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Chapter 40 “The Immune Chapter 40 “The Immune SystemSystem””
40.1 “Disease”40.1 “Disease” Objective: Objective:
Define the term “disease”Define the term “disease”Describe “Germ Theory” & Describe “Germ Theory” & “Koch’s Postulates”“Koch’s Postulates”
Discuss disease Transmission & Discuss disease Transmission & Prevention.Prevention.
IntroductionIntroduction (Do not write) (Do not write)
How would you define an infection?How would you define an infection? Sickness, contamination of some sort.Sickness, contamination of some sort. By what?By what? Bacteria, or some “other” disease Bacteria, or some “other” disease
causing organism.causing organism. How does the human body become How does the human body become
infected?infected? Cuts, breathing, eatingCuts, breathing, eating
DiseaseDisease
A A diseasedisease is any change, other is any change, other than injury, that disrupts than injury, that disrupts “normal” body functions“normal” body functions..
Some are inherited Some are inherited (hemophilia), some are caused (hemophilia), some are caused by environment, others by by environment, others by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
PathogensPathogens
Infect the bodyInfect the body Cause diseaseCause disease
VirusVirus
BacteriaBacteria
Malaria ParasiteMalaria Parasite
The Germ TheoryThe Germ Theory
Observations made by Louis Observations made by Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch concluded Pasteur & Robert Koch concluded that diseases were caused by that diseases were caused by “germs”, rather than “evil “germs”, rather than “evil spirits”.spirits”.
Koch developed guidelines to Koch developed guidelines to identify microorganisms that identify microorganisms that caused diseasescaused diseases
Agents of DiseaseAgents of Disease Ideal conditions for pathogen Ideal conditions for pathogen
growth - your body! growth - your body! Most are harmlessMost are harmless
Bacteria release toxins which Bacteria release toxins which make you sickmake you sick
Viruses (non-living) invade cells Viruses (non-living) invade cells and eventually cause them to pop and eventually cause them to pop
TransmissionTransmission Coughing, sneezing, physical Coughing, sneezing, physical
contact.contact. Contaminated food & water.Contaminated food & water. Infected animals.Infected animals. Vectors - animals that carry the Vectors - animals that carry the
disease causing organism (ticks, disease causing organism (ticks, mosquitoes)mosquitoes)
Fighting PathogensFighting Pathogens
PreventionPrevention Drugs Drugs Antibiotic – attacks cell Antibiotic – attacks cell
wall of bacteriawall of bacteria Do not work against Do not work against
viruses – no cell wallviruses – no cell wall
40.2 “The Body’s 40.2 “The Body’s Defense SystemDefense System””
Objective:Objective: Identify Non-Specific & Identify Non-Specific &
Specific Defenses.Specific Defenses. Define/describe the term Define/describe the term
Immunity.Immunity.
IntroductionIntroduction (do not write)(do not write)
With so many pathogens, why With so many pathogens, why aren’t you sick all the time?aren’t you sick all the time? Your body has a protective system; Your body has a protective system;
a series of defenses that guard a series of defenses that guard against disease.against disease.
Like walls that act as barriers & Like walls that act as barriers & security guards trained to spot security guards trained to spot invaders.invaders.
Immune SystemImmune System
Primary defense against Primary defense against pathogenspathogens
Nonspecific defensesNonspecific defensesBlock out everythingBlock out everything
Specific defensesSpecific defensesAttack a specific pathogenAttack a specific pathogen
Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses
First line of defenseFirst line of defense = = the skin, mucus, sweat, the skin, mucus, sweat, stomach acidstomach acid
Skin is the most Skin is the most important nonspecific important nonspecific defense.defense.
Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response Second line of non-specific Second line of non-specific
defensesdefenses Pathogens may enter body Pathogens may enter body
through a cutthrough a cut Area swells, gets redArea swells, gets red WBC released into injured areaWBC released into injured area Pathogens vs. WBC Pathogens vs. WBC
Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response
SkinWound
Bacteria enter the wound
WBCs move into the area and engulf the bacteria and cell debris
Capillary
Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses Powerful defense against a Powerful defense against a
“specific” pathogen.“specific” pathogen. S. defenses produce immunity S. defenses produce immunity
against pathogens.against pathogens. Two types of immunity: Anti-Two types of immunity: Anti-
body & Cell Mediated body & Cell Mediated Immunities.Immunities.
Antibody ImmunityAntibody Immunity Molecules on Molecules on
surface of surface of pathogens called pathogens called antigensantigens
Antigens trigger Antigens trigger immune responseimmune response
B cells (WBC) make B cells (WBC) make proteins called proteins called antibodies which antibodies which stick to antigens stick to antigens
VaccinesVaccines First vaccine was in late 1700s First vaccine was in late 1700s
against small poxagainst small pox Weakened pathogen is injected Weakened pathogen is injected
into bodyinto body Body mounts an immune response Body mounts an immune response
without getting sickwithout getting sick Immune system develops a memory of Immune system develops a memory of
the pathogen = permanent immunitythe pathogen = permanent immunity
Cell-Mediated ImmunityCell-Mediated Immunity
Powerful Immune System Powerful Immune System weapon = Killer T cell.weapon = Killer T cell.
Kill infected body cells.Kill infected body cells. Can cause transplantation Can cause transplantation
rejection.rejection. Helper T cells & Suppressor T Helper T cells & Suppressor T
cells.cells.
Immune DisordersImmune Disorders Two main types of disorders: Auto-Two main types of disorders: Auto-
Immune (overreaction) & Immune (overreaction) & Weakening of I.S. (AIDS).Weakening of I.S. (AIDS).
Allergies: overreaction to antigen Allergies: overreaction to antigen in environment.in environment.
Histamines are released = Histamines are released = inflammatory response.inflammatory response. AsthmaAsthma
Auto-Immune DiseasesAuto-Immune Diseases
Immune System attacks Immune System attacks body’s own cells.body’s own cells.
Ex - Rheumatoid arthritis Ex - Rheumatoid arthritis & Multiple sclerosis& Multiple sclerosis
HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS
HIV attacks T HIV attacks T cellscells
Kills T cells = Kills T cells = kills immune kills immune systemsystem
New viruses leaving an New viruses leaving an infected T cellinfected T cell
40.3 “Cancer40.3 “Cancer””
Objective: Objective: Define Cancer.Define Cancer. Identify causes of Identify causes of
Cancer.Cancer.
CancerCancer
2nd leading cause of death in 2nd leading cause of death in U.SU.S
Cancer is uncontrollable cell Cancer is uncontrollable cell growth which forms malignant growth which forms malignant tumors.tumors.
Caused by mutations, or Caused by mutations, or changes in DNA.changes in DNA.
CausesCauses
VirusesViruses HPV is sexually HPV is sexually
transmitted and may transmitted and may lead to reproductive lead to reproductive cancers. cancers.
Hepatitis leads to Hepatitis leads to liver cancer.liver cancer.