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Chapter 33Chapter 33
InvertebratesInvertebrates
LE 33-2
Deuterostomia
Bilateria
Eumetazoa
Ancestral colonialchoanoflagellate
Po
rife
ra
Cn
idar
ia
Oth
er b
ilate
rian
s (i
ncl
ud
ing
Nem
ato
da,
Art
hro
po
da,
Mo
llusc
a, a
nd
An
nel
ida)
Ch
ord
ata
Ech
ino
der
mat
a
LE 33-3a
250 µm
A sponge A jelly
A placozoan (LM) A kinorhynch (LM)
0.5 mm
A marine flatworm A rotifer (LM)
Ectoprocts Phoronids
LE 33-3b
A brachiopod A ribbon worm
5 mm
An acanthocephalan A ctenophore, or comb jelly
A marine annelidAn octopus
A loriciferan (LM)
50 µm
A priapulan
LE 33-3c
A roundworm A scorpion(an arachid)
100 µm
A cycliophoran (colorized SEM)
100 µm
Tardigrades (colorized SEM)
An onychophoran An acorn worm
A sea urchin A tunicate
SpongesSponges
CharacteristicsCharacteristics– Suspension feedersSuspension feeders– HermaphroditesHermaphrodites– SessileSessile
StructureStructure– SpongocoelSpongocoel– OsculumOsculum– ChoanocytesChoanocytes– MesohylMesohyl– AmoebocytesAmoebocytes
LE 33-4
Choanocytes
Flagellum
Osculum
Phagocytosis offood particles
Food particlesin mucus Choanocyte
Amoebocyte
Collar
Spicules
Amoebocyte
Waterflow
Mesohyl
Epidermis
Porocytes
Spongocoel
Azure vase sponge(Callyspongia plicifera)
CnidariansCnidarians
CharacteristicsCharacteristics– Radial symmetryRadial symmetry– Gastrovascular cavityGastrovascular cavity– Cnidocytes, cnidae, and nematocystsCnidocytes, cnidae, and nematocysts– CarnivoresCarnivores
Body planBody plan– PolypsPolyps– MedusaMedusa
LE 33-5
Tentacle
Gastrovascularcavity
Gastrodermis
Mesoglea
Epidermis
TentacleMouth/anus
Mouth/anusPolyp
Bodystalk
Medusa
LE 33-6
Tentacle
“Trigger”
Nematocyst
Coiled threadCnidocyte
Prey
Dischargeof thread
Four classes of CbidariaFour classes of Cbidaria
HydrozoansHydrozoans– Both polyp and medusa stagesBoth polyp and medusa stages
ScyphozoansScyphozoans– Poly stage reduced, free-swimmingPoly stage reduced, free-swimming
CubozoansCubozoans– Box-shaped medusae, complex eyesBox-shaped medusae, complex eyes
AnthozoansAnthozoans– No medusa stage, most sessileNo medusa stage, most sessile
Table 33-1
LE 33-7
Hydrozoans
Scyphozoans (jellies) Cubozoan (sea wasp) Anthozoan (sea anemone)
LE 33-8–3
Key
Feedingpolyp
Reproductivepolyp
Medusabud
Gonad
Medusa
Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION(BUDDING)Portion of
a colonyof polyps
1 mm
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Egg Sperm
Zygote
SEXUALREPRODUCTION
Developingpolyp
Planula(larva)
Maturepolyp
Clade Bilateria (Bilateral symmetry)Clade Bilateria (Bilateral symmetry)Phyla:Phyla:
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)– Live in marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitatsLive in marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats– Acoelomates, triplobastic developmentAcoelomates, triplobastic development– Flat shape - adaptationFlat shape - adaptation
RotiferaRotifera– Live in marine, freshwater and damp soilLive in marine, freshwater and damp soil– Alimentary canal replaces gastrovascular cavityAlimentary canal replaces gastrovascular cavity– PseudocoelomatesPseudocoelomates– ParthenogenesisParthenogenesis
Table 33-2
LE 33-10
Gastrovascularcavity
Pharynx
Ganglia
Eyespots
Ventral nerve cords
LE 33-12
Proglottids withreproductive structures
Scolex Hooks
Sucker
200 µm
LE 33-13
0.1 mm
More Phyla of BilateriaMore Phyla of Bilateria
LophophoratesLophophorates– Ectoprocta, Phoronida, and BrachiopodaEctoprocta, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda– Have lophphoreHave lophphore– U-shaped alimentary canalU-shaped alimentary canal– No distinct headNo distinct head
NemerteaNemertea– Ribbon wormsRibbon worms– Have alimentary canal (unlike flatworms)Have alimentary canal (unlike flatworms)– Closed circulatory system (unlike flatworms)Closed circulatory system (unlike flatworms)
LE 33-14
Lophophore
Ectoprocts Phoronids Brachiopods
Lophophore
Figure 33-15
MolluscsMolluscs
Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopi, squidSnails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopi, squid Most marineMost marine Soft-bodied, hard shell (most)Soft-bodied, hard shell (most) Similar body planSimilar body plan
– Muscular footMuscular foot– Visceral massVisceral mass– MantleMantle– Many also have mantle cavity, radulaMany also have mantle cavity, radula
Life cycle – most have separate sexes, larval Life cycle – most have separate sexes, larval stage (trochophore)stage (trochophore)
LE 33-16
NephridiumCoelom
Mantle
Heart
Anus
Mantlecavity
RadulaShell
Stomach
Intestine
Nervecords
EsophagusMouth
Gill
Foot
RadulaMouth
Visceral mass
Gonads
Figure 33-17
LE 33-18
A land snail
A sea slug. Nudibranchs, or sea slugs, lost their shell during their evolution.
LE 33-19
Stomach Intestine
Mouth
Anus
Mantlecavity
Figure 33-20
LE 33-21
Mouth
Anus
Mantle
Shell
Gut
Hinge areaCoelom
Heart
Excurrentsiphon
Adductormuscle
Waterflow
IncurrentsiphonGill
Mantlecavity
Foot
Palp
LE 33-22LE 33-22
Octopuses are considered among the most intelligent invertebrates.
Squids are speedy carnivores with beaklike jaws and well-developed eyes.
Chambered nautiluses are the only living cephalopods with an external shell.
Annelids – Segmented wormsAnnelids – Segmented worms
LE 33-23
Epidermis Coelom
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Dorsal vessel
Chaetae
Cuticle
Septum (partitionbetween segments)
Metanephridium
Anus
Clitellum
Crop
Ventral vessel
Nephrostome
Nervecords
Intestine
EsophagusPharynx
Cerebral ganglia
Mouth
Giant Australian earthworm
Subpharyngealganglion
Circulatorysystem
Ventral nerve cordswith segmentalganglia
Gizzard
Intestine
Metanephridium
NematodesNematodes
RoundwormsRoundworms No segmented body, cylindrical bodiesNo segmented body, cylindrical bodies PseudocoelomatesPseudocoelomates Have a cuticleHave a cuticle Mostly sexual reproductionMostly sexual reproduction Examples: Examples:
– C. elegansC. elegans– Trichinella spiralisTrichinella spiralis
LE 33-26
25 µm
LE 33-27
50 µmEncysted juveniles Muscle tissue
ArthropodsArthropods
General characteristicsGeneral characteristics– SegmentedSegmented– CoelomatesCoelomates– ExoskeletonsExoskeletons– Open circulatory systemsOpen circulatory systems– Specialized organs for gas exchangeSpecialized organs for gas exchange
Table 33-5
LE 33-29
Antennae(sensoryreception)
HeadThorax
Cephalothorax Abdomen
Swimmingappendages(two setslocated underabdomen
Walking legs
Mouthparts (feeding)Pincer (defense)
Figure 33-30
LE 33-31
Scorpions have pedipalps that are pincers specialized for defense and the capture of food. The tip of the tail bears a poisonous stinger.
Dust mites are ubiquitous scavengers in human dwellings but are harmless except to those people who are allergic to them (colorized SEM).
Web-building spiders are generally most active during the daytime.
50 µm
LE 33-32
Intestine
Silk gland
Gonopore(exit for eggs) Sperm
receptacle
Book lung
Chelicera Pedipalp
Poisongland
Eyes
Brain
Stomach
Heart
Spinnerets
Anus
Ovary
Digestivegland
Figure 33-33
Figure 33-34
LE 33-35
Compound eye
Antennae
Abdomen Thorax Head
Anus
Vagina
Heart
Malpighian tubules
Ovary
Tracheal tubesNerve cords
Mouthparts
Cerebral ganglionCrop
Dorsalartery
LE 33-36
Larva (caterpillar)Pupa
Pupa
Emerging adult
Adult
LE 33-37aA
Blattodea 4,000 Cockroaches have a dorsoventrally flattened body, with legs modified for rapid running. Forewings, when present, are leathery, whereas hind wings are fanlike. Fewer than 40 cockroach species live in houses; the rest exploit habitats ranging from tropical forest floors to caves and deserts.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Germancockroach
LE 33-37bA
Coleoptera 350,000 Beetles comprise the most species-rich order of insects. They have two pairs of wings, one of which is thick and leathery, the other membranous. They have an armored exoskeleton and mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing. Beetles undergo complete metamorphosis.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Japanesebeetle
LE 33-37cA
Dermaptera 1,200 Earwigs are generally nocturnal scavengers. While some species are wingless, others have two pairs of wings, one of which is thick and leathery, the other membranous. Earwigs have biting mouthparts and large posterior pincers. They undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Earwig
LE 33-37dA
Diptera 151,000 Dipterans have one pair of wings; the second pair has become modified into balancing organs called halteres. Their head is large and mobile; their mouthparts are adapted for sucking, piercing, or lapping. Dipterans undergo complete metamorphosis. Flies and mosquitoes are among the best-known dipterans, which live as scavengers, predetors, and parasites.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Horsefly
LE 33-37eA
Hemiptera 85,000 Hemipterans are so-called “true bugs,” including bed bugs, assassin bugs, and chinch bugs. (Insects in other orders are sometimes erroneously called bugs.) Hemipterans have two pairs of wings, one pair partly leathery, the other membranous. They have piercing or sucking mouthparts and undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Leaf-footedbug
LE 33-37fA
Hymenoptera 125,000 Ants, bees, and wasps are generally highly social insects. They have two pairs of membranous wings, a mobile head, and chewing or sucking mouthparts. The females of many species have a posterior stinging organ. Hymenopterans undergo complete metamorphosis.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Cicada-killer wasp
LE 33-37gA
Isoptera 2,000 Termites are widespread social insects that produce enormous colonies. It had been estimated that there are 700 kg of termites for every person on Earth! Some termites have two pairs of membranous wings, while others are wingless. They feed on wood with the aid of microbial symbionts carried in specialized chambers in their hindgut.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Termite
LE 33-37aB
Lepidoptera 120,000 Butterflies and moths are among the best-known insects. They have two pairs of wings covered with tiny scales. To feed, they uncoil a long proboscis. Most feed on nectar, but some species feed on other substances, including animal blood or tears.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Swallowtailbutterfly
LE 33-37bB
Odonata 5,000 Dragonflies and damselflies have two pairs of large, membranous wings. They have an elongated abdomen, large, compound eyes, and chewing mouthparts. They undergo incomplete metamorphosis and are active predators.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Dragonfly
LE 33-37cB
Orthoptera 13,000 Grasshoppers, crickets, and their relatives are mostly herbivorous. They have large hind legs adapted for jumping, two pairs of wings (one leathery, one membranous), and biting or chewing mouthparts. Males commonly make courtship sounds by rubbing together body parts, such as a ridge of their hind leg. Orthopterans undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Katydid
LE 33-37dB
Phasmida 2,600 Stick insects and leaf insects are exquisite mimics of plants. The eggs of some species even mimic seeds of the plants on which the insects live. Their body is cylindrical or flattened dorsoventrally. They lack forewings but have fanlike hind wings. Their mouthparts are adapted for biting or chewing.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Stick insect
LE 33-37eB
Phthiraptera 2,400 Commonly called sucking lice, these insects spend their entire life as an ectoparasite feeding on the hair or feathers of a single host. Their legs, equipped with clawlike tarsi, are adapted for clinging to their hosts. They lack wings and have reduced eyes. Sucking lice undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Humanbodylouse
LE 33-37fB
Siphonaptera 2,400 Fleas are bloodsucking ectoparasites on birds and mammals. Their body is wingless and laterally compressed. Their legs are modified for clinging to their hosts and for long-distance jumping. They undergo complete metamorphosis.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Flea
LE 33-37gB
Thysanura 450 Silverfish are small, wingless insects with a flattened body and reduced eyes. They live in leaf litter or under bark. They can also infest buildings, where they can become pests.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Silverfish
LE 33-37hB
Trichoptera 7,100 The larvae of caddisflies live in streams, where they make houses from sand grains, wood fragments, or other material held together by silk, Adults have two pairs of hairy wings and chewing or lapping mouthparts. They undergo complete metamorphosis.
ORDERAPPROXIMATE
NUMBER OFSPECIES
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES
Caddisfly
Figure 33-38a
Figure 33-38b
Figure 33-38c
EchinodermsEchinoderms
Deuterostomes (like chordates)Deuterostomes (like chordates) Slow-moving or sessileSlow-moving or sessile EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons Water vascular system and tube feetWater vascular system and tube feet Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction Larvae – bilateral, adults – radial symmetryLarvae – bilateral, adults – radial symmetry
Table 33-6
LE 33-40
A sea star (class Asteroidea) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea)
A sea urchin (class Echinoidea) A feather star (class Crinoidea)
A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)
Table 33-7