Chapter 4, Section 1Chapter 4, Section 1

Life in the ColoniesLife in the Colonies

Vocabulary and TimelineVocabulary and TimelineVocabulary:Vocabulary: Subsistence farming, triangular Subsistence farming, triangular

trade, cash crop, diversity, Tidewater, trade, cash crop, diversity, Tidewater, backcountry, overseerbackcountry, overseer

TimelineTimeline

1700s A.D.1700s A.D. 1750 A.D.1750 A.D. 1750s A.D.1750s A.D.Thousands of enslaved Thousands of enslaved New England is the New England is the South CarolinaSouth Carolina

Africans are brought toAfricans are brought to center of colonial center of colonial and Georgia and Georgia havehave

AmericaAmerica shippingshipping the fastest the fastest

growing colonialgrowing colonial

economieseconomies

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New England ColoniesNew England Colonies Immigration was an Immigration was an

important factor to the important factor to the growth of the coloniesgrowth of the colonies. .

Between 1607 and 1790, Between 1607 and 1790, almost a million people almost a million people came to live in the came to live in the colonies. colonies.

The colonies also grew as The colonies also grew as women married younger women married younger and had more children, as and had more children, as more babies survived more babies survived childhood diseases, and as childhood diseases, and as people began living longer.people began living longer.

New England ColoniesNew England Colonies Most New Englanders Most New Englanders

lived in townslived in towns. Each town . Each town had a meetinghouse facing a had a meetinghouse facing a green where cows grazed green where cows grazed and the army trained. The and the army trained. The meetinghouse was used for meetinghouse was used for both town meetings and both town meetings and church services.church services.

The soil in New England The soil in New England made farming difficult.made farming difficult. Farming produced just Farming produced just enough to meet the needs of enough to meet the needs of families. This was called families. This was called subsistence farmingsubsistence farming. The . The farms in New England were farms in New England were also smaller than those in the also smaller than those in the South.South.

New England ColoniesNew England Colonies Small businesses thrivedSmall businesses thrived. .

Skilled craftspeople, such as Skilled craftspeople, such as blacksmiths, furniture makers, blacksmiths, furniture makers, and printers, started and printers, started businesses. Women often businesses. Women often produced extra candles, produced extra candles, garments, and soup to sell or garments, and soup to sell or trade.trade.

Shipbuilding and fishing Shipbuilding and fishing were important industrieswere important industries. . Trade with Northern and Trade with Northern and Southern colonies and with the Southern colonies and with the West Indies centered in New West Indies centered in New England. For example, England. For example, manufactured goods from manufactured goods from Europe were traded for fish, Europe were traded for fish, furs and fruit from New furs and fruit from New England.England.

New England ColoniesNew England Colonies The triangular trade route The triangular trade route

developeddeveloped. Ships brought . Ships brought sugar and molasses from the sugar and molasses from the West Indies to New England West Indies to New England where the molasses was made where the molasses was made into rum. into rum.

From New England, the rum and From New England, the rum and other manufactured foods were other manufactured foods were shipped to Africa. shipped to Africa.

On the second leg in Africa, On the second leg in Africa, these goods were traded for these goods were traded for enslaved Africans. enslaved Africans.

On the last leg, the enslaved On the last leg, the enslaved Africans were taken to the West Africans were taken to the West Indies where they were sold to Indies where they were sold to planters. The profit was used to planters. The profit was used to buy more molasses, and the buy more molasses, and the triangular trade continued. triangular trade continued.

The Triangular Trade Route

New England ColoniesNew England Colonies One of the worst parts of the triangular trade was One of the worst parts of the triangular trade was

called the called the Middle PassageMiddle Passage. . Enslaved Africans endured inhumane treatment and Enslaved Africans endured inhumane treatment and

conditions during the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. conditions during the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. Olaudah EquianoOlaudah Equiano, a young African forced onto a ship to , a young African forced onto a ship to

America, described the voyage. “America, described the voyage. “I was soon put down I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such . . . [an odor] in under the decks, and there I received such . . . [an odor] in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life . . . The my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life . . . The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us . . . had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us . . . The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole scene a horrorrendered the whole scene a horror.”.”

New EnglandNew England New England’s New England’s

economy economy flourished with its flourished with its trade, shipbuilding trade, shipbuilding and fishing and fishing industriesindustries. .

New England’s New England’s population grew and population grew and towns and cities towns and cities developed.developed.

The Middle ColoniesThe Middle Colonies The Middle Colonies had The Middle Colonies had

fertile soil and a slightly fertile soil and a slightly milder climate than New milder climate than New EnglandEngland.. Therefore, farms in Therefore, farms in the Middle Colonies were larger the Middle Colonies were larger than the farms in New England. than the farms in New England.

As a result, they produced As a result, they produced greater quantities of greater quantities of cash cash cropscrops. Cash crops are crops . Cash crops are crops that could be sold easily in that could be sold easily in markets in the colonies and markets in the colonies and overseas. overseas.

In New York and Pennsylvania, In New York and Pennsylvania, farmers grew large quantities of farmers grew large quantities of wheatwheat. .

The port cities of New York The port cities of New York and Philadelphiaand Philadelphia became busy became busy with the wheat and livestock with the wheat and livestock that were shipped from them.that were shipped from them.

The Middle ColoniesThe Middle Colonies Lumbering, mining, Lumbering, mining,

small-scale small-scale manufacturing, and manufacturing, and home-based craftshome-based crafts (such (such as, carpentry and flour as, carpentry and flour making) were major making) were major industries in the region. industries in the region.

One iron mill in northern One iron mill in northern New Jersey employed New Jersey employed several hundred workers, several hundred workers, many of them from many of them from Germany. Germany.

Other small ironworks Other small ironworks operated in New Jersey operated in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.and Pennsylvania.

The Middle ColoniesThe Middle Colonies Religious and cultural Religious and cultural

differences existed heredifferences existed here. . Immigrants from Germany, Immigrants from Germany,

Holland, Sweden and other non-Holland, Sweden and other non-English countries provided a English countries provided a cultural diversity not found in cultural diversity not found in New England. New England.

Most of the 100,000 German Most of the 100,000 German immigrants who came to America immigrants who came to America during this time settled in during this time settled in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania.

They used agricultural methods They used agricultural methods developed in Europe and became developed in Europe and became successful farmers. successful farmers.

The Germans belonged to The Germans belonged to several Protestant groups. With several Protestant groups. With the the diversitydiversity, or variety, came , or variety, came tolerance for different religions tolerance for different religions and cultures.and cultures.

The Southern ColoniesThe Southern Colonies The Southern Colonies had The Southern Colonies had

rich soil and a warm rich soil and a warm climateclimate. . This made them This made them suited for certain types of suited for certain types of farming. farming.

Southern farmers could Southern farmers could cultivate large areas of land cultivate large areas of land and produce harvests of cash and produce harvests of cash crops. crops.

Because most settlers in the Because most settlers in the Southern Colonies made their Southern Colonies made their living from farming the land, living from farming the land, they did not need to develop they did not need to develop commerce or industry. commerce or industry.

For the most part, London For the most part, London merchants rather than local merchants rather than local merchants managed Southern merchants managed Southern trade.trade.

The Southern ColoniesThe Southern Colonies The economies of the Southern Colonies The economies of the Southern Colonies

were dependent upon tobacco in were dependent upon tobacco in Maryland and Virginia and on rice in Maryland and Virginia and on rice in South Carolina and GeorgiaSouth Carolina and Georgia..

Most of the tobacco was sold in Europe, Most of the tobacco was sold in Europe, where the demand for it was high. where the demand for it was high. Slaveholders with large properties became Slaveholders with large properties became rich on tobacco. rich on tobacco.

Sometimes, a surplus was put on the market, Sometimes, a surplus was put on the market, and the price for tobacco would fall. Some and the price for tobacco would fall. Some tobacco farmers switched to growing other tobacco farmers switched to growing other crops like wheat and corn. crops like wheat and corn.

The rice in South Carolina and Georgia was The rice in South Carolina and Georgia was made by building dams to create the rice made by building dams to create the rice fields called paddies. Work in the rice fields called paddies. Work in the rice paddies involved standing knee deep in the paddies involved standing knee deep in the mud all day with no protection from the sun mud all day with no protection from the sun or the insects. or the insects.

Rice was even more profitable than tobacco. Rice was even more profitable than tobacco. Rice became popular in southern Europe and Rice became popular in southern Europe and prices rose steadily. prices rose steadily. By the 1750s, South By the 1750s, South Carolina and Georgia had the fastest-growing Carolina and Georgia had the fastest-growing economies in the colonieseconomies in the colonies. .

The Southern ColoniesThe Southern Colonies Growing tobacco and rice was Growing tobacco and rice was

dependent upon slave labordependent upon slave labor.. At first At first tobacco planters used indentured tobacco planters used indentured servants to work in the fields. When servants to work in the fields. When indentured servants became scarce and indentured servants became scarce and expensive, they used slaves instead. expensive, they used slaves instead. Slave labor was also used for rice Slave labor was also used for rice harvesting. harvesting.

Tobacco and rice were grown on Tobacco and rice were grown on plantationsplantations.. A A plantationplantation, or large farm, , or large farm, was often on a river so crops could be was often on a river so crops could be shipped easily by boat. shipped easily by boat.

Each plantation was a community Each plantation was a community consisting of a main house, kitchens, consisting of a main house, kitchens, slave cabins, barns, stables, outbuildings slave cabins, barns, stables, outbuildings and perhaps a chapel and a school. and perhaps a chapel and a school.

Most of the large Southern plantations Most of the large Southern plantations were in the were in the TidewaterTidewater region of the region of the South. The Tidewater region is a region South. The Tidewater region is a region of flat, low-lying plains along the of flat, low-lying plains along the seacoast. seacoast.

The Southern ColoniesThe Southern Colonies West of the Tidewater, lay a region West of the Tidewater, lay a region

of hills and forests climbing up of hills and forests climbing up toward the Appalachian Mountains. toward the Appalachian Mountains.

This region was known as the This region was known as the backcountrybackcountry and was settled in part and was settled in part by hardy new settlers to the by hardy new settlers to the colonies. colonies.

These settlers grew corn and These settlers grew corn and tobacco on small farms. They tobacco on small farms. They usually worked alone or with their usually worked alone or with their families, although some had one or families, although some had one or two enslaved Africans to help. two enslaved Africans to help.

These independent small farmers These independent small farmers outnumbered the large plantation outnumbered the large plantation owners. owners.

The plantation owners, however, had The plantation owners, however, had greater wealth and more influence. greater wealth and more influence.

The plantation owners controlled the The plantation owners controlled the economic and political life of the economic and political life of the regionregion..

Slavery in the SouthSlavery in the South Slavery was the main Slavery was the main

reason for the economic reason for the economic success of the Southsuccess of the South. . It It was criticized as being was criticized as being inhumane. Some colonists inhumane. Some colonists did not believe in slavery, nor did not believe in slavery, nor would they own enslaved would they own enslaved people.people.

Most of the enslaved Most of the enslaved Africans in North America Africans in North America lived on plantationslived on plantations.. Many Many suffered cruel treatment. suffered cruel treatment.

All of the Southern Colonies All of the Southern Colonies had slave labor and had slave labor and slave slave codescodes, or strict rules that , or strict rules that governed the enslaved governed the enslaved Africans. All colonists were Africans. All colonists were encouraged to enforce these encouraged to enforce these laws. laws.

Slavery in the SouthSlavery in the South Although many enslaved Africans Although many enslaved Africans

saw their families torn apart and saw their families torn apart and suffered from harsh treatment, they suffered from harsh treatment, they also developed their own culture as also developed their own culture as enslaved people. enslaved people.

This culture was based on their This culture was based on their West African homelands. The slaves West African homelands. The slaves drew strength from their African drew strength from their African roots and the culture they roots and the culture they developed was based on the developed was based on the language, customs, and religions of language, customs, and religions of West Africa. West Africa.

Some slaves were given the Some slaves were given the opportunity to learn trades and opportunity to learn trades and become skilled workers. If they become skilled workers. If they were lucky enough to buy their were lucky enough to buy their freedom, they developed freedom, they developed communities with other free African communities with other free African Americans.Americans.

The debate over slavery ended The debate over slavery ended in a war with the North against in a war with the North against the South – The Civil Warthe South – The Civil War. .