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Chapter 5Chapter 5Eastern River
Valleys
Eastern River
Valleys
Eastern River Valley
Civilizations
River Valley civilizations were more isolated than Egypt & Mesopotamia
River Valley civilizations were more isolated than Egypt & Mesopotamia•Mountains•Deserts•Large bodies of water•Did not trade with other parts of the world
•Mountains•Deserts•Large bodies of water•Did not trade with other parts of the world
Eastern River Valley civilizations became self sufficient:
Eastern River Valley civilizations became self sufficient:
Able to take care of nearly all their own
needs
Able to take care of nearly all their own
needs
Section 1Section 1The Indus
River Valley
The Indus River Valley
Indus River Valley civilization:Indus River Valley civilization:•Present day Pakistan & India•Settled by Harappans in 2500 B.C.
•Covered area of 1000 miles (from foothills of Himalayas to Indian Ocean
•Twice as large as Mesopotamia or Egypt
•Present day Pakistan & India•Settled by Harappans in 2500 B.C.
•Covered area of 1000 miles (from foothills of Himalayas to Indian Ocean
•Twice as large as Mesopotamia or Egypt
HarappansHarappans•First civilization
•Not first people to settle area
•First civilization
•Not first people to settle area
Harappans life revolved around Indus River:
Harappans life revolved around Indus River:•Fertilized land /
rich soil•Built dikes and dams to control flooding
•Built irrigation system
•Fertilized land / rich soil
•Built dikes and dams to control flooding
•Built irrigation system
Crops included:Crops included:
•Barley, wheat, peas, melons, dates
•Fish from river•Cotton
•Barley, wheat, peas, melons, dates
•Fish from river•Cotton
CottonCotton•First to grow cotton•First to spin cotton•First to weave cotton into cloth
•First to dye with bright colors
•First to grow cotton•First to spin cotton•First to weave cotton into cloth
•First to dye with bright colors
River also influenced city construction:
River also influenced city construction:•Built on raised mounds
•Mud from river used to make bricks
•Bricks were sometimes fired (baked) in kilns (ovens); this made bricks stronger
•Built on raised mounds•Mud from river used to make bricks
•Bricks were sometimes fired (baked) in kilns (ovens); this made bricks stronger
Mohenjo-Daro
Mohenjo-DaroMohenjo-Daro•Found by archeologist, R. D. Banerji in 1922
•He found stone seals that led to excavation
•Began digging in 1924
•Found by archeologist, R. D. Banerji in 1922
•He found stone seals that led to excavation
•Began digging in 1924
Archeological findings confirmed ancient civilization….
Archeological findings confirmed ancient civilization….•Mohenjo-Daro
thrived around 2500 B.C.
•Was southern center of widespread civilization
•Mohenjo-Daro thrived around 2500 B.C.
•Was southern center of widespread civilization
http://www.harappa.com/indus4/index.html
HarappaHarappa
HarappaHarappa•Northern center of civilization
•400 miles from Mohenjo-Daro
•Northern center of civilization
•400 miles from Mohenjo-Daro
400 miles between Harappa &Mohenjo-Daro
400 miles between Harappa &Mohenjo-Daro
LothalLothal•Ruins of dockyard•Suggest Indus Valley people used boats for transportation
•Could sail through Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia
•Ruins of dockyard•Suggest Indus Valley people used boats for transportation
•Could sail through Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia
City Construction of Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa
City Construction of Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa•Planned community: city built to a definite plan
•Hundreds of small buildings: homes & small shops
•Planned community: city built to a definite plan
•Hundreds of small buildings: homes & small shops
•Laid out in a grid: (uniform network)
•Houses were two stories w/ courtyard
•Had bathrooms, wells and drains: drains carried waste and were cleaned regularly; this protected health
•Laid out in a grid: (uniform network)
•Houses were two stories w/ courtyard
•Had bathrooms, wells and drains: drains carried waste and were cleaned regularly; this protected health
Each city had its own citadel (fortress):Each city had its own citadel (fortress):•Mound 40 ft. high•Surrounded by thick wall•Inside was huge water tank called Great Bath
•Next to Bath was huge granary
•Mound 40 ft. high•Surrounded by thick wall•Inside was huge water tank called Great Bath
•Next to Bath was huge granary
70 other cities have been found covering an area more than three times the
size of California
70 other cities have been found covering an area more than three times the
size of California
What happened to the Harappan
civilization
What happened to the Harappan
civilization
??
Decline of Harappa:Decline of Harappa:
Maybe…They used up natural resources…over farmed the land
Maybe…They used up natural resources…over farmed the land
Possibility #1Possibility #1
Possibility #2Possibility #2Maybe…Cut down too many treesto fuel oven
(deforestation)
Maybe…Cut down too many treesto fuel oven
(deforestation)-without trees the floods swept away soil
-without trees the floods swept away soil -city was rebuilt several times (each time it was built weaker)
-city was rebuilt several times (each time it was built weaker)
Possibility #3Possibility #3Maybe…Invaders attacked and killed all Harappans
Maybe…Invaders attacked and killed all Harappans
-skeletons of men, women, & children have been found unburied
-skeletons of men, women, & children have been found unburied
-all skeletons had evidence of some type of injury
-all skeletons had evidence of some type of injury
http://www.harappa.com/har/har0.html
http://www.harappa.com/har/har0.html
Evidence of Lost Civilizations
Evidence of Lost Civilizations
•Have found writings of the Harappans but hasn’t been translated
•No records of political history
•No royal tombs
•Have found writings of the Harappans but hasn’t been translated
•No records of political history
•No royal tombs
•Found jewelry made of gold and lapis lazuli (blue stone)
•Found weapons and tools of stone, bronze, copper•Found stone seals
•Found jewelry made of gold and lapis lazuli (blue stone)
•Found weapons and tools of stone, bronze, copper•Found stone seals
Stone SealsStone Seals•Pictures of animals (tigers, elephants, rhinoceri, crocodiles – suggest jungle)•Lines of writing•Small hole – necklace•Found in Sumer•May have been used to mark
property
•Pictures of animals (tigers, elephants, rhinoceri, crocodiles – suggest jungle)•Lines of writing•Small hole – necklace•Found in Sumer•May have been used to mark
property
•Found clay models of animals
•Rattles•Dice•Toy carts with movable wheels
•Found clay models of animals
•Rattles•Dice•Toy carts with movable wheels
•This civilization began to change around 1700 B.C.
•This civilization began to change around 1700 B.C.•1200 B.C. – Aryans had taken over
•1200 B.C. – Aryans had taken over