Upload
alexina-cunningham
View
237
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 4, Section 1
Social Structure - interrelated statuses and roles
that guide human relationships
Status - socially defined position in a group
Statuses
Ascribed Status - inherited traits, or assigned
automatically when reach a certain age
Achieved Status - acquired on the basis of a
person’s direct effort (competition) (based on
knowledge, skills, ability)
Master Status - plays biggest role in person’s life
and determining your social identity
* Can be either Ascribed or Achieved
Chapter 4, Section 1
Roles
Role - Behavior, rights, obligations expected of the
person having that
status
Reciprocal Roles- corresponding roles that define the
patterns of interaction between related statuses
Role Expectation - socially determined behavior
expected of person to perform a role
Role Performance - actual behavior of person
performing a role
*actual behavior DOES NOT match society’s
expectations
Role Conflict - fulfilling one role interferes with
fulfilling another
Role Strain - difficulty of a person meeting an
expectation of a single status
Chapter 4, Section 1
Social Institutions - system of statuses, roles,
values, norms ORGANIZED to satisfy ONE or
MORE of BASIC NEEDS of society.
7 Major social institutions:
1. Family 5. Economy
2. Politics 6. Science
3. Religion 7. Sports
4. Education
Basic needs of society:
1. Physical and emotional support
2. Transmitting knowledge
3. Producing goods/services
4. Maintaining social control
Chapter 4, Section 2
Nature of Social Interaction - Takes many forms,
Some stabilize social structure, some promote
change
5 Types of Interaction
1. Exchange - occurs whenever people, groups,
societies interact in an effort to receive a reward
or return for your action.
Ex. Dating, friendship, worker
Reciprocity - is the root of EXCHANGE; idea if you
do something for someone then they owe you
Exchange Theory - people are motivated by self-
interest behavior that is rewarded tends to be
repeated
*if cost is greater than reward, behavior is likely
to stop
Chapter 4, Section 2
5 Types of Interaction
2. Competition - occurs when 2 or more persons or
groups oppose
each other to attain a goal that only one can achieve
-can be positive(if follow accepted rules of conduct); can be
negative (lead to psych stress, inequality, or conflict)
3. Conflict - emphasis is on defeating the opponent
-deliberate attempt to control by force, oppose, or
harm, or resist the will of another person. (Few rules of
conduct and sometimes ignored.)
George Simmel identified 4 sources of conflict:
1. Wars
2. 2. Disagreements
3. Legal disputes
4. Clashes over ideology (religion/politics)
Chapter 4, Section 2
5 Types of Interaction
Conflict can be positive:
1 - reinforces group boundaries
2 - strengthens group loyalty
3 - draws attention away from internal problems
4 - leads to social change by bringing up problems
and forcing opposing sides to seek solutions
Chapter 4, Section 2
4. Cooperation - occurs when 2 or more persons
or group work together to achieve a goal that
will benefit many people
5. Accommodation - state of balance between
cooperation and conflict; Most interactions fall in
this category
Many forms:
1.Compromise - both parties give up something
for a
mutual agreement
2. Truce - conflict halted until compromise is
made
3. Mediation - 3rd party acts as an advisor so an
agreement
can be reached
4. Arbitration - 3rd party provides binding
decision.
Chapter 4, Section 3
Types of Societies
Most common way to classify societies is their
SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES
The way in which a society uses its technology to
provide for the needs of its members
Simple System
-Division of labor (specialization by individuals or
groups)
-(in performance of economic tasks) is mainly
involved in meeting the basic needs (particularly
food) of their society
-as subsistence strategies become more efficient
(more technology), it takes fewer people to
provide for basic needs therefore the division of
labor becomes more complex because there is
more time to pursue new occupations.
Chapter 4, Section 3
Pre-Industrial Society
- food production (human and animal labor)
- main economic function subdivided into:
Hunting and Gathering - (Pre-Industrial)
- main form of subsistence is the daily
collection of
plants and animals
- mobile to search for food
- no permanent villages
- limited number of members 40-100
- most decisions made by general
agreement
- family main social unit
Chapter 4, Section 3
Pastoral Societies - Pre-Industrial
-rely on domestic herd animals therefore
increased food
supply enables pastoral societies to support
more people
-food surplus gives rise to economic and political
institutions
creating inequalities in wealth and providing
goods to be traded
-transmission of wealth and power from one
generation to another forms typical form of
government = Hereditary Chieftainship
Chapter 4, Section 3
Horticultural Societies - Pre-Industrial
-vegetables main food source
-slash/burn technology
-food surplus = some don’t have to produce food
therefore new roles emerge (ex. traders,
shamans (religious leaders) craftsmen)
-have relatively permanent villages
Chapter 4, Section 3
Agricultural Societies - Pre-Industrial
-animals and plows used in tilling of fields
-higher crop yields more population
-also fewer needed in crop production
-also fewer needed in crop production therefore
people
began new roles, power concentrated in the
hands of a few.
-power transferred from one generation to next
-engage in warfare
-trade (barter) important in society
-status differences arise - landowners, peasants
Chapter 4, Section 3
Industrial Societies
-shift from production of food to production of
manufactured goods
-bulk of production carried out through use of
machinery
-Industrialization leads to urbanization
-education done outside home
-need for mass literacy
-religion loses ground as only source of morality due to
use
of values and beliefs stemming from science,
education,
government.
-individual has more control over their position in the
social
structure - not just inherited
Chapter 4, Section 3
Post-Industrial Society
-much of economy is involved in the production
of
information and provision of services
-result of transition from Industrial to Post
Industrial
-standard of living higher
-wages higher
-science/tech improved quality of life
-more career advancement
Chapter 4, Section 3
Why Societies Hold Together (contrasting
societies)
Pre-Industrial Societies held together by
Mechanical Solidarity
-close knit relationships that result when a small
group of
people share same values and perform same
tasks.
-As society becomes more complex: society is
held together by: Organic Solidarity
-impersonal social relationships that arise with
increased job
specialization
-individuals can no longer take care of their
needs –
therefore all become dependent on others for
aspects of
their survival
Chapter 4, Section 3
Final Way to Contrast a Society
-based on the structure of social relationships
and the
degree of shared values among members
-Gemeinschaft - community
-society where most members know each other
-activity centers on the family and community
-strong sense of group solidarity
Chapter 4, Section 3
Gesellschaft - society
-where most social relationships found or are
based on need
rather than emotion
-impersonal and temporary relationships
-traditional values weak
-individual goals more important than group
goals
Chapter 4, Section 4
Characteristics of Groups
1. Set of 2 or more people
2. Interaction
3. Must have shared expectations
4. Possess some degree of common identity
Groups can be LARGE/SMALL, FORMAL/INFORMAL
Types of Group Structures
Aggregate - people gather without organization
or pattern
of interaction
ex. Waiting in line to get a ticket - movie, plane,
concert
Social Category - groups of people who do NOT
interact at all yet are CLASSIFIED together due to
a SHARED TRAIT or COMMON STATUS
ex. Students, women, men, elderly, ethnic
groups
Chapter 4, Section 4
Groups differentiate on the basis of :
1. Time - how often the group meets
ex. Family-Off/On; different times but for the most of
your life
*regardless of group contact is NOT
continuous
2. Organization Structure - formal/informal
Formal group - structure, goals, activities of group
clearly defined
Informal group - no official structure or established
rule conduct
3. Size - varies greatly
Dyad = smallest group with 2 people; each member has
direct control over the groups existence because if one
leaves the group CEASES to EXIST
Triad = 3 person group
group is independent because NO ONE individual can
break the group therefore decision making is usually
easier; sm grp = up to 15
Chapter 4, Section 4
Types of Groups
Ways to classify: Degree of intimacy between members
Continuum between Primary/Secondary group
relationships
Family Friends School Clubs Classroom
Job
Primary
Secondary
Primary Group = small group who interact over a
relatively long period of time on both direct and
personal basis
Ex. communication is deep and intense, structure
informal, personal satisfaction of primary importance;
*family - usually most PRIMARY
Secondary Group = interaction is impersonal and
temporary in nature
Ex. involves reaction to part of person’s personality; person’s
importance in group involves their function in that group;
person who drops from group – replaceable; *important
because a secondary group usually organized around a goal;
* within a secondary group may development primary group
Chapter 4, Section 4
Reference Group - any group with whom
individuals identify and whose attitudes and
values they adopt
ex. Friendship groups, school clubs, occupation
*can either have a positive or negative effect on
behavior
All groups have boundaries or methods of telling who are
members and who is not
In Group - group that a person belongs to and identifies with
characteristics
1. Group members tend to separate themselves from other
groups through
use of symbols (name, clothes, etc)
2. Members view themselves in terms of positive images
(outgroups viewed negative)
3. Ingroups generally compete with outgroups (possible
conflict)
Out group - any group that the person does not belong to or
identify with
Chapter 4, Section 4
Social Network Characteristics
Direct relationships - interact with primary and
secondary groups
Indirect relationships - people we know or who
know us but have little interaction (friend of
friend)
No clear boundaries
No Common sense of identity
*they DO give us a sense of community and provide us
with careers and social advancement
We all belong to more than one group and interact
with more than one set of people therefore the
web of relationships that is formed by the whole
of our interactions with others is called SOCIAL
NETWORK
Chapter 4, Section 4
Group Functions
Leader - people who influence the attitudes and
opinions of
others
Instrumental Leaders - task oriented
Expressive Leaders - emotion oriented
Chapter 4, Section 5
Structure of Formal Organizations
Large complex secondary group that has been
established to achieve specific goals
Formal Organization - school, business,
government
Structure - bureaucracy = ranked authority
structure guided by specific rules
Max Weber’s Model of Bureaucracy
1. Division of Labor
2. Ranking Authority
3. Employment based on formal qualifications
4. Rules and Regulations
5. Specific lines of promotion - advancement
Chapter 4, Section 5
Advantages
1. Get things done with speed and efficiency
2. Large amount of production output
3. Create order by defining job tasks
4. Stable because people come and go but the organization
remains the same
Disadvantages
1. Individual goals within the organization get lost
2. People - job becomes a ritual and creativity is lost
3. Rules take the place of common sense
4. Employees are often promoted to higher jobs than they are
qualified to do
5. Red tape
6. Real power tends to end up in the hands of only a few
(oligarchies)
This tendency is called IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY (Sociologist Robert
Michels)
Chapter 4, Section 5
PARKINSON’S LAW
Work expands to fill the time available for its completion
If person in this system is overworked he will want to
have subordinates to work under him. Instead of
lessening the work load, it increases because he now
must approve all they do.