Chapter 4Keystone of a New Nation

Lesson 11 – Struggle Between EmpiresLesson 12 – Colonies Unhappy with England’s Rule

Lesson 13 – Struggle for IndependenceLesson 14 – Formation of a New Government

• Lesson 11 LEQ's: Struggle between Empires for Pennsylvania

• 1. Why did Philadelphia continue to prosper during colonial days?

• 2. How did the fur trade help to settle the Pennsylvania wilderness?

• 3. What were important to the colonial development of Pennsylvania?

• Philadelphia – planned by William Penn– Orderly street and parks– Protected from ocean but had Delaware River– Major trade center

• European settlers doing well – Native Americans WERE NOT– Diseases – measles and smallpox– Had no resistance to diseases

Lesson 11 – Struggle Between Empires

• Walking Purchase – 1737– Delaware Indians

would sell a strip of land that covered as much territory as a man could walk in a day and a half

– Penn’s sons cheated Natives• Cleared path• runners

• Wilderness in Pennsylvania• Native Americans were skilled at trapping fur-

bearing animals– Europeans wanted furs, know as pelts– Traded pelts for cloths, guns, iron kettles, etc.

– No roadways through the wilderness

• Trading Posts were set up by trading companies in the wilderness.– Stored items to be traded for pelts

• Later, forts were built on the sites of these trading posts

• Conflicts in the wilderness– France and England – set up colonies

• French and English followed separate rivers, meeting at forks of the Ohio River (Pittsburgh)– Both claimed territory– Both ready to fight in order keep fur trade

• French Grand Plan– Central link to establish a water transportation

system• St. Lawrence River to St. Louis and Mississippi River

southward, using great lakes in between

• Peace-loving Quakers would not fight• Asked for help from Governor Dinwiddie of

the Virginia Colony – 1753, 21 year old George Washington was sent

out to order French out of the area.– Fort LeBoeuf, near present day Erie, Washington

delivered message.– French refused to leave– 1754, Governor of Virginia wanted settlement

built at the forks of the Ohio River• French captured settlement and built own fort, Fort

Duquesne

• 1754, Washington and troops returned to region to save settlement– Built crude roads through thick forests and over

rugged hills– Heat of summer

• Washington set up camp in an open field, known as Great Meadows– Native American chief Half-King, tipped off

Washington about a French attack– Traveled through night, surprising French and

winning. One French soldier escaped to relay news of the battle

• 1754 – French and Indian War– Lasted nine years in Europe but only six in North

America.– English were fighting French over control of the

Ohio River Valley (control of North America)– Native Americans helped both sides• Tribes who used to fight each other sided with French

and Americans and fought once again

• Fort Necessity – ordered built by Washington in preparation of French attack– Washington surrendered to French– French allowed Washington and troops to return

to Virginia without weapons– Fort was torn apart and burned

• 1755 – English sent General Braddock with large army to capture Fort Duquesne– Washington traveled with troops

• Ambushed by French and lost– Braddock shot in chest and died within days– Buried in the middle of the rough road

• 1758 – British General Forbes advanced on Fort Duquesne with 8,000 troops– When arrived, fort had been set fire to– English built a new, stronger fort at location called

Fort Pitt (eventually Pittsburgh)– Victory allowed English rule to continue– English won war within 2 years against French

• Lesson 11 LEQ's: Struggle between Empires for Pennsylvania

• 1. Why did Philadelphia continue to prosper during colonial days?

• 2. How did the fur trade help to settle the Pennsylvania wilderness?

• Lesson 12 LEQ’s: Multicultural Haven for Ethnic and Religious Groups

• 1. What does Keystone mean?• 2. Why did the people of Pennsylvania

become angry under England's rule?• 3. What major events led to the American

Revolution?

Lesson 12 – Colonies Unhappy with England’s Rule

• Quaker State vs. Keystone State– Quaker State since founders were Quakers– Keystone – a central wedge-shaped stone in an

arch that strengthens the structure and holds all of the other stones in place

– Later, term deals with thepolitical importance in forginga new nation.

• Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and Bill of Rights were all documents written and approved in Philadelphia.

• Cost of French and Indian war was pushed onto the colonies.– New taxes, monies collected to help pay for

services provided by the government, were placed on the American colonies

– Until the 1760s, the thirteen colonies were separate.• New taxes brought them together in protest.

• First Continental Congress – Sept 1774– Congress – means coming together– Leaders of the colonies met and agreed to stop

buying England’s goods brought to the colonies.– England eventually stopped the taxes on all goods

except for tea– People of Pennsylvania refused to buy (boycott)

tea– England felt superior to the colonists and refused

to listen to their concerns - ethnocentric

• Second Continental Congress – May 1775– Met at Pennsylvania State House (Independence

Hall).– John Hancock was president of 2nd Cont. Congress– Fighting between English troops and

Massachusetts colonists began one month prior– Congress elected George Washington Commander

of the American Army, although John Hancock wanted position• Reasons: in order to get southern support, Washington,

from Virginia, was chosen

• May 1776 – five people were chosen to write a Declaration of Independence– Thomas Jefferson wrote original draft– Benjamin Franklin, from Pennsylvania, helped

greatly with the draft

• Congress debated every paragraph and took out one-third of the original draft– Issues such as slavery taken out because of South

• July 4, 1776, Declaration of Independence was approved by 12 of the 13 states, New York chose not to vote.

• Liberty Bell – cast in England in 1751 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of William Penn’s Charter of Privileges.– Hidden during was in Allentown– Crack appeared the first time it was rung,

unsuccessfully repaired

• American Revolution – war fought to gain our independence from England– Treasonous act by the colonies

• Loyalists – people still loyal to England– 1400 Pennsylvanians joined England’s army during

revolution.– Quakers did not fight

Lesson 13 – Struggle for Independence

• Importance of Pennsylvania’s cities during the revolution:– Rifles were made in Lancaster– Cannons were made in Philadelphia– Military supplies and ammunition were stored at

Carlisle– Conestoga wagon was made in Lancaster

• After 1777, English invaded Philadelphia– Americans lost these battles, English army took

control of Philadelphia– Washington set up camp at Valley Forge.• Encampment – town/city built to house troops• Freezing winter, poorly fed and clothed troops,

thousands died• Poor sanitary conditions at camps• Diseases unknown to doctors, typhus, typhoid, and

dysentery claimed many lives

• Friedrich von Steuben, German officer, volunteered to train Washington’s men– Strict discipline of the soldiers helped turn the war

around

• Ben Franklin, in December 1776, was sent to France to negotiate, hoping French would lend support after losing to English for control of North America– French sent money, guns, food, soldiers, and ships

• Important women of the American Revolution– Mary Hays followed her husband into battle.• “Molly Pitcher” – carried pitchers of water onto

battlefield for soldier who were fighting.• When her husband was wounded, she took over his

post at the cannon.

– Sarah Bache, daughter of Ben Franklin, organized more than 2,000 Philadelphia women to sew clothing for the troops

– Betsy Ross – believed to have made our country’s first flag• 13 stars and 13 stripes (one for each colony)

• American Revolution fought to get away from a King/Queen

• Articles of Confederation – written by American leaders during Revolution.– Very weak document – States were like independent countries

Lesson 14 – Formation of a New Government

Major Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

• No Central Government• No power to make people to go to war• No way to make people obey the law• No way to levy or collect taxes• No mechanism for solving arguments among

the states• No way to regulate trade among states

• May 1787, delegates from twelve states met in Philadelphia with the purpose of strengthening the Articles of Confederation– George Washington was elected president of the

convention– Realized a new plan of government needed to be

written– 55 delegates met, 8 from Pennsylvania• Gouverneur Morris and Ben Franklin

• James Madison, Virginia, is given credit as being the Father of the U.S. Constitution

• Major disagreements over how each state was to be fairly represented in the new government

• Compromise– Smaller states were worried about not getting

equal representation

• Roger Sherman – compromise– Representation by population (House of Rep.)– Equal representation (Senate)

– Ben Franklin – the Great Pacifier• Calmed many tempers during convention• Oldest signer of Constitution although he did not agree

with all parts of it

• 39 of 55 delegates approved Constitution

• States needed to approve/RATIFY plan in order for it to be legal– 9 of the 13 had to approve– Promise to write a list of rights and freedoms was

needed to get states to ratify

– Interpretation, Compromise, and Change • Amendments were the methods to allow these to

happen• Sept. 1790 – first ten amendments were proposed –

BILL OF RIGHTS