WHAT IS CULTURE? Describe, in as much detail as possible, a
typical Friday (from the time you get out of bed until you go to
bed)
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CULTURE. The body of customary beliefs, social forms and
material traits that together constitute a group of peoples
distinct traditions (uggghhh) basically it is the way of life of a
group of people (their collection of customs)
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CULTURE COMBINES. VALUES MATERIAL*** ARTIFACTS -visible objects
a group possesses and leaves behind for the future - survival and
leisure activities???? POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
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TYPES OF MATERIAL CULTURE FOLK Found in large, heterogeneous
societies Practiced by more people over a larger portion of the
Earths surface More likely to vary from time to time at a given
place POPULAR Found in small, homogenous, isolated groups tends to
be more isolated and rural More likely to vary from place to place
at a given time
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ISSUE #1 Where do Folk and Popular Cultures Originate and
Diffuse?
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Origins of Folk & Popular Cultures Hearths of folk culture
may be anonymous and multiple ex. Folk music and agricultural
connections in Vietnam Hearths of popular culture tend to be
located in MDCs ex. Popular music and production for sale to mass
audience (hip hop music, fast food/McDonalds)
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Type 1 1.How would a folk song about agriculture in Southeast
Asia spread/diffuse? 2.How would Justin Biebers music
spread/diffuse?
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Diffusion of Folk & Popular Cultures Folk Diffuses more
slowly and on a smaller scale Primarily through
migration/relocation diffusion Also through word of mouth (orally)
Ex - Amish Popular Diffuses faster and to more places Pattern of
hierarchical diffusion from node on down Spreads through modern
communications and transportation EX Organized Sports/Soccer
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HOW DO YOU KNOW WHO/WHAT THIS IS?
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HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT THIS IS?
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Amish Settlements in the U.S. Fig. 4-3: Amish settlements are
distributed through the northeast U.S.
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LIST 2 examples of folk culture 2 examples of popular
culture
Slide 15
Tin Pan Alley & Popular Music Fig. 4-1: Writers and
publishers of popular music were clustered in Tin Pan Alley in New
York in the early 20th c. The area later moved north from 28th St
to Times Square.
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A Mental Map of Hip Hop Fig. 4-2: This mental map places major
hip hop performers near other similar performers and in the portion
of the country where they performed.
Slide 17
World Cup Fans French, German, and Italian fans at 2006 World
Cup (eventually won by Italy, which broke Mr. Oswalds heart!). We
destroy the sport with our boring style of play!!!
Slide 18
ISSUE #2 Why is Folk Culture Clustered?
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ISOLATION PROMOTES CULTURAL DIVERSITY Unique folk customs are a
result of a groups long-term isolation from other groups (even
those close to them) This is why folk customs are clustered vary
from place to place at the same time Read the Himalayan art section
on your own
Slide 20
Himalayan Folk Cultural Regions Fig. 4-4: Cultural geographers
have identified four distinct culture regions based on predominant
religions in the Himalaya Mountains. - Shows how folk custom are
influenced by both cultural institutions (religion) and by
environmental processes (climate, landforms, vegetation)
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TYPE 1 List as many ways you can think of that the physical
environment/climate affect culture. You can give specific examples
if that helps.
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INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Environment is one, not
the only, factor that influences culture !!!!!!! (cultural values
also play a part) Due to lack of technology, folk societies are
even more influenced by the environment Environment and cultural
values have a strong impact on food and shelter in folk cultures
Environ- ment
Slide 23
DISTINCTIVE FOOD PREFERENCES Folk food habits derive from the
environment (why? people eat mostly plants and animals) People
adapt their diets based on their environment ex. abundant wood
supply leads to slow stewing in NE) -know terroir pp.121-122
Slide 24
Slide 25
Traditional Vegetable Garden, Istanbul Fig. 4-5: The bostan, or
traditional vegetable garden, provides fresh vegetables in a large
city such as Istanbul
Slide 26
Food habits are also affected by cultural traditions. Different
groups with different traditions will have unique diets that are
not solely a result of the environment (soups in Transylvania,
seating patterns at tables) Food attractions and taboos will also
play a major role in diet a kitchen is often a BIG clue to the
familys ethnicity
Slide 27
FOOD ATTRACTIONS and TABOOS ATTRACTIONS Some foods are eaten
based on appearance or qualities (real or perceived) Exs. Abipone
Indians eat jaguars and bulls Mandrake root in Mediterranean
associated with sexual prowess TABOOS Some foods are avoided due to
negative forces, characteristics, or associations - Muslims dont
eat pork - Hindus dont eat cows - Mbum Kpau women in Chad avoid
goats and chicken before getting pregnant
Slide 28
WOULD YOU EAT THIS?
Slide 29
Hog Production & Food Cultures Fig. 4-6: Annual hog
production is influenced by religious taboos against pork
consumption in Islam and other religions. The highest production is
in China, which is largely Buddhist.
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FOLK HOUSING Folk housing will display the following: -
distinctive building materials - distinctive form and orientation -
influence of the environment
Slide 31
Home Locations in Southeast Asia Fig. 4-7: Houses and sleeping
positions are oriented according to local customs among the Lao in
northern Laos (left) and the Yuan and Shan in northern Thailand
(right).
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House Types in Western China Fig. 4-8: Four communities in
western China all have distinctive house types.
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Kashgar House, western China Kashgar houses have second floor
open-air patios
Slide 34
Turpan House, western China Turpan is located in a deep valley
with little open land. Second stories are avoided because of strong
winds
Slide 35
Dunhuang House, western China Dunhuang houses have walled
central courtyards, covered with an open air grape arbor.
Slide 36
Yinchuan House, China Yinchuan houses are built around large
open courtyards which provide seclusion from ousi Liz Lewis: from
outsiders Liz Lewis: from outsiders
Slide 37
U.S. FOLK HOUSE FORMS Older houses display local folk-culture
traditions (why?) Much more difficult to detect distinctions in
modern homes (why?) Kniffens nodes of U.S. folk homes: 1.New
England 2. Middle Atlantic 3. Lower Chesapeake
Slide 38
U.S. FOLK HOUSE FORMS cont. Know the different types for each:
1.4 types of NE home 2.I house in MA 3.1-story w/ chimney in
LC
Slide 39
Diffusion of House Types in U.S. Fig. 4-9: Distinct house types
originated in three main source areas in the U.S. and then diffused
into the interior as migrants moved west.
Slide 40
Diffusion of New England House Types Fig. 4-10: Four main New
England house types of the 18th & 19th centuries diffused
westward as settlers migrated.
Slide 41
ISSUE #3 Why is Popular Culture Widely Distributed?
Slide 42
POP CULTURE IS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED BECAUSE 1.It diffuses very
quickly across Earth, unlike folk culture - this diffusion relies
on people having high economic development to acquire the material
aspects of pop culture (what does this mean?) - Remember: pop
culture varies from time to time at the same place 50s today
Slide 43
DIFFUSION OF POPULAR HOUSING, CLOTHING & FOOD Differences
in these categories vary much less now in MDCs than they used to
(why?) List 5-7 characteristics of a suburb (what do people wear,
eat, types of buildings, types of activities, forms of
transportation)
Slide 44
POPULAR HOUSING STYLES Newer homes reflect how customs vary
more in time than place Years right after WWII = modern style Since
1960s = neo-eclectic See popular housing graphic organizer and page
128
Slide 45
U.S. House Types, 1945-1990 Fig. 4-11: Several variations of
the modern style were dominant from the 1940s into the 1970s. Since
then, neo-eclectic styles have become the dominant type of house
construction in the U.S.
Slide 46
Write the first thing that comes to mind in terms of clothing
for a ..
Slide 47
CONSTRUCTION WORKER
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LAWYER
Slide 49
MOVIE STAR
Slide 50
WAITER/WAITRESS
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CLOTHING STYLES Clothing habits reflect: 1.Income 2.Social
forms (job characteristics) MDCs of NA/WE Clothing usually reflects
occupation rather than environment Higher incomes greatly influence
clothing and changing styles (especially for women why?) Rapid
communication/technology spreads fashion Ironically, has led to
more awareness of folk clothing (can be used to preserve
memories/promote tourism p.128)
Slide 52
Slide 53
- Read section about Jeans (pp.128-129)
Slide 54
Is it the shoes? Is it the shoes?
Slide 55
POPULAR FOOD CUSTOMS High consumption of alcohol and snack
foods are indicative of popular food customs Consumption does vary
regionally within MDCs : local production(ex. Whiskey consumption
in the U.S.) Cultural background (Mexican food in Texas) Generally
speaking, consumption of alcohol and snack foods depends on :
1.High income 2.National advertising The environment can also play
a role in the distribution of pop. Culture food customs (read
section on wine pp.129-130)
Slide 56
Alcohol Preferences in the U.S. Fig. 4-12: Per capita
consumption of Canadian whiskey (left) and tequila (right) show
different source areas and histories of diffusion.
Slide 57
Wine Production per year Fig. 4-13: The distribution of wine
production shows the joint impact of the physical environment and
social customs.
Slide 58
DIFFUSION OF POP CULTURE THROUGH television internet
Slide 59
USING PP. 131 and 134 1.Explain the trend of TV usage around
the world from 1954-2003 2.Explain internet usage from 1995-2004
3.List 2 similarities between the evolution of TV and Internet
usage around the globe 4. differences 5. True/False: The diffusion
of Internet service/usage is following a similar pattern to that of
TV diffusion
Slide 60
TV Distribution, 1954
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TV Distribution, 1970
Slide 62
TV Distribution, 2003
Slide 63
Diffusion of TV 1954 - 2003 Fig. 4-14: Television has diffused
widely since the 1950s, but some areas still have low numbers of
TVs per population.
Slide 64
Internet Users, 1995 per 1000 population
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Internet Users, 2000 per 1000 population
Slide 66
Internet Users, 2004 per 1000 population
Slide 67
Distribution of Internet Users, 1995 - 2003 Fig. 4-15: Internet
users per 1000 population. Diffusion of internet service is
following the pattern of TV diffusion in the 20th century, but at a
much faster rate.
Slide 68
ISSUE #4 Why Does Globalization of Popular Culture Cause
Problems?
Slide 69
TYPE 1 List as many reasons you can think of as to why the
spread of popular culture causes problems
Slide 70
MAJOR PROBLEMS IT CAUSES THREAT TO FOLK CULTURENEGATIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT POP CULTURE FOLK CULTURE
Slide 71
THREAT TO FOLK CULTURE When people turn away from folk culture
in favor of pop. culture they may also turn away from their
traditional values (= great tension) May lead to dominance of
Western culture (can lead to anger towards the West) Wearing of
Western style clothes as opposed to traditional local clothing can
cause great rifts in a society (Muslim clothing v. skimpy clothing
like bikinis) -article about bikini in Dubai Right to wear or
disrespectful???????
Slide 72
THREAT TO FOLK CULTURE cont Diffusion of pop. Culture can have
positive benefits for women in LDCs ex. Women under the Taliban in
Afghanistan Can also have negative impact on them - International
prostitution
Slide 73
THREAT TO FOLK CULTURE cont Leaders of LDCs often fear the role
of foreign media in their countries Some see it as a threat to
their independence U.S., UK, and Japan dominate TV in LDCs (new
form of imperialism???) Programming may be adjusted to deal with
these concerns No Porky Pig in Muslim countries
Slide 74
Examples of media and spread of PC in China 1.Nobel PrizeNobel
Prize 2.TwitterTwitter 3.High School StudentsHigh School Students
4.Chinas biggest search engineChinas biggest search engine
Slide 75
THREAT TO FOLK CULTURE cont Diffusion of information on a
global scale is dominated by U.S. and UK News media in most LDCs is
dominated by the govt (not the case in MDCs) Many African and Asian
nations criticize Western concept of freedom of the press as
promoting Western values and have unbalanced reports interception
twitter Nobel prize
Slide 76
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Pop. Culture spreads with less
consideration for environment than folk culture Spatial
organization of PC reflects distribution of social/economic
features Due to globalization, pop. Culture is increasingly uniform
and creates more uniform landscapes
Slide 77
MODIFYING NATURE Folk Culture springs from the environment, PC
modifies it Ex. Golf courses are aspects of PC that modify the
environment
Slide 78
Golf Courses in Metropolitan Areas Fig. 4-16: The 50
best-served and worst-served metropolitan areas in terms of golf
holes per capita, and areas that are above and below average.
Slide 79
UNIFORM LANDSCAPES Spread of PC leads to uniform landscapes
Spatial expression of PC in one area will be very similar to
another Fast food restaurants This spread of common landscapes has
diffused from NA to rest of the world
Slide 80
McDonalds in Beijing, China
Slide 81
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DEPLETION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Demand for resources such as: Petroleum Animal skins Animal meat
POLLUTION PC generates incredible amounts of waste that strain the
environment: Liquid Gas Solids (cans, bottles)
Slide 82
Chapter 04: Review
Slide 83
04.01 An act repeatedly performed by an individual is a(n) 1.
Cultural characteristic 2. Habit 3. Custom 4. Trait 5.
Annoyance
Slide 84
04.01 An act repeatedly performed by an individual is a(n) 1.
Cultural characteristic 2. Habit 3. Custom 4. Trait 5.
Annoyance
Slide 85
04.02 Popular culture is practiced 1. Only where folk culture
is absent 2. By large heterogeneous groups 3. By individuals only
4. Only in the more developed countries 5. At specific places
Slide 86
04.02 Popular culture is practiced 1. Only where folk culture
is absent 2. By large heterogeneous groups 3. By individuals only
4. Only in the more developed countries 5. At specific places
Slide 87
04.03 Folk culture is most likely to spread by 1. Hierarchical
diffusion 2. Contagious diffusion 3. Stimulus diffusion 4. Copycat
diffusion 5. Relocation diffusion
Slide 88
04.03 Folk culture is most likely to spread by 1. Hierarchical
diffusion 2. Contagious diffusion 3. Stimulus diffusion 4. Copycat
diffusion 5. Relocation diffusion
Slide 89
04.04 Modern communications methods have _________ of social
customs. 1. Slowed the dissemination 2. Had little effect on the
spread 3. Increased the global uniformity 4. Led to the
fragmentation 5. None of these
Slide 90
04.04 Modern communications methods have _________ of social
customs. 1. Slowed the dissemination 2. Had little effect on the
spread 3. Increased the global uniformity 4. Led to the
fragmentation 5. None of these
Slide 91
04.05 Folk songs 1. Focus on daily activities 2. Cannot become
part of popular culture 3. Are inseparable from the acoustic guitar
4. Have so far been of little cultural significance in the United
States 5. Are often difficult to interpret
Slide 92
04.05 Folk songs 1. Focus on daily activities 2. Cannot become
part of popular culture 3. Are inseparable from the acoustic guitar
4. Have so far been of little cultural significance in the United
States 5. Are often difficult to interpret
Slide 93
04.06 Hog production is lowest in 1. North Africa 2. Europe 3.
South America 4. East Asia 5. North America
Slide 94
04.06 Hog production is lowest in 1. North Africa 2. Europe 3.
South America 4. East Asia 5. North America
Slide 95
Slide 96
04.07 Wine production typically requires all of the following,
except 1. Well-drained soils 2. Supportive customs 3. Proximity to
water 4. Cool summers 5. Cool winters
Slide 97
04.07 Wine production typically requires all of the following,
except 1. Well-drained soils 2. Supportive customs 3. Proximity to
water 4. Cool summers 5. Cool winters
Slide 98
Slide 99
04.08 In America, tequila is consumed primarily in the 1.
Northwest 2. Midwest 3. Southwest 4. Southeast 5. Northeast
Slide 100
04.08 In America, tequila is consumed primarily in the 1.
Northwest 2. Midwest 3. Southwest 4. Southeast 5. Northeast
Slide 101
Slide 102
04.09 Internet use is least prevalent in 1. North America 2.
Europe 3. Japan 4. Central Africa 5. Russia
Slide 103
04.09 Internet use is least prevalent in 1. North America 2.
Europe 3. Japan 4. Central Africa 5. Russia
Slide 104
Slide 105
04.10 Similar restaurants, gas stations, and stores throughout
the United States 1. Illustrate how popular culture can create a
uniform landscape 2. Show how folk culture can diffuse 3. Are a
prime example of globalization 4. Increase cultural awareness 5.
None of these
Slide 106
04.10 Similar restaurants, gas stations, and stores throughout
the United States 1. Illustrate how popular culture can create a
uniform landscape 2. Show how folk culture can diffuse 3. Are a
prime example of globalization 4. Increase cultural awareness 5.
None of these
