Chapter 40 Notes Introduction to Animal Structure and
Function
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Concept 40.1 Anatomy: the study of the structure of an organism
Physiology: study of the functions an organism performs Structure
and function are interrelated
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Concept 40.1 Physical laws constrain animal form - ex. an
amoeba the size of a human could not move material across its
membrane fast enough - ex. the laws of hydrodynamics constrain the
shapes that are possible for aquatic animals to swim fast
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Concept 40.1
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Concept 40.2 In most animals, combinations of various tissues
make up organs, and groups of organs that work together form organ
systems. Tissues: groups of cells with a common structure and
function - epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
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Concept 40.2 Epithelial tissue: - covers the outside of the
body and lines the organs within the body - cells are held together
by tight junctions - epithelial cells are classified by the number
of cell layers and the shape of the cells
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Concept 40.2
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Connective tissue: - functions to bind and support other
tissues - connective tissue fibers are composed of proteins - ex.
loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, fibrous connective tissue,
cartilage, bone, and blood
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Concept 40.2
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Nervous tissue: - senses stimuli and transmits signals from one
part of the animal to another - nerve cells, or neurons, are
specialized to transmit signals
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Concept 40.2
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Muscle tissue: - composed of long cells called muscle fibers
that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses -
skeletal (striated) muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
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Concept 40.2
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Concept 40.5 Many animals tend to maintain relatively constant
conditions in their internal environment, even when their external
environment changes - ex. body temp = 37 o C; pH = 7.4 Animals
maintain homeostasis, or internal balance within their systems
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Concept 40.5 Homeostatic control systems have three functional
components - the receptor detects a change - the control center
processes information - the effector directs the appropriate
response
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Concept 40.5 Negative feedback: a change in the variable being
monitored triggers the control mechanism to counteract further
change - ex. control of the temperature of a room - ex. control of
body temp.
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Concept 40.5
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Positive feedback: a change in some variable that triggers
mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse change Regulated
change: some are cyclical such as in hormone levels in women while
others are reactions to challenges of the body (like
infections).
