Chapter 34 Book Notes – Answers United States History

34.1 Introduction: #1• How did Adolf Hitler take advantage of Germany’s economic

troubles to stir up German nationalism?• Hitler took advantage of Germany’s economic troubles and

economic nationalism by:1. Rearming the country2. Violating the Treaty of Versailles3. Beginning to threaten Germany’s neighbors

34.1 Introduction: #2• What actions did the Nazis take that undermined the

stipulations set forth by the Treaty of Versailles?• 1936: German troops occupied the Rhineland [Treaty of Versailles

banned military action in the region]• 1938: Anschluss with Austria

34.1 Introduction: #3• What is appeasement and why did the policy fail to stop

German aggression during the 1930s?• Appeasement is the policy of yielding to an enemy’s demands in

order to maintain peace.• This policy failed to stop German aggression as Hitler was never

satisfied with the territory he was given.

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power #1• How did Hitler’s violation of the Treaty of Versailles boost his

popularity in Germany?• Hitler’s violation of the Treaty of Versailles boosted his popularity

in Germany in three major ways:1. Germans hated paying war reparations2. Germans objected to the War Guilt Clause3. The rise of feelings of extreme nationalism

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power #2• What is totalitarianism?• Totalitarianism is a system in which the government controls all

aspects of a society, including the economy.

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power #3• What were Joseph Stalin’s two main economic goals for the

Soviet Union?1. To raise agricultural production2. To modernize industry

[These goals were linked: Increased exports of food would bring in the capital to finance industrialization]

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power: #4• What were the consequences for farmers who refused to

resettle on cooperative, state-owned farms?• Farmers who refused to resettle on cooperative, state-owned

farms in Stalin’s Soviet Union were shot or forced to do hard labor in prison-like concentration camps (gulags).

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power #5• What methods did Stalin use to strengthen his control of the

Communist Party?• Stalin used brutal methods to strengthen his control of the

Communist Party. This included purging party officials by having them:• Arrested• Put on trial• Executed

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power #6• What conditions did Mussolini take advantage of in Italy to

form a dictatorship?• Following WWI, Italy saw serious problems:

• Inflation and labor strikes hurt the Italian economy• Communists threatened to take over the democratic government• Italians felt insulted by the Treaty of Versailles as its grant of territory

to Italy fell short of expectations• Mussolini took advantage of these conditions, emerging as a

national figure, and founding the first fascist political movement in 1919.

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power #7• What is fascism? Who are fascists strongly opposed to?• Fascism is a political movement based on extreme nationalism in

which the state comes first and individual liberty is secondary.• Fascists are strongly opposed to both communism and

democracy.

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power #8• How did Mussolini’s public speaking skills differ from Franklin

D. Roosevelt’s?• Where FDR spoke with a calm, soothing voice, Mussolini agitated

crowds with emotional outbursts and dramatic gestures.

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power #9• What is Nazism? What is the core belief of Nazis?• Nazism is a form of fascism that had its roots as a small political

party in Germany. • Nazis believed that Germans and other Aryans were physically

and morally superior to other races.• Nazis wanted to purify Germany by removing other races,

especially Jews.

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power #10• What did Adolf Hitler argue in his book Mein Kampf?• Hitler argued that the superior Aryan race was locked in a

struggle with other races.• He introduced the idea of lebensraum (“living space”, declaring

that Germany needed land on which Aryan settlers could raise large families.

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power #11• What did the Nazis call their government? What new laws did

they pass?• The Nazis called their government the Third Reich.• The passed new laws targeting Jews and exposing them to

persecution.

34.2 Dictators and Militants Rise to Power #12• Why did Japan begin to move toward a policy of militarism in

the 1930s?• The worldwide economic depression during the 1930s

undermined civilian rule and caused Japan to move toward a policy of militarization.

34.3 Military Aggression Meets a Weak Response: #13• Why did President Franklin Roosevelt take no direct action

against aggressive dictators in Asia and Europe during the early 1930s?• During the early 1930s, FDR took no direct action against

aggressive dictators as Americans still strongly favored isolationism.

• Bitter memories of WWI and the challenge of economic problems at home led Americans to not want the nation to become entangled in another war.

34.3 Military Aggression Meets a Weak Response: #14• What was Roosevelt’s “Good Neighbor Policy”?• The Good Neighbor Policy declared that “No state has the right to

intervene in the internal or external affairs of another.”• This pledge was meant to send a message to aggressor nations.

34.3 Military Aggression Meets a Weak Response: #15• What were the major consequences of the Japanese invasion

of the Manchurian region of China, 1933-1936.• It gave Japan a large piece of territory that was rich in resources.• It began an area in which the military dominated the Japanese

government.• It isolated Japan from most other nations.

34.3 Military Aggression Meets a Weak Response: #16• What happened during the Rape of Nanking?• Japanese soldiers went on a six-week rampage massacring as

many as 300,000 Chinese civilians and raping about 200,000 Chinese women.

34.3 Military Aggression Meets a Weak Response: #17• How did Japan’s aggression test the League of Nations and

how did the League fail to respond effectively to Japan’s challenge?• Japan’s aggression tested the League of Nations who could have

imposed boycotts and other economic sanctions or use the combined military force of its members.

• Instead, the League of Nations chose to do nothing.

34.3 Military Aggression Meets a Weak Response: #18• What actions did the League of Nations take as Hitler began

rebuilding the German military and announced the formation of an air force/start of compulsory military service?• As Hitler began rebuilding the German military, etc., the League

of Nations only lodged a formal protest.• It refused to consider sanctions against Germany.

34.3 Military Aggression Meets a Weak Response: #19• How did Mussolini begin his quest to build a New Roman

Empire? What actions did the League of Nations take in response?• Mussolini began his quest to build a New Roman Empire by

invading Ethiopia in 1935. • The League of Nations voted to impose economic sanctions.

34.3 Military Aggression Meets a Weak Response: #20• Describe the military rebellion that started the Spanish Civil

War.• 1936: A military rebellion led by General Francisco Franco started

the Spanish Civil War.• The Spanish military and the Nationalists (right-wing allies)

sought to overthrow Spain’s democratic republic. [Italy/Germany backed the rebels]

• Republicans (left-wing groups) fought to save the republic [with aid from the Soviet Union]

34.3 Military Aggression Meets a Weak Response: #21• What were the conditions of the Neutrality Act of 1935?• This act prevented the United States from supplying “arms,

ammunition, or implements of war” to nations in conflict.

34.3 Military Aggression Meets a Weak Response: #22• What were additional neutrality acts in 1936 and 1937

designed to accomplish?• Congress passed these neutrality acts to keep the United States

out of conflicts brewing in Europe, such as the Spanish Civil War.