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1
CHAPTER 5
Infrastructure Components
PART I
2ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
2
Learning Objectives:
To discuss: The need for SQA procedures Procedures and procedure manuals Work instructions and work instruction manuals The organizational framework for preparing,
implementing and updating procedures and work instructions
To be able to: Explain the contribution of procedures to SQA Explain the difference between procedures and
work instructions List the activities involved in maintaining an
organization’s procedures manual.
3ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Infrastructure components are tools employed to prevent software errors and promote the quality level of the entire organization.
4ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Procedures and work instruction. Quality support devices like templates
and checklists. Staff SQA training and certification
activities. Preventive and corrective actions. Software configuration management. Documentation and quality records control.
5ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Procedures and work instructions
QA procedures: provide detailed definitions for the performance of specific types of development activities in a way that assures effective achievement of quality results.
Procedures are planned to be generally applicable and to serve the entire organization.
6ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Procedures and work instructions
Work instructions: provide detailed directions for the use of methods that are applied in unique instances and employed by specialized teams.
7ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
The organization’s SQA procedures
SQA work instructions
The organization’s SQA policy
International or national SQA standard
8ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
The need for procedures and work instructions
Performance of tasks, processes or activities in the most effective and efficient way.
Effective and efficient communication between development and maintenance teams that reduces the misunderstandings which lead to software errors.
Simplified coordination between tasks and activities performed by various teams that means fewer errors.
9ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Procedures
The Five W’s: issues resolved by procedures:What activities have to be performed?How should each activity be performed?When should the activity be performed?Where should the activity be performed?Who should perform the activity?
10ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
1. Introduction *2. Purpose3. Terms and abbreviations *4. Applicable documents5. Method6. Quality records and documentation7. Reporting and follow-up *8. Responsibility for implementation *9. List of appendices *
Appendices
* Sections included if applicable
Fixed table of contents for procedures
11ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
The procedures manual
Procedures manual: collection of all SQA procedures.
Contents: The types of software development and
maintenance activities carried out by the organization
The range of activities belonging to each activity type
The range of customers and suppliers The conceptions governing the choice of method
applied by the organization to achieve desired SQA objectives.
12ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Works instructions and work instruction manual
Work instructions deal with the application of procedures, adapted to the requirements of a specific project team, customer, or other relevant party.
While general methodology is defined in a procedure, the precise details that allow its application to a specific project or unit are often laid out in a work procedure.
In no case can work instructions contradict their parent procedure, although several instructions can be associated with any given procedure.
13ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Procedures and work instruction: preparation, implementation and updating
An active SQA procedures manual conceals numerous, often ongoing activities that guarantee the procedures continued applicabilityPreparation of new procedures Implementation of new or revised
proceduresUpdating procedures
14ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Technological changes in development tools, hardware, communication equipment, etc.
Changes in the organization's areas of activity User proposals for improvement Analysis of failures as well as successes Proposals for improvements initiated by Internet audit
reports Learning from the experience of other organizations Experiences of the SQA team
15ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Supporting Quality Devices
TemplatesChecklists
16ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Templates
Template: a format (especially table of contents) created by units or organizations, to be applied when compiling a report or some other type of document.
Example:STP, STD, STR, SRS, etc.
17ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
The contribution of templates to software quality
For development team: Facilitates the process of preparing documents. Documents prepared by developer are more
complete. Provides for easier integration of new team
members. Facilitates review of documents.
For software maintenance team: Enables easier location of the information.
18ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
The organizational framework of templates
Preparation of new templatesApplication of templatesUpdating templates
19ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Preparation of new templates
The most common information sources used in preparing a template: Informal templates already used in the
organization.Template example found in professional
publications.Templates used by similar organizations.
20ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Application of templates
Several fundamental decisions are involved in the implementation of new or updated templates:What channels should be used for
advertising the templates?How should the templates be made
available to the organization’s internal ‘customer’?
Which templates will be compulsory and how can their application be enforced?
21ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Updating templates
Sources for updating templates: User proposals and suggestions Changes in the organization’s area of activity Proposals initiated by design review and inspection
teams based on their review of documents prepared according to the templates
Analysis of failures as well as success Other organization’s experience SQA team initiatives.
22ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Checklists
Checklist: list of items specially constructed for each type of document, or a menu of preparations to be completed prior to performing an activity.
Some checklists have dual purpose: Provide a complete list of items to be verified, Provide space for documenting findings of the
checks performed. Example:
Proposal draft review checklist Contract draft review checklist
23ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
The contribution of checklists to software quality
For development team: Helps developers carrying out self-checks of
documents or software code prior completion. Assists developers in their preparations for tasks.
For review team: Assures completeness of document reviews by
review team members. Facilitates & improves efficiency of review sessions.
24ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
The organizational framework of checklists
Preparation of new checklistsImplementation of checklistsUpdating checklists
25ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Preparation of new checklists
The most common information sources used in preparing a checklist: Informal checklists already in use in the
organization.Checklist templates found in books and
other professional publications.Checklists used by similar organizations.
26ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Updating checklist
Sources for updating checklists: User proposals and suggestions Changes in technology, area of activity and
clientele Proposals initiated by design review and inspection
teams as a results from the document reviews Analysis of failures as well as successes Other organizations’ experience SQA team initiatives.
27ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Staff Training and Certification
The objectives of training and certification The training and certification process Determine professional knowledge requirements Determine training and updating needs Planning training and updating programs Define positions requiring certification Planning the certification processes Delivery of training and certification programs Follow-up subsequent to training and certification
28ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
The objectives of training and certification
To develop the knowledge and skills new staff need.
To assure conformity to the organization’s standards for software products (documents and code).
To update the knowledge and skills of veteran staff.
To transmit knowledge of SQA procedures To assure that candidates for key positions are
adequately qualified.
29ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Knowledge belonging
to new employees
Knowledge belonging
to re-assigned
staff
Knowledge belonging
to staff members
Project development
and maintenance
tools and procedures
New developments
in software engineering
and SQA
Determine knowledge
requirements Determine training needsDefine functions for certification
Plan certification
process
Plan updating program
Plan training program
Deliver training, updating and certification programs
Performance follow-up of trained and certified staff
The training and certification process
1
2
3
4
6
7
5
8
30ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Determining training and updating needs
The type of training is adapted to the needs of three distinct groups of staff:Training: for new employees, according to
their designated assignment.Retraining: for employees assigned to new
positions or receiving new assignments.Updating: for staff members as demanded
by their position.
31ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Planning training and updating programs
For software engineering topicFor SQA
32ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Planning training and updating programs for SQA
Include:Training for new employees, or updating the
existing employees.To be organized periodically.Typical SQA updating program: once a year
or once every six months.
33ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Planning the certification processes
Typical certification requirements: Professional education: academic or technical
degrees Internal training courses Professional experience in the organization (may
be partially or completely in other organizations) Assessment of achievements and ability Evaluation by the candidate’s direct superior Demonstration of knowledge and skills by means of
a test or a project Mentor’s supervision for a specified period of time.
34ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Planning the certification processes
Functions of the certification committee: To perform the certification process on the basis of
requests made individual applicants or units and grant certification to those who qualify.
To follow up certification activities (such as monitoring) carried out by others.
To update certification requirements in response to developments in the organization as well as the profession.
To revise the list of positions requiring certification.
35ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Follow-up subsequent to training and certification
The information provided by follow-up relates to: All training activities and certification procedures
conducted – records of the performance of the participants in the program.
Information about special cases of training activities that proved to be either highly successful or clearly unsuccessful in improving staff performance.
Information about proven cases of failures of certified staff in the performance that point to clearly inadequate certification requirements.
36ESGD5125 SEM II 2009/2010 Dr. Samy Abu Naser
Follow-up activities
Collection of regular performance metrics – such as errors and productivity statistics, corrective maintenance statistics and resources invested.
Questionnaires completed by staff members who received training, their superiors, customers and others.
Analysis of outstanding achievements as well as failures.
Specialized review of software products (documents and code) prepared by certified and trained employees.