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Chapter 4 Distribution and ecology of trees in east African drylands Thomas A. Groen (Twente University) Roeland Kindt (ICRAF)

Chapter 4 V1.3 - Universiteit Twente · – Wildlife culling +/‐ ... Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa. Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland

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Page 1: Chapter 4 V1.3 - Universiteit Twente · – Wildlife culling +/‐ ... Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa. Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland

Chapter 4

Distribution and ecology of trees in east African drylands

Thomas A. Groen (Twente University)Roeland Kindt (ICRAF)

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Chapter 4Set‐up so far:• What are the definitions of

(to be defined in concordance with workshop attenders):– Aridity (Aridity indices, which one to use?)– Trees (structural, functional, ecological)– Tree lands/Shrublands (physiognomy…

• What determines tree cover– Abiotic factors (rainfall, soil etc…)– Biotic factors (herbivory, fire)– Human interference with these factors

• Distinct vegetation types with trees in arid lands– Species composition of these types– Distribution in East Africa– Relative importance in the different countries– Usage by humans

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Talking about tree cover

Next to tree cover:• Total Biomass• Tree Height• Canopy density• Number of trees• Stem diameter• Species type

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What determines tree cover• Abiotic factors 

– Rainfall +– Soil +/‐– Temperature ‐– [CO2] C3 trees vs C4 Grasses +

• Biotic factors – Competition with grass ‐

– Herbivory• Grazing +

• Browsing ‐– Fire ‐

• Human interference– Harvesting ‐

• Leaves• Fruits• Branches• Clear cut

– Livestock raising +/‐– Wildlife culling +/‐

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What determines tree cover

– Abiotic factors (rainfall, soil etc…)

Source: Sankaran et al. 2005 Source: Staver et al. 20

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What determines tree cover

What determines tree cover

Source: Bertram and Dewar  2013

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What determines tree cover

Source: Staver et al. 2012

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What determines tree cover

• Biotic factors (herbivory, fire)

Source: Van Langevelde et al. 2003

grass

Source: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/blog/2009/10/23/goats‐in‐trees/

Source: http://www.fire.uni‐freiburg.de/photos/za/za.htm

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What determines tree cover

Source: http://www.crlonghorns.com/Default.aspx?id=8277

http://www.adventurecampstz.com/PHOTOGALLERIES/Ruaha/Ruaha%20Other%20Animals/pages/24%20Kudu%20horns,%20Ruaha_jpg.htm

Page 10: Chapter 4 V1.3 - Universiteit Twente · – Wildlife culling +/‐ ... Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa. Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland

What determines tree cover

Page 11: Chapter 4 V1.3 - Universiteit Twente · – Wildlife culling +/‐ ... Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa. Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland

What determines tree cover

Source: Staver et al. 2012

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Page 13: Chapter 4 V1.3 - Universiteit Twente · – Wildlife culling +/‐ ... Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa. Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland
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Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa

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Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland and thicket

Page 16: Chapter 4 V1.3 - Universiteit Twente · – Wildlife culling +/‐ ... Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa. Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland

Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland and thicket

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Somalia‐Masai semi‐desert grassland and shrubland

Page 18: Chapter 4 V1.3 - Universiteit Twente · – Wildlife culling +/‐ ... Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa. Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland

Somalia‐Masai semi‐desert grassland and shrubland

Page 19: Chapter 4 V1.3 - Universiteit Twente · – Wildlife culling +/‐ ... Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa. Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland

Somalia‐Masai East African evergreen and semi‐evergreen bushland and thicket /secondary (biotic) Acacia wooded grassland

Page 20: Chapter 4 V1.3 - Universiteit Twente · – Wildlife culling +/‐ ... Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa. Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland

Somalia‐Masai East African evergreen and semi‐evergreen bushland and thicket /secondary (biotic) Acacia wooded grassland

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Drier Zambezian miombo woodland (yellowish)Wetter Zambezian miombo woodland (greenish)

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Drier Zambezian miombo woodlandWetter Zambezian miombo woodland

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Sudanian undifferentiated woodlandSudanian woodland with abundant Isoberlinia

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Sudanian undifferentiated woodlandSudanian woodland with abundant Isoberlinia

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Decision‐support tools for species selection

“ICRAF have a nifty new tool out called Useful Tree Species for Africa. I’ve been playing around with it and I have to say it’s impressive.”Luigi Guarino http://agro.biodiver.se/)

http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/our_products/databases

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VECEA: A higher resolution map for 7 countries in eastern Africa(Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania  and Zambia)

http://www.vegetationmap4africa.org

Page 27: Chapter 4 V1.3 - Universiteit Twente · – Wildlife culling +/‐ ... Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa. Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland

VECEA: A higher resolution map for 7 countries in eastern Africa(Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania  and Zambia)

http://www.vegetationmap4africa.org

Page 28: Chapter 4 V1.3 - Universiteit Twente · – Wildlife culling +/‐ ... Major natural vegetation types in the Horn of Africa. Somalia‐Masai Acacia‐Commiphora deciduous bushland

VECEA: A higher resolution map for 7 countries in eastern Africa(Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania  and Zambia)

http://www.vegetationmap4africa.org

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Agroforestry Species Switchboard(coming soon)

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Chapter 4

Distribution and ecology of trees in east African drylands

Thomas A. Groen (Twente University)Roeland Kindt (ICRAF)