Chapter 4 Section 1 and 2

Objective:•Summarize the events that fueled colonial discontent•Explain how the Stamp Act affected the relationship b/w Britain and the colonies

A. General Information-In May 1754, the Governor of Virginia sent a

young surveyor, George Washington, and a group of militia into the Ohio River Valley to challenge the French for control of the valley.

-Washington built a fort named Fort Necessity l located in between Pennsylvania and West Virginia

-Beginning of the French and Indian War (The Seven Years’ War)

Modern reproduction of Fort Necessity as it would have appeared under Washington

B. The French and Indian War1. Causes

- rivalry b/w Britain and France- both claimed parts of North America- Ohio River Valley was a major area of contention b/c of transportation and trade

-Different Patterns of Colonizationa. British – permanent farms &

townsb. French – trading posts & forts

-British immigration and colonization was much greater than that of the French

- Native American groups favored the French over the British

French British

2. The Albany Plan of Union (June 1754)- meeting of delegates from seven northern

colonies held in Albany New York

** Two reasons for the meeting:1. to strengthen colonial ties with Native

Americans (Iroquois League)2. to strengthen colonial ties and work out a

united war effort

-The result of the meeting was the Albany Plan of Union

- plan offered by Ben Franklin & Thomas Hutchinson

- called for a grand council of delegates from all colonies to serve as a type of national legislature

- it was supported by the delegates at Albany but was rejected by both the colonial legislature and by Parliament

- Why was it rejected?1. Colonial legislatures didn’t want to

surrender individual power to a central government

2. Parliament thought it went too far (gave colonies to much power

Thomas HutchinsonBen Franklin

3. Early British and Colonial Defeatsa. Fort Necessity ( 1754)b. Fort Dequesne (July 1755)

- 1500 British troops 450 colonial militiamen defeated by 900 French and Indian troops

- guerilla fighting >a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes, raids, etc.) to combat a larger, more formal army- British General Edward Braddock and

1/3 of the British force killed

General Edward Braddock

C. The British Win the War1. William Pitt

- became Prime Minister in 1757- determined to win the war- known as the “Organizer of Victory”

2. The Tide of the War Turnsa. The Battle of Louisbourg (1758)

-very important British victory in which a French fort guarding the mouth of the St. Lawrence River was captured

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b. The Battle of Quebec (1759)- In 1759 the British began a campaign to

invade New France and capture Quebec- British General James Wolfe led 9,000

British troops against the city which was defended by the French Marquis de Montcalm and 7,500 French troops

- Wolfe first laid siege to the city for several months (spring and summer 1759)

- the opposing troops went to battle of the Plains of Abraham just outside the city

- Wolfe and Montcalm were both killed- The British prevailed after an intense fight and Quebec surrendered…after that the war was

practically over

British General James Wolfe

French Marquis de Montcalm

The Death of General Wolfe

French General Montcalm mortally wounded on the Plains of Abraham

3. The Treaty of Paris ( 1763)- formal peace ending the French and

Indian War- Terms of the Treaty

a. France surrendered present day Canada (New France) and all French territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain

b. France ceded New Orleans to Spain

c. Britain traded Cuba to Spain for Florida

D. Weakened American loyalty to Britain- during the war relations b/w Britain and the colonies became strained

- Why?1. Britain did not feel that the colonist were

supporting the war enough2. The colonist lost respect for British

military power3. The colonist did not feel that the British

treated them with the proper respect

Chapter 4 Section 2 Issues behind the Revolution

I. Setting the Scene

- George III became King of England in 1760

- Britain would begin a stricter policy of control toward the colonies during this reign

King George II

A. Changing British Policy1. The Proclamation of 1763

a. Pontiac’s Rebellion - after the French and Indian War several Native American groups kept fighting- led by Ottawa Chief Pontiac- The Native Americans destroyed every British fort west of the Appalachian Mtn except two. Over 2,000 colonists were killed- the rebellion ended in 1766 after the British resorted to stricter warfare and Pontiac was killed

b. The Proclamation- issued by King George III in Oct. 1763- Closed region west of the Appalachian Mtn to colonial settlement- the purpose was to keep colonist out of the west and out of conflict with Native

Americans (Why not just fight and take it?)- yet, colonists were upset b/c they felt that they were being denied their right to settle the west. Many violated the Proclamation and moved west anyways

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2. New Taxes- In 1763, British Prime Minister George

Grenville decreed that the colonies should begin to pay for some of the costs of their own government and defense. He urged parliament to pass several acts aimed at the colonies.

** Was it fair that Britain ask the colonist to pay for some of the French and Indian War?

a. The Sugar Act (1764)- replaced the Molasses Act- the tax on sugar and molasses was

actually lowered but it was to be strictly enforced- this discouraged smuggling and upset many colonist

b. The Quartering Act ( 1765)- required colonies to provide quarters

(housing), food, supplies, to British troops stationed in America

3. The Stamp Act (1765)a. The Law- placed a tax on all printed materials

* Examples: legal documents, newspapers, playing cards etc

- the stamp on the materials proved that the tax had been paid- The purpose of the tax was to raise money to keep British troops in America- the tax upset colonist at all social levels…they have never been taxed like that before…directly- Was it fair that the colonist pay for the soldiers to be there?

b. Reaction to the Stamp Act- reaction was wide spread and extreme

- people became very vocal in response to the act- in Oct. 1765, colonial delegates met in what is called the Stamp Act Congress- Organized by James Otis of Massachusetts- The delegates argued that Britain had no right to force laws and taxation on the colonies b/c the colonies had no representation in Parliament

- they adopted the slogan “No Taxation without Representation”- the delegated adopted and sent petitions to

Parliament and to King George III…Declaration of the Rights and Grievances… arguing that colonists should have same rights and liberties that the people in Britain had

- “Spoiled Child Syndrome” > British subjects were already heavily taxed!!!...why did the colonies have such a problem with it

James Otis coined the phrase “Taxation without Representation is Tyranny”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:1774_lynching.jpg

Samuel Adams

Leader of the Sons of Liberty in Boston

Sam Adams tomb in Boston June 2009

4. The Sons of Liberty- Group of protestors sprang up throughout the colonies- they called themselves Sons of Liberty- Daughters of Liberty organizations were also formed (homespun clothes sign of patriotism)- Most Active was Boston Sons of Liberty led by Samuel Adams- The Sons of Liberty organized a boycott of British goods- they also intimidated stamp agents (tax collectors) into resigning- intimidation tactics included: tarring & feathering and burning in effigy- Due to the protests and the boycott, the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766

Massachusetts State House in Boston

B. Rising Tensions in the Colonies1. The Declaratory Act (1766)- passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed- the act declared that parliament had the right to make laws that applied to the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”

2. The Townshend Acts (1767)- passed by Parliament at the urging of Charles Townshend- the act placed a duty, payable at colonial ports, rather than a direct tax, on certain imported

goods such as glass, lead, paint, or tea- colonists were not fooled…against taxes direct or indirect- they resumed their protests and boycotts of

British manufactured goods

Charles Townshend

What is a Massacre??

3. The Boston Massacre- The center of the protests were led by the

Boston Sons of Liberty- British troops were sent to Boston to keep order- On March 5, 1770, a crowd of Bostonians

clashed with a group of British soldiers (Redcoats) and the soldiers opened fire on the crowd of protestors

- 5 Bostonians were killed including Crispus Attucks

Tomb stone of the 5 victims from Boston Massacre

4. Repeal of the Townshend Acts (1770)- acts repealed soon after the Boston Massacre- the duties were repealed on all goods except tea- mood was calm for almost 2 years- Committees of Correspondence > formed throughout the colonies…provide order and

information for British resistance…the first was formed by radical Samuel Adams in Boston

Old South Meeting House

• Discuss what to do about the ships entering the harbor with the taxed tea

• Break off into your Loyalist and Patriot sides

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Boston_tea_party.jpg

5. The Boston Tea Party (1773)- Purpose of Tea Act: to help bail out the British East India Company- the act game a monopoly of selling tea in the colonies- there were several protests in many colonial ports (New York, Newport, etc) but the most

notorious one occurred in Boston (the revolutionary center)

- on the night of Dec. 16, 1773 > a group of the Boston Sons of Liberty, dressed as Mohawk

Indians, boarded three tea ships and dumped their cargo in the Boston Harbor

6. The Intolerable Acts (1774)- to punish Boston, Parliament passes a series of acts that they called the Coercive Actsa. Town meetings in Massachusetts were limited to one per yearb. The Massachusetts legislature was suspendedc. The port of Boston was closed

- at the same time Parliament passed the Quebec Act- this act extended Canada’s border south to the Ohio River, taking land that was claimed by Mass., Virginia, and Connecticut-The Committee of Correspondence called for a meeting of delegates from all colonies to plan to respond to these acts-This meeting would become known as the First Continental Congress

7. The First Continental Congress- met on Sept. 5, 1774- 56 delegates from 12 colonies- held in Carpenter’s Hall in Philadelphia, Penn- delegates were overall wealthy, well-educated, influential leaders

Who came up with the idea of stone roads to keep it from being a muddy mess when it rained?

- “The Association” > was the committee to non-consumption, non-importation, and non-

exportation- ordered all colonies to form militias- sent petitions to the Parliament and King George III asking that the Intolerable Acts be recalled- George III declared the colonies to be in open state of rebellion- “Rebels” AKA “Patriots”

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C. The Rebellion Begins (1775)1. Lexington and Concord

- following the call of the Continental Congress, the colonies formed militias and began to stockpile arms.- On April 18, 1775, about 800 Redcoats left Boston and began a 20-mile march to Concord to seize weapons that the Massachusetts militia had stored there.- Patriot leaders were sent to warn that the “British are Coming” > Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Dr. Samuel Prescott were all dispatched to ride to Concord

Robert Newman held a lantern at the top of Old North Church to signal the British were coming by land.

a. Lexington- When the Redcoats arrived in Lexington (just

outside of Concord) the following morning, they found about 70 militiamen (minutemen) standing in the road

- the militia men were ordered to disarm and disperse and as they commenced to do so shots were fired- when the firing stopped, 8 minutemen lay dead

b. Concord- the Redcoats then marched to Concord and captured what Patriot supplies they could find- As they retreated to Boston over 4,000 Patriots

militiamen fired on the Redcoats in guerilla fashion. Over 70 Redcoats were killed.

***Lexington and Concord are considered as the start of the Revolutionary War …”The Shots Heard Around the World”

Lexington green were the minutemen lined up and was asked to disperse.. Someone fired and 8 minutemen laid dead