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Chapter 4: Ancient Greece (1900-133 BCE). The First Greek Civilizations. Geography. Had a huge impact on the development of Greek society Greece occupies an area about the size of Louisiana . Geography. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 4: Ancient Greece (1900-133 BCE)
Chapter 4:Ancient Greece (1900-133 BCE)The First Greek Civilizations
GeographyHad a huge impact on the development of Greek societyGreece occupies an area about the size of Louisiana GeographyMountains isolated Greeks from each other causing communities to develop in their own wayThese communities became fiercely independent The rivalry between the communities led to warfare that devastated Greek societyGeographyThe sea also influenced the evolution of Greek societyThey sailed out into the Aegean, Mediterranean, and Black Sea making contact w/ the outside worldLater they established colonies that spread Greek civilization throughout the Mediterranean worldThe minoans2000-1450 BCERise of the MinoansBy 2800 BCE
Crete (island)
Trade by ship
Downfall:sudden collapse around 1450 BCE
Great tidal wave caused by volcanic eruption
OR
Most believe the destruction was the result of invasion by mainland Greeks known as the Mycenaeans
MycenaeThe First Greek State (1600-1100 BCE)Mycenaean Culture & SocietyIndo- European Group
Powerful monarchiesMycenaean Culture & SocietyMonarchyCentralized GovernmentIt is likely that the various monarchies developed a loose alliance of independent states
Mycenaean Culture & SocietyGreat warriorsWall murals often show war and hunting scenes, the natural occupations of a warriors aristocracy
Mycenaean Culture & SocietyThe most famous of all their supposed mil adventures come to us from the poetry of HomerIliad OdysseyDownfallThe Mycenanean states were battling each other
Major earthquakesThe Greek dark ages1100-750 BCEOnsetfood decline
Dark Age because few records of what happen exist.Not until 850 BCE did farming revive
At the same time, the basis for a new Greece was forming. Developments of the Dark AgeAdopted the Phoenician alphabet
New form of writing The Greeks made learning to read and write simpler
Near the very end of this age appeared the work of Homer.homerThe IliadThe background is the Trojan WarThis is the war between Troy and SpartaTrojan horse Trojans lose
The Iliad itself is not so much the story of the war but the tale of Achilles and how his anger and pride led to disaster
The OdysseyThis work recounts the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy and his ultimate return to his wifeAgain, this work shows how pride and anger can have negative outcomes but encourages perseverance.ImpactThe Greeks looked at the Iliad and the Odyssey as true historyThese masterpieces gave the Greeks an ideal past with a cast of herosThe Greek City-StatesChapter 4: Section 2The PolisBy 750 BCE, the city-state or polis became the focus of Greek lifeOur word politics is derived from polisThe polis consisted town along with its surrounding countrysideThe town served as the center of the polis where people could meet for political, social, and religious activitiesThe PolisAbove all, a polis was a community of people who shared a common ID and goals
Citizens: Pol. RightsNon-CitizensCitizens:No pol. Rights
The Polis: LayoutThe gathering place in the polis was usually a hill and at the top of this hill was a fortified area known as the acropolisThe acropolis served as a place of refuge during an attack and sometimes came to be the religious center on which temples were built.Greek Colonies
ExpansionBtw 750 -550 BCE large #s of Greeks left their homeland Brought on by the need for good farmland and the growth of tradeExpansionColonization also led to increased trade and industryThis expansion created a new group of wealthy individuals in many of the Greek city-statesThese men desired political power Tyranny and New Government DefinitionThe creation of the new group of rich men fostered the rise of Tyrants in the 7th and 6th c. BCEGreek tyrants were rulers who seized power by force from the aristocrats
New GovernmentThe rule of the tyrants had ended the rule of the aristocrats in many city-states The end of tyranny then allowed many new people to participate in governmentDemocracyOligarchy New GovernmentDemocracyOligarchyGovernment by the people or rule of the manyRule by the fewSpartaSpartan ExpansionSparta was faced w/ the need for more land
Instead of colonizing like other Greeks, Spartans conquered neighboring territoryMilitary StateThe lives of Spartans were rigidly organized and tightly controlled
Men enrolled in the army for regular service at age 20 and lived in barracks until age 30
At 30 men were allowed to vote and live at home but they stayed in the army until age 60
GovernmentOligarchy- rule by few
A group of 5 men known as ephors were elected to teach the youth
A council of elders composed of the 2 kings and 28 citizens over 60 yrs old decided the issues that would be present to an assembly made up of male citizens GovernmentSpartans became isolated to rest of Greece
They were discouraged from traveling for any reason other than military conquest
They were not allowed to study philosophy, literature, or the arts b/c these subjects might encourage new thoughts
AthensSocietyMales had political rights
Women & Children had no political rights
Slaves were non-citizensClassical GreeceChapter 4 Section 3Persia Challenges on GreeceBasic Geography of PersiaSurrounded by mountains and desert Harsh lands had to find ways to exploit limited water resources
Unlike the ancient river valley civilizations, Persia never had a dense population The Rise of the Persian Empire
Persia and Greece
First Encounter Darius and Persians landed in Marathon26 miles from Athens
Athenians defeated a huge Persian army
Messenger ran from Marathon to Athens to give out the newsGreece and PersiaXerxes took over Persia after the death of Darius
Wanted revenge after Marathon
Planned invasion
Athens prepared with building naval force
Greece and PersiaSecond invasionPersians180,000 troopsHuge naval braggade
Greeks 7,ooo troops 300 Spartans
Greece and PersiaWith outmaneuvering, the Greeks out smarted the Persians with a massive defeat
Last defeat was at Plataea
The Height of Athenian PowerDelian LeagueMain purpose was a defense against the Persians
Headquartered in Delos
Athenians controlled the League
Pericles became the powerful leader of AthensAge of PericlesDemocracyConsidered a Direct Democracy
All male adults could vote
Meeting held every 10 days outside Acropolis
Lower- class males could hold office
The Great Peloponnesian WarAfter war with Persians, Greece became separated:AthensSparta
Two distinct separate societies
Sparta defeated the Athenians
This war divided Greece and they also lost focus on outside invaders
Athens EconomyBased mainly on farming and tradeWines, oils, grapes, grains, and vegetablesRaised sheep and goats
Because of the population of Athens and lack of farmlandBuild sea portImport a large portion of the Athenian diet
The Culture of Classical GreeceChapter 4 Sect 4
ReligionAffected every aspect of Greek life
Temples dedicated to the Gods and Goddesses were major buildings in Greece
12 chief gods and goddesses thought to live on Mount Olympus
ReligionMain GodsZeus- father of the godsAthena- goddess of wisdomApollo- god of sun and poetryAres- god of war
After death, Greeks went to an underworld Hades- god of the underworld
Greek DramaOutdoor theaters
The first Greek plays were Tragedies. Dealt with universal themes
The plays are based on Good and Evil
Greek PhilosophyPhilosophy- organized system of thought
Early philosophers tried to explain the universe
Sophist- ignore the rhetoric. There is no absolute right or wrong.
Major philosophers:SocratesPlatoAristotle
Macedonia
The Threat of MacedoniaBecause of the long last Peloponnesian War, Greece had become tired and vulnerable.
Macedonian to the north had become ready to strike
Phillip II, developed a strong army and defeated all of Greece.Alexander the GreatPhillip II, had a son named Alexander.
Alexander learned all from his father
Alexander took the throne at the age of 20
He became ready to conquer the worldAlexander the GreatConquestFirst the PersiansMacedonians and Greeks attacked the PersiansEgypt Capital of AlexandriaNext was IndiaAlexander the GreatLegacyMilitary skills
Cultural legacy
Greek Culture spread throughout these areas of conquestHellenistic KingdomThis era is based on Greek word to imitate Greeks
Time of expansion for:Greek LanguageGreek IdeasNew Cities and Military SettlementsHellenistic CultureArchitecture & SculptureGreek Architecture- baths, theaters, and templesLots of statues of past legendsMovement from idealism to emotional and realistic artHellenistic CultureScienceAdvances in the sciencesSun is center of universe while earth revolves around the sunEarth was round (estimated 24,675 mile) this number is within 185 mile of actual numberGeometry establishing PiEstablish theories of gravity based on irrigationHellenistic CulturePhilosophyAthens remained chief center for philosophy