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A-C

R-C

CP

-119/PH

-001CHAPTER 4: LESSON SPECIFICATIONS COURSE TITLE: RED STAR COURSE

CTS NUMBER: A-CR-CCP-116/PC-001

ENABLING OBJECTIVE AND TEACHING POINTS TRAINING DETAILS

CITIZENSHIP: 412.04 5. TIME — Two 30 minute period.

1. PERFORMANCE — Recognise important elements of Canadian history and heritage.

2. CONDITIONS:

a. Given — Instructions; and

b. Denied — Assistance.

3. STANDARD — The cadet will explain the Canadian history and heritage of the following:

a. symbols of Canada:

(1) the maple leaf;

(2) the beaver;

(3) Inukshuk; and

(4) Totem pole.

b. origin of the name Canada;

c. the Canadian Flag;

d. the coat of arms; and

e. confederation.

4. TEACHING POINTS — As per the Standard Statement.

6. METHOD/APPROACH — a. Lecture; and b. Discussion.

7. SUBSTANTIATION — This period of instruction is intended to assist the cadets in increasing their knowledge of their country and the many symbols that make them a distinct people among the nations of the world.

8. REFERENCES:

a. Cadet Reference Book (pages 12-11 to 12-12-19);

b. A-CR-CCP-122/PT-001 Symbols of Canada; and

c. Master Lesson Plan.

9. TRAINING AIDS — N/A.

10. TEST DETAILS — As per the Standard Statement.

11. REMARKS — N/A.

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BOYS AND GIRLS CLUB The boys and girls club enhances the quality of life for children and youth by providing a safe and welcoming environment. It offers supervised activities, support and counselling for young people aged 6 to 18 years old. They also provide a social service of "at risk youth," special needs/ integrated services. There are many more services in your community. Find out about them and get involved. EO 412.04: RECOGNISE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF CANADIAN HISTORY AND HERITAGE There are many symbols of Canada that have significant meaning for Canadians as well as people throughout the world. The image of the red maple leaf is internationally recognized as a symbol of democracy and peace. As a multicultural nation, we identify ourselves and our heritage with many symbols. THE MAPLE LEAF

The maple leaf began to serve as a Canadian symbol as early as 1700. In 1834, the St. Jean Baptiste Society made the maple leaf its emblem. In 1836, Le Canadien, a newspaper published in Lower Canada, referred to it as a suitable emblem for Canada. By 1860, the maple leaf was incorporated into the badge of the 100th Regiment (Royal Canadians) and was used extensively in decorations for the visit of the Prince of Wales that year. During the First World War, the maple leaf was included in the badge of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Since 1921, the Royal Arms of

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Canada have included three maple leaves as a distinctive Canadian emblem. With the proclamation of Canada's new flag in 1965, the maple leaf has become the most-prominent Canadian symbol. In 1939, at the time of World War II, many Canadian troops used the maple leaf as a distinctive sign, displaying it on regimental badges and Canadian army and naval equipment. On February 15, 1965, the red maple leaf flag was proclaimed as the National Flag of Canada. THE BEAVER

King Henry IV of France saw the fur trade as an opportunity to acquire much-needed revenue and to establish a North American empire. Both English and French fur traders were soon selling beaver pelts in Europe at 20 times their original purchase price. The trade of beaver pelts proved so lucrative that the Hudson's Bay Company honoured the buck-toothed little animal by putting it on the shield of its coat of arms in 1678. Sir William Alexander, who was granted title to Nova Scotia in 1621, had been the first to include the beaver in a coat of arms. The Hudson's Bay Company shield consists of four beavers separated by a red St. George's Cross and reflects the importance of this industrious rodent to the company. A coin was created to equal the value of one beaver pelt. The beaver was included in the armorial bearings of the City of Montréal when it was incorporated as a city in 1833. Sir Sandford Fleming assured the beaver a position as a national symbol when he featured it on the first Canadian postage stamp – the "Three Penny Beaver" of 1851. The beaver also appeared with the maple leaf on the masthead of Le Canadien, a newspaper published in Lower Canada.

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The beaver attained official status as an emblem of Canada when an "act to provide for the recognition of the beaver (castor canadensis) as a symbol of the sovereignty of Canada" received royal assent on March 24, 1975. Today, thanks to conservation and silk hats, the beaver – the largest rodent in Canada – is alive and well all over the country. INUKSHUK The indigenous people of the arctic coast and islands, a founding people of Canada, are known as Inuit – Inuktitut for “the people, those who are living today.” 5 000 years ago, the people known as Sivullirmiut migrated across Canada’s north, having crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Asia as much as 5 000 years before that. Today’s Inuit are descendants of the Taissumanialungmiut (Thule) people. They moved into the central and eastern arctic about 1 000 years ago, during a warming period of the Earth’s climate. Thule people used dogs for hunting and travel, they built and used the seal skin kayak and they used, maybe even invented, the large open skin boat called the "umiak".

In Inuktitut, one person is called an “Inuk.” Inukshuk, a stone representation of the human form, are used as landmarks for hunters and travelers. The Inukshuk has long been recognized as the compass of the arctic. Used for centuries, Inuit build the inukshuk “like a human – to point the way for travelers.” In 1999, the Inukshuk was chosen to symbolize the people of the north on the official flag for the Nunavut Territory.

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TOTEM POLE While totem poles are thought by many to be a symbol of First Nations culture generally, their production was limited to six tribes in British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. The tribes which carved totem poles were the Bella Coola, Haida, Kwakiutl, Tlingit, Tsimshian and West Coast. Pole carving flourished in the 19th century.

A Kwakiutl house and totem pole

on Vancouver Island. The poles told stories or commemorated historical events. The figures were not gods or demons, but rather were symbolic like the figures in European heraldry. The top figure on a pole is usually the clan crest. The most common crests are the eagle, raven, thunderbird, bear, beaver, orca and frog. Eagles and thunderbirds have curved beaks, while the raven has a straight beak. Thunderbirds have outspread wings. Bears and beavers have ears on the top of their heads, and beavers also have large teeth. The orca (killer whale) has a dorsal fin. The figures under the crest represent figures in a story. The story may be a myth or legend, or it may be a story from the life of a person in the tribe. Totem poles were not worshipped, but the stories they told often inspired respect or veneration.

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Most totem poles were carved from red cedar using knives and adzes, and early poles were painted using local materials. White was obtained from clay, yellow came from ochres, red from iron ore, blue from copper ore, and black from charcoal. Later poles were colored using pigments and paints obtained by trading with the white settlers. To raise the pole, a six foot hole was dug. The butt of the pole was placed over the hole, a rope was tied to the top of the pole and passed over an A-frame, and the pole was pulled erect. There are 6 types of totem pole:

a. indoor house posts, which support the roof and carry clan emblems;

b. house frontal poles, which stand by the entrance of the house; c. heraldic poles, which stand in the front of the house and give

the family history; d. burial poles, which carry a story about the deceased; e. ridicule poles, which were sometimes erected to shame debtors;

and, f. potlatch poles, carved exclusively by the Haida to

commemorate festivals. (Totem information thanks to Evergreen-Washelli) ORIGIN OF THE NAME “CANADA” In 1535, two indian youths told Jacques Cartier about the route to "kanata." They were referring to the village of Stadacona; "kanata" was simply the Huron-Iroquois word for "village" or "settlement." But for want of another name, Cartier used "Canada" to refer not only to Stadacona (the site of present day Quebec City), but also to the entire area subject to its chief, Donnacona. The name was soon applied to a much larger area: maps in 1547 designated everything north of the St. Lawrence River as "Canada." Cartier also called the St. Lawrence River the "rivière de Canada", a name used until the early 1600s. By 1616, although the entire region was known as New France, the area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of St. Lawrence was still called Canada. Soon European explorers and fur traders opened up territory to the west and to the south and the area depicted as "Canada" grew. In the early 1700s, the name referred to all lands in what is now the American Midwest and as far south as the present day Louisiana. The first use of "Canada" as an official name came in 1791 when the Province of Quebec was divided into the colonies of Upper and Lower

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Canada. In 1841, the two Canada’s were again united under one name, the Province of Canada. At the time of Confederation, the new country assumed the name of Canada. THE ARMS OF CANADA

It is curious to note that no country has abandoned the practice of using armorial bearings, emblems and symbols being important for preserving traditions and inspiring love of country. Of these symbols, the coat of arms and the flag are the chief elements. Although the National flag is more frequently use as a symbol of Canada, the coat of arms is the oldest and serve as the foundation for the flag. The present design of the arms of Canada was drawn by Mrs. Cathy Bursey-Sabourin, Fraser Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority office of the Governor General of Canada, and faithfully depicts the arms described in the words of the Royal Proclamation dated November 21, 1921. The present design was approved in 1994.

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The shield – the design of the arms of Canada reflects the royal symbols of Great Britain and France (the three royal lions of England, the royal lion of Scotland, the royal fleurs-de-lis of France and the royal Irish harp of Tara. On the bottom portion of the shield is a sprig of three Canadian maple leaves representative of Canadians of all origins.

The ribbon – on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada, Her Majesty The Queen approved, on July 12, 1994 that the arms of Canada be augmented with a ribbon with the motto of the Order of Canada: "Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam" (They desire a better country).

The crest – on the royal helmet is the crest. This symbol consists of a wreath or ring of twisted white and red silk on which stands a crowned gold lion holding in its right paw a red maple leaf. The lion is a symbol of valor and courage. The crest is used to mark the sovereignty of Canada. It is now the symbol used on the Governor General's Standard.

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The supporters – the figures that stand on either side of the shield are known in heraldry as "supporters" and are often depicted in a ferocious manner. The King of England chose two lions while Scotland chose two unicorns. When James VI of Scotland became James I of England in 1603, he chose one lion and one unicorn as the supporters of his royal shield. Canada adopted the same pattern and used a lion on the shield's right holding a gold pointed silver lance from which flies the Royal Union flag, and a unicorn with gold horn, mane and hoofs, on the shield's left. Around its neck is a gold and chained coronet of crosses and fleurs-de-lis. The unicorn holds a lance flying a banner of royalist France, namely three gold fleurs-de-lis, on a blue background. The two banners represent the two principal founding nations that had established Canada's most enduring laws and customs.

The motto – Canada's motto "A Mari usque ad Mare" (From sea to sea) is based on biblical scripture: "He shall have dominion from sea to sea and from the river unto the ends of the earth (Psalm 72:8)". The first official use of this motto came in 1906 when it was engraved on the head of the mace of the Legislative Assembly of the new Province of Saskatchewan. The wording of the motto came to the attention of Sir Joseph Pope, then Under Secretary of State, who was impressed with its meaning. He later proposed it as motto for the new design of the coat of arms, which was approved by Order in Council on April 21, 1921 and by Royal Proclamation on November 21, 1921.

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The four floral emblems – at the base of the arms are the floral emblems associated with the Canadian Monarchy: the English rose, the Scottish thistle, the French fleur-de-lis and the Irish shamrock.

The imperial crown – on top of the "achievement of the arms of Canada" is the imperial crown which is indicative of the presence of a monarch as Canada's Head of State. The shapes of symbols in a coat of arms can be altered by an artist since heraldry is an art as well as a science. However the symbols themselves can never be changed without formal approval. In 1957, when Canada's arms were slightly modified to produce a cleaner more contemporary design, the Government replaced the original Tudor crown of the 1921 design by a crown that would represent not just one of the royal families of English monarchs, but centuries of kings and queens of England. In accordance with the expressed wishes of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the Saint Edward's crown is now used for the arms of Canada. It is this crown that has been used for the coronation of kings and queens in Westminster Abbey for centuries. CONFEDERATION On July 1, 1867, the provinces we know as Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined together in Confederation to create the new country of Canada. The British North America Act of 1867 made this Confederation legal.

ROYAL CANADIAN ARMY CADETS

Star Program

Master Lesson Plan

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RED STAR COURSE PO: CITIZENSHIP ENABLING OBJECTIVE(S): 412.04: Recognize Important Elements of Canadian History and Heritage REFERENCE(S): A. A-CR-CCP-119/PH-001 Red Star Course Training Plan; Chapter 4, Pages 4-77 & 4-78. B. A-CR-CCP-122/PT-001 Symbols of Canada SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCE(S): A. A-CR-CCP-121/PT-001 Cadet Reference Book, Pages 12-11 to 12-19. TRG AID(S): A. OHP

B. OHP Slides

STUDENT AID(S): A. Pencil and notebook B. Red Star Handbook

METHOD: Lecture and Discussion TIME: 2 x 30 Minutes

REVIEW TIME: 3 Minutes I EO 412.03: DISCUSS THE ROLES OF SERVICE CLUBS IN YOUR COMMUNITY

1. What is a service club?

2. Give some examples of service clubs.

3. What does each do for the community?

INTRODUCTION TIME: 2 Minutes WHAT: During this period of instruction, cadets will learn to recognize important elements of

Canadian history and heritage. WHY: It is important for cadets to be able to recognize important elements of their history and

heritage. Learning about these symbols helps cadets understand and gain knowledge about Canadian history as well as develop a sense of pride in their country.

WHERE: Cadets will apply the knowledge learned in this lesson in their community as they

identify themselves with their country and its heritage.

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BODY INSTR NOTES I STAGE 1: SYMBOLS OF CANADA

1. The Maple Leaf: The maple leaf has been associated with

Canada since the 1700’s. In 1834, the St-Jean-Baptiste Society made the maple leaf its emblem. By 1860, the maple leaf was incorporated into the badge of the 100th Regiment (Royal Canadians) and was used extensively in decorations for the visit of the Prince of Wales that year.

2. During the First World War, the maple leaf was included in the

badge of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Since 1921, the arms of Canada have included three maple leaves as a distinctive Canadian emblem. On February 15, 1965, the red maple leaf flag was proclaimed as the National Flag of Canada.

3. The Beaver: In the 17th century, King Henry IV of France saw

the fur trade as an opportunity to establish a North American empire and to acquire much-needed revenue. The trade of beaver pelts proved so lucrative that the Hudson’s Bay Company honoured the beaver by putting it on their coat of arms.

4. When Montreal was incorporated as a city in 1833, the beaver was

included in its coat of arms. However, it was Sir Sandford Fleming who assured the beaver a position as a national symbol when he featured it on the first Canadian postage stamp – the “Three Penny Beaver” of 1851.

5. The beaver attained official status as an emblem of Canada’s

sovereignty in 1975 through an Act of Parliament. 6. Inukshuk: The indigenous people of the arctic coast and islands,

a founding people of Canada, are known as Inuit – Inuktitut for “the people, those who are living today.”

7. In Inuktitut, one person is called an “Inuk.” Inukshuk, a stone

representation of the human form, are used as landmarks for hunters and travelers. The Inukshuk has long been recognized as the compass of the artic. Used for centuries, Inuit built the Inukshuk “like a human – to point the way for travelers.” In 1999, the Inukshuk was chosen to symbolize the people of the north on the official flag for the Nunavut Territory.

8. Totem Pole: While totem poles are thought by many to be the

symbol of First Nations culture, generally, their production was

TIME: 12 Minutes OHP - 1 Important Date The beaver is the largest rodent in Canada. OHP - 2 For more details on totem poles, refer to

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limited to six tribes in British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. The poles told stories or commemorated historical events.

9. There are 6 types of totem pole:

a. indoor house posts, that support the roof and carry clan

emblems; b. house frontal poles, that stand by the entrance of the

house; c. heraldic poles, that stand in the front of the house and give

the family history; d. burial poles, that carry a story about the deceased; e. ridicule poles, that are sometimes erected to shame

debtors; and f. potlatch poles, carved exclusively by the Haida to

commemorate festivals.

II CONFIRMATION STAGE 1

1. When was the maple leaf proclaimed as the National Flag of Canada?

2. Who incorporated the beaver into their coat of arms? 3. What is the Inukshuk? 4. What is one type of totem pole?

III STAGE 2: ORIGIN OF THE NAME CANADA/ THE CANADIAN FLAG

1. In 1535, two native youths told Jacques Cartier about the route to

“kanata.” They were referring to the village of Stadacona; “kanata” was simply the Huron-Iroquois word for “village” or “settlement.” Cartier used “Canada” to refer to other areas rather than Stadacona and the name was soon applied to a much larger area: everything north of the St. Lawrence River.

2. Cartier also called the St. Lawrence River the “rivière du Canada”,

a name used until the early 1600’s. By 1616, although the entire region was known as New France, the area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of St. Lawrence was still called Canada.

the Cadet Reference Book, Page 12-14. TIME: 12 Minutes

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3. The first use of “Canada” as an official name came in 1791 when

the Province of Quebec was divided into the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada. In 1841, the two Canada’s were united under one name, the Province of Canada. At Confederation, in 1867, the new country assumed the name “Canada” under section 3 of the Constitution Act, 1867.

4. The Canadian Flag: The national flag of Canada was adopted by

resolutions of the House of Commons and Senate in 1964 and proclaimed by Queen Elizabeth II to take effect on February 15, 1965. The anniversary of this event is observed every February 15 as National Flag of Canada Day across the country.

5. The adoption of the national flag of Canada was the culmination

of many years of discussion, hundreds of designs and a heated debate in Parliament. The search for a new Canadian flag began in 1925 when a Committee of the Privy Council began to investigate potential designs.

6. In 1946, a parliamentary committee examined more than 2,600

submissions but could not reach agreement on a new design. As the centennial of Confederation approached, Parliament increased its efforts to choose a flag. On February 15, 1965, the national flag of Canada was raised for the first time over Parliament Hill.

7. The flag is red and white, the official colours of Canada, with

stylized eleven-point maple leaf at its centre. The flag’s proportions are two by length and one by width.

IV CONFIRMATION STAGE 2

1. Where did the word Canada come from? 2. When was the name Canada first officially used? 3. On what date did the Queen proclaim the Canadian flag?

V STAGE 3: COAT OF ARMS

1. It is to curious to note that no country has abandoned the practice of using armorial bearings, emblems and symbols being important for preserving traditions and inspiring love of country. Although the National flag is more frequently use as a symbol of Canada, the coat of arms is older and serves as the foundation for the flag. The design of the Arms of Canada reflects the royal symbols of the United Kingdom and France. The Coat of Arms consists of the following elements:

Cadets are to note that the information pertaining to the Canadian Flag is not found in their handbook. They may want to take notes during this stage of the lecture. TIME: 14 Minutes OHP - 3 The present design was approved in 1994.

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a. The shield: the design of the arms of Canada reflects the royal symbols of Great Britain and France (the three royal lions of England, the royal lion of Scotland, the royal fleurs-de-lis of France and the royal Irish harp of Tara. On the bottom portion of the shield is a sprig of three Canadian maple leaves representative of Canadians of all origins.

b. The ribbon: on the advice of the Prime Minister of

Canada, her Majesty The Queen approved, on July 12, 1994 that the arms of Canada be augmented with a ribbon with the motto of the Order of Canada: “Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam” (They desire a better country).

c. The crest: on the royal helmet is the crest. This symbol

consists of a wreath or ring of twisted white and red silk on which stands a crowned gold lion holding in its right paw a red maple leaf. The lion is a symbol of valor and courage. The crest is used to mark the sovereignty of Canada.

d. The supporters: the figures that stand on either side of

the shield are known in heraldry as “supporters” and are often depicted in a ferocious manner. The King of England chose two lions while Scotland chose two unicorns. When James VI of Scotland became James I of England in 1603, he chose one lion and one unicorn. Canada adopted this same pattern.

e. The motto: Canada’s motto “A Mari usque ad Mare”

(From sea to sea) is based on biblical scripture: “He shall have dominion from sea to sea and from the river unto the ends of the earth (Psalm 72:8)”. Sir Joseph Pope, later proposed it as the motto for the new design of the coat of arms, which was approved by Order in Council on April 21, 1921 and by Royal Proclamation on November 21, 1921.

f. The four floral emblems: at the base of the arms are the

floral emblems associated with the Canadian Monarchy: the English rose, the Scottish thistle, the French fleur-de-lis and the Irish Shamrock.

g. The imperial crown: on top of the “achievement of the

arms of Canada” is the imperial crown that is indicative of the presence of a monarch as Canada’s Head of State.

VI CONFIRMATION STAGE 3

It is now the symbol used on the Governor General’s Standard.

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1. The design of the Coat of Arms reflects the royal symbols of what

two countries? 2. What does “A Mari usque ad Mare”, Canada’s motto mean? 3. What are some of the elements (or devices) that make up the Arms

of Canada?

V STAGE 4: CONFEDERATION 1. On July 1, 1867, the provinces we know as Ontario, Quebec, New

Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined together in Confederation to create the new country of Canada. The British North America Act of 1867 made this confederation legal.

2. Three years after confederation, Canada purchased Rupert’s Land

from the Hudson’s Bay Company, which had been granted a charter to the area by the British government exactly two centuries earlier. Rupert’s Land spanned all land drained by rivers flowing into Hudson’s Bay – roughly 40 percent of present day Canada.

3. Also in 1870, Britain transferred the North-Western territory to

Canada. Previously, the Hudson’s Bay Company had an exclusive license to trade in this area, which stretched west to the colony of British Columbia and north to the Artic Circle. When it was discovered in the mid-1800’s that the prairies had enormous farming potential, the British Government refused to renew the company’s license. With the Hudson’s Bay Company out of the area, Britain was free to turn it over to Canada.

4. Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory were combined to

form the Northwest Territories. The Manitoba Act of 1870 created the province of Manitoba from a small part of this area.

5. In 1871, British Columbia joined the union with the promise of a

railway to the rest of the country. In 1873, Prince Edward Island, which had previously declined an offer to join Confederation, became Canada’s seventh province. Yukon, which had been a district of the Northwest Territories since 1895, became a separate territory in 1898.

6. Meanwhile, Canada was opening up its west, just as its neighbour

to the south had done before. Migrants from eastern Canada and immigrants from Europe began to fill the prairies, which were still part of the Northwest Territories. Then in 1905, the provinces of

TIME: 10 Minutes Information on confederation is not in the cadet reference book. Cadets may want to take notes during this stage of the lecture. For more information on this topic see “The National Dream or “The Last Spike” by Pierre Berton.

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Saskatchewan and Alberta were created, completing the map of Western Canada.

7. After great debate and two referenda, the people of Newfoundland

and Labrador voted to join Confederation in 1949, creating Canada’s tenth province.

8. On April 1, 1999, Nunavut, covering 1.9 million square

kilometers of Canada’s eastern Arctic, was created from the eastern part of the Northwest Territories.

VI CONFIRMATION STAGE 4

1. On what date did the first provinces join confederation to make Canada?

2. Who did Canada purchase Rupert’s Land from? 3. What province was the last to join confederation?

Referendum – the process of referring a political question to the electorate for a direct decision by general vote (Concise Oxford Dictionary).

PERFORMANCE CHECK TIME: 5 Minutes I Cadets must show that they have learned the different symbols and important dates associated

with Canada’s history and heritage. Instructors are to have cadets identify the information learned with the poster found in the Symbols of Canada Book. You may want to test knowledge of some important dates with a quiz game.

CONCLUSION TIME: 2 Minutes

SUMMARY: A. In this lesson you have learned to recognize important elements of

Canadian history and heritage.

B. It is important for cadets to be able to recognize these elements so that they may know what makes them a distinct people among the nations of the world.

RE-MOTIVATE: A. Comment on student progress.

B. Cadets will apply the information learned in this lesson in all aspects of

their daily lives as they take part in activities that show pride to Canada. C. The next lesson in Citizenship is in the Silver Star Course and it will be to

discuss the three types of government.

Symbols of Canada

The Maple Leaf

The Beaver

412.04 – Red Star OHP - 1

Inukshuk Totem Pole

OHP - 2412.04 – Red Star

The Imperial Crown

The Supporters The Shield The Crest

The Motto The Helm and Mantling

The Floral Emblem

OHP-3412.04 – Red Star