section 2: Western European Democracies
Britain was economically drained by WWIIIn 1945, the Labour Party came into
power Labour put industry under government control and created a welfare state to care for the needy
Section 2: Western European Democracies
After the economy slowed, the Conservative Party returned to power in 1979It put factories back into private hands,
reduced the size of the government, and cut welfare to save funds
People were out of work and general unrest resulted
Section 2: Western European Democracies
Weakened by war, France also faced problemsIn the 1950s, civil war threatenedThe economy was weakFrench colonies fought to be free
France again turned to Charles de Gaulle in it hour of need
Section 2: Western European Democracies
Under President de Gaulle, Algeria and other colonies gained independenceDe Gaulle worked to make France a
world power once more He supported the development of nuclear weapons and energy, held talks with communist states and formed ties with West Germany
Section 2: Western European Democracies
By the 1970s, France welcomed new power and prosperity
Section 2: Western European Democracies
Western democracies helped West Germany to rebuild quickly with Allied helpHowever, communist East Germany
did not do as well Many Germans dreamed of living in one strong nation again
Section 2: Western European Democracies
By 1989, communists had lost controlIn 1990, Germans voted to reunite, but
the transition proved difficult
Section 3: North American Prosperity
Summary:After WWII, the United States took on
the role of protecting the free world and stopping the spread of communism
Section 3: North American Prosperity
After WWII, the West felt threatened by communismThe United States wanted to stop the
threat at home and around the world American troops fought against communism in Korea in the 1950s and South Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s
Section 3: North American Prosperity
Economic aid helped keep communism out of the developing landsBy 1990, the Cold War had ended
Still, the United States protected human rights and resolved conflicts
Section 3: North American Prosperity
In the 1950s, the United States economy boomed and social reforms changed lifeMany Americans bought homes in the
suburbsPrograms helped veterans, the elderly
and the poor
Section 3: North American Prosperity
In the 1950s and 1960s, a civil rights movement demanded equality for African AmericansIt worked to end Segregation, the
separation of people by race, in schools, jobs and housing
Section 3: North American Prosperity
Leaders organized Boycotts, the refusal to buy goods for political reasons, and staged protest marchesAs a result, Congress passed new
laws to ensure rights This movement led other minorities to call for equality
Section 3: North American Prosperity
Canada also faced challenges after WWIICanada welcomed immigrants,
people moving to a new country permanently, because it had plenty of land and an economic boom
Section 3: North American Prosperity
Yet Canada faced unrest in its province of QuebecFrench-speaking Canadians wanted to
form their own nationToday, the United States and Canada
enjoy close tiesTheir border is a free-trade zone, and
they work together to ease pollution
Section 4: The Soviet Union
Summary:Despite its early status as a
superpower, the Soviet Union collapsed in the 1990s under pressure to reform
Section 4: The Soviet Union
After WWII, the Soviet Union was a superpowerStalin still was firmly in control
He poured money into industry, science and the military
His labor camps forced political prisoners to toil for their country
Section 4: The Soviet Union
After Stalin died in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev, became the next Communist leaderHe allowed more freedomCitizens enjoyed low rents, free health
care and jobs for almost everyone
Section 4: The Soviet Union
However, they waited in long lines to buy goods
In 1962, Khrushchev almost started a war when he sent nuclear missiles to Cuba
Section 4: The Soviet Union
Under Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet life got worseHe jailed criticsHe talked of limiting arms but began a
military buildupBrezhnev also insisted that he could
send troops into any Warsaw Pact nation
Section 4: The Soviet Union
In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, he called for Glasnost, or openness in governmentHe reshaped the economy and
allowed some private business in a process called Perestroika
Soviets gained new freedom However, new policies caused food and medical shortages
Section 4: The Soviet Union
The Gorbachev reforms sparked demands for democracy in Eastern EuropeThey also led Soviet republics to seek
independenceIn 1991, the Soviet Union disbanded,
or broke up The republics formed the Commonwealth of Independent States
Section 4: The Soviet Union
The new Russian Federation faced hard timesRussia and the other republics had to
deal with such problems as food shortages, massive debts, unemployment and ethnic unrest
Section 5: Eastern Europe
Summary:Soviet domination of Eastern Europe
came to an end in 1989 and 1990
Section 5: Eastern Europe
In 1945, most of Eastern Europe was tied to the Soviet UnionCommunists controlled the
government and industry They censored the press and jailed critics
Section 5: Eastern Europe
In 1955, the Warsaw Pact linked the Soviet Union and its satellites in a military allianceIn 1956, Hungary tried to cut the ties
Soviet troops crushed the movementIn 1968, tanks rolled in to enforce
communist control of Czechoslovakia
Section 5: Eastern Europe
Communists worked hard to keep a hold on PolandIn 1980, Polish workers set up a union
called Solidarity The communists outlawed the union and jailed its leader
Section 5: Eastern Europe
However, in 1989, Gorbachev pledged to stay out of Eastern EuropePoland held elections
Solidarity leaders won officeSoon a freedom movement swept
Eastern EuropeOne by one communist governments fell
Section 5: Eastern Europe
Under communism, ethnic, or racial, tensions were put downIn 1991, Yugoslavia split into several
nations Fighting broke out between the countries, but the worst was in Bosnia, where the Serbs wanted to drive out all other ethnic groups
Section 5: Eastern Europe
The Serbs began attacking civilians, or nonmilitary peopleIn 1995, the Bosnian Serbs signed a
peace agreement after being bombed by NATO
Section 5: Eastern Europe
Then in 1998, Serbs wanted to drive Albanians out of a region called Kosovo
Again, NATO bombed Yugoslavia in order to stop the Serbs, and Yugoslavia signed a peace agreement