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Chapter 4 Introduction to Nanochemistry. Chapter 4. Introduction to Nanochemistry. Periodicity of the Elements Chemical Bonding Intermolecular Forces Nanoscale Structures Practical Applications . Introduction to N anochemistry. 1. 4. Section 1: Periodicity of the Elements. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 4Introduction to Nanochemistry
2
Introduction to Nanochemistry
Chapter 4
Periodicity of the ElementsChemical Bonding Intermolecular Forces Nanoscale Structures Practical Applications
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| Section
Chapter |
Section 1: Periodicity of the Elements
Introduction to Nanochemistry 14
The Elements Periodic Table of the Elements Periodic Trends
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The Elements
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Helium Atom−2 Neutrons and 2 protons in the nucleus−2 Electrons moving about the nucleus
An Element Is an Atom with a Unique Chemical IdentityThe Presence of 2 Protons in the Nucleus Is Unique to the Helium Atom−# Neutrons changes — helium isotopes−# Electrons changes — helium ions−# Protons changes — not helium!
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The Elements
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Atomic PropertiesAtomic StructureQuantum Numbers and Electron Configurations
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Atomic Properties
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Element Symbol — 1 or 2 LettersAtomic Number — Number of Protons in Element (Z)Mass Number — Number of Protons and Neutrons (A)Isotopes — Elements with Varying Numbers of Neutrons
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Atomic Structure
Periodicity of the Elements 14
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Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations
Periodicity of the Elements 14
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Periodic Table of the Elements
Periodicity of the Elements 14
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Periodic Table of the Elements
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Metals NonmetalsMetalloids
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Periodic Table of the Elements
Periodicity of the Elements 14
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Typical Chemical Reactions
Periodicity of the Elements 14
1. Metal + Nonmetal → Salt−2 Al(s) + 3 Br2(g) → 2 AlBr3(s)
2a. Metal Oxide + Water → Metal Hydroxide−Na2O(s)+ H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq)
2b. Nonmetal Oxide + Water → Acid−CO2(g)+ H2O(l) → H2CO3(aq)
3. Metal Oxide + Acid → Salt + Water−NiO(s) + H2SO4(l) → NiSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
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Periodic Trends
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Atomic NumberAtomic SizeIonization EnergyElectron AffinityElectronegativity
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Periodic Trends: Atomic Number (Number of Protons in Nucleus)
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Increasing atomic number
Incr
easin
g at
omic
num
ber
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Periodic Trends: Atomic Size
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Increasing atomic size
Increasing atomic size
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Periodic Trends: Electron Affinity (atom + e— → atom— + energy)
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Increasing electron affinity
Incr
easin
g el
ectro
n affi
nity
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Periodic Trends: Ionization Energy (atom + energy → atom+ + e— )
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Increasing ionization energy
Incr
easin
g io
niza
tion
ener
gy
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Periodic Trends: Electronegativity
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Increasing electronegativity
Incr
easin
g el
ectro
nega
tivity
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Section 2: Chemical Bonding
Introduction to Nanochemistry 24
Ionic BondsCovalent Bonds
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Chemical Bonding
Introduction to Nanochemistry 24
Ionic BondsCovalent Bonds
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Electronegativity Values
Chemical Bonding 24
Electronegativity Difference Between Atoms−≳ 1.7 Ionic −≲ 1.7 Covalent
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Ionic Bonds
Chemical Bonding 24
Na + ½ Cl2 → [ Na+ + Cl– ] → NaCl
Ca + Cl2 → [ Ca+2 + Cl– + Cl– ] → CaCl2
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Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding 24
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Molecules with Functional Groups
Chemical Bonding 24
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Polar Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding 24
Electronegativity3.5 Oxygen2.1 Hydrogen
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Section 3: Intermolecular Forces
Introduction to Nanochemistry 34
Dipole-Dipole InteractionsHydrogen Bonding
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Charge Carrier
Intermolecular Forces 34
IonsDipoleInduced Dipole
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Dipole Interactions
Intermolecular Forces 34
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Hydrogen Bonding
Intermolecular Forces 34
Liquid Water Ice
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Hydrogen Bonding: Watson-Crick Base Pairs
Intermolecular Forces 34
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Section 4: Nanoscale Structures
Introduction to Nanochemistry 44
Polymers and CopolymersDendrimersSelf-Assembled MonolayersNanoparticlesQuantum DotsCarbon NanotubesFullerenes
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Polymers and Copolymers
Nanoscale Structures 44
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Dendrimers
Nanoscale Structures 44
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Self-Assembled Monolayers
Nanoscale Structures 44
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Self-Assembled Monolayers
Nanoscale Structures 44
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Self-Assembled Monolayers
Nanoscale Structures 44
Functional Groups−Layer-by-layer (LbL)/electrostatic self-
assembly (ESA)
Substrates−Gold• Biocompatible• Inert
−Other metals−Silicon oxides• Optical transparency
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Nanoparticles
Nanoscale Structures 44
Gold NanoparticlesQuantum Dots
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Gold Nanoparticles
Nanoscale Structures 44
1 to >100 nmUniform Size DistributionRed Color, Not GoldEasily Modified Surface PropertiesGold Is Inert in Biological Organisms
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Quantum Dots
Nanoscale Structures 44
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Quantum Dots
Nanoscale Structures 44
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Carbon Allotropes
Nanoscale Structures 44
Carbon Nanotube
C60 Fullerene
sp3 Carbon: Diamondsp2 Carbon: Graphite, Graphene, Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes
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Carbon Nanotubes
Nanoscale Structures 44
Multi Walled Nano Tube
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Carbon Nanotubes
Nanoscale Structures 44
Exploring Structures−Fibers• Typical lengths: 1-100 μm
−Containers• Adding end caps• Enclosing atoms, molecules, C60 fullerenes• Enclosing carbon nanotubes (i.e., multi-
walled nanotubes)−Surface modification• Via van der Waals interactions• Via chemical reactions
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C60 Fullerenes
Nanoscale Structures 44
C60
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Section 5: Practical Applications
Introduction to Nanochemistry 54
Drug DeliveryBiological SensorsSolar CellsNanocatalysts
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Drug Delivery
Practical Applications 54
β-cyclodextran camptothecin
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Drug Delivery
Practical Applications 54
60 nm Nanoparticle
(m ≈ 17, MW 97 kDa)
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Biological Sensors
Practical Applications 54
Selectivity in Biological Matrix−Differentiate among similar
biomolecules
Sensitivity to Biological Concentrations−Sensitive detectors−Chemical/biological amplification
Efficient−Cost effective−Throughput/turnaround time
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Biological Sensors
Practical Applications 54
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Solar Cells
Practical Applications 54
Current and Potential Applications−Improve efficency• >1 Electron per photon• Moving electrons
between electrodes−Alternatives to silica• Polymer matrix
−Cost reduction• Alternative photon absorbers
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Nanocatalysts
Practical Applications 54
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Nanocatalysts
Practical Applications 54
Encapsulated Enzyme Particles−Isolatable−Enhanced stability• From thermal denaturation• From proteolytic enzymes
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