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Chapter 4Chapter 4Ecosystems and the PhysicalEcosystems and the PhysicalEnvironmentEnvironment
Cycling of MaterialsCycling of Materials
Matter moves between Matter moves between ecosystems, ecosystems, environments, and environments, and organismsorganisms
5 major cycles:5 major cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Sulfur Phosphorus, Sulfur and Water and Water (hydrologic)(hydrologic)
The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus CycleThe Phosphorus Cycle
The Sulfur CycleThe Sulfur Cycle
The Water (Hydrologic) The Water (Hydrologic) CycleCycle
Solar RadiationSolar Radiation
Temperature Changes with Temperature Changes with LatitudeLatitude Solar energy does not hit earth Solar energy does not hit earth
uniformlyuniformly Due to earth’s spherical shape and tiltDue to earth’s spherical shape and tiltEquator (a)Equator (a)
High High concentration concentration High High TemperatureTemperature
Closer to Poles Closer to Poles (c)(c)
Low Low concentration concentration
Low Low TemperatureTemperature
From (a) to (c)From (a) to (c)
In diagram In diagram belowbelow
Temperature Changes with Temperature Changes with SeasonSeason
Seasons Seasons determined determined by earth’s tilt by earth’s tilt
The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere
21% O21% O 78% N78% N 1% Ar, CO1% Ar, CO22, Ne and He, Ne and He Shields earth from high Shields earth from high
energy radiationenergy radiation
Atmospheric LayersAtmospheric Layers
Atmospheric CirculationAtmospheric Circulation NearNear
EquatorEquator
Large winds Large winds due in part to due in part to pressures pressures caused by caused by global global circulation of circulation of airair
LowLow
LowLow
LowLow
HighHigh
HighHigh
HighHigh
HighHigh
Surface WindsSurface Winds
Coriolis EffectCoriolis Effect Influence of the earth’s rotation on Influence of the earth’s rotation on
movement of air and fluids (water)movement of air and fluids (water) Turns them Turns them RightRight in the Northern in the Northern
HemisphereHemisphere Turns them Turns them LeftLeft in the Southern in the Southern
HemisphereHemisphere
Coriolis EffectCoriolis Effect
Coriolis EffectCoriolis Effect
Prevailing winds produce ocean Prevailing winds produce ocean currents and generate gyrescurrents and generate gyres Pacific GyrePacific Gyre
Circular pattern influenced by Circular pattern influenced by Coriolis effectCoriolis effect
Patterns of Ocean Patterns of Ocean CirculationCirculation
This becomes important later when we talk about plastics in the ocean.
Patterns of Ocean Patterns of Ocean CirculationCirculation
Trade windsTrade winds
WesterliesWesterlies
Vertical Mixing of OceanVertical Mixing of Ocean
Surfers, Seals, and the Sea
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Periodic large scale warming of surface Periodic large scale warming of surface
waters of tropical E. Pacific Oceanwaters of tropical E. Pacific Ocean Normal conditionsNormal conditions
westward blowing tradewinds keep warmest westward blowing tradewinds keep warmest water in western Pacificwater in western Pacific
ENSO conditionsENSO conditions trade winds weaken and warm water trade winds weaken and warm water
expands eastward to South Americaexpands eastward to South America Big effect on fishing industry and wildlife off Big effect on fishing industry and wildlife off
South AmericaSouth America
Ocean Interaction with Ocean Interaction with Atmosphere - ENSOAtmosphere - ENSO
ENSO Climate PatternsENSO Climate Patterns
WeatherWeather The conditions in the atmosphere at a The conditions in the atmosphere at a
given place and timegiven place and time Temperature, precipitation, Temperature, precipitation,
cloudiness, etc.cloudiness, etc. ClimateClimate
The average weather conditions that The average weather conditions that occur in a place over a period of yearsoccur in a place over a period of years
2 most important factors: temperature 2 most important factors: temperature and precipitationand precipitation
Weather and ClimateWeather and Climate
Rain ShadowsRain Shadows
Giant rotating tropical stormsGiant rotating tropical storms Wind > 119 km per hourWind > 119 km per hour FormationFormation
Strong winds pick up moisture over Strong winds pick up moisture over warm surface waters and starts to warm surface waters and starts to spin due to Earth’s rotationspin due to Earth’s rotation
Tropical CycloneTropical Cycloneaka: hurricane, typhoon, aka: hurricane, typhoon, cyclonecyclone
Giant undersea wave caused by an Giant undersea wave caused by an earthquake, volcanic eruption or earthquake, volcanic eruption or landslidelandslide Travel > 450 mphTravel > 450 mph
Tsunami wave may be 1m deep in Tsunami wave may be 1m deep in oceanocean Becomes 30.5m high on shoreBecomes 30.5m high on shore
TsunamiTsunami