18
Why It Matters The La Salle expedition alerted Spain to France’s interest in Texas. The Spanish decided that if they were to keep Texas, they must occupy it. Spanish missions and settlements provided a stronger hold on Texas than did the French traders. The Impact Today Early Spaniards originally named some of Texas’s settlements—San Antonio, Nacogdoches, and La Bahía. Many cities in Texas have the names of Catholic saints. These include San Marcos, San Augustine, Santa Elena, and many more. 118 CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements 1690 First Spanish mission dedicated in East Texas 1718 Mission San Antonio de Valero, the Alamo, was established 1719 • France declared war on Spain 1718 • French founded city of New Orleans 1756 • Seven Years’ War began in Europe 1765 • The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act 1722 Los Adaes became the unofficial capital of Texas 1690 1718 1765 Missions & Settlements

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Page 1: Chapter 5: Missions & Settlements - MR. LEO'S HISTORY CLASSCHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements 119 Missions Mis sio ns Settlements Communities Co m un it ies Step 1 Fold the paper from

Why It MattersThe La Salle expedition alerted Spain to France’s interest in Texas. The Spanish

decided that if they were to keep Texas, they must occupy it. Spanish missionsand settlements provided a stronger hold on Texas than did the French traders.

The Impact TodayEarly Spaniards originally named some of Texas’s settlements—San Antonio,

Nacogdoches, and La Bahía. Many cities in Texas have the names of Catholicsaints. These include San Marcos, San Augustine, Santa Elena, and many more.

118 CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

1690★ First Spanish

mission dedicated in East Texas

1718★ Mission San Antonio de Valero,

the Alamo, was established

1719• France declared war on Spain

1718• French founded city of New Orleans

1756• Seven Years’ War began in Europe

1765• The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act

1722★ Los Adaes became

the unofficial capital of Texas

1690 1718 1765

Missions &Settlements

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119CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

Missi

ons

Missions

Settlements

Communities

Communities

Step 1 Fold the paper from the top right cornerdown so the edges line up. Cut off the leftover piece.

Categorizing Information Study FoldableMake this foldable to help you organizeinformation from the chapter.

Reading and Writing As you read, write whatyou learn about the missions, settlements, andcommunities in Texas under each appropriatepyramid wall.

Step 2 Fold the triangle in half. Unfold.

Step 3 Cut up one fold line and stop at themiddle. Draw an X on one tab and label the otherthree.

Step 4 Fold the X flap under the other flap andglue together.

Fold a triangle.Cut off the extra

edge.

This makes a three-sidedpyramid.

The foldswill form an Xdividing four

equal sections.

This painting of the San José Mission by W. A. Aiken is typical ofmissions built in Texas in the late 1600s and early 1700s.

TEXASHISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit the texans.glencoe.comWeb site and click onChapter 5—ChapterOverviews to previewchapter information

1773• Boston Tea Party

1789• The French Revolution began

1775• James Watt manufactured the steam engine

1776• United States Declaration of

Independence was signed

1773 1776 1789

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120 CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

Father Damián Massanetestablishes first mission inEast Texas

Louis de St. Denismeets with Spanishofficials

First MissionsAre Built

Guide to ReadingMain IdeaFearing a French presence, Spainrenewed efforts to settle easternTexas during the 1600s and 1700s.

Key Termspresidiocouncil

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthis section, complete a table like theone shown here by filling in the datesof the first Spanish missions in Texas.

Read to Learn• about Spanish and French settlers

in Texas.• why East Texas missions failed.• about Spanish reaction to the

French.

Section ThemeContinuity and Change The Spanishattempted to establish missions inTexas but faced difficulties.

Ysleta is the first permanent Europeansettlement in Texas

Preview of Events

Many soldiers sent to Texas to establish missions and presidios had neverseen the sea. Father Damián Massanet (dah•mee•AHN mah•sah•NAY), a priestwho worked in Texas, wrote about the sea. “And after we arrived, some of thesoldiers said that they wished to bathe in the sea, [this] being esteemed soremarkable a thing that they carried away flasks of seawater . . . later it [seawater] was held a great favor to try to taste because it was seawater.”

Spain Looks to TexasAs part of the settlement of New Spain, friars in 1682 founded the first

permanent settlement of Europeans in Texas—the mission of CorpusChristi de la Ysleta, located near present-day El Paso. Most Spanish

✦1682 ✦1690 ✦1714

Location Mission DateNear El Paso

East Texas

Texas seashore

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121CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

Plan for a Typical Spanish Mission

Cemetery

GranaryWell

Chur

ch

Bast

ion

Bast

ion

ConventGarden

Church

SouthGate

EastGate

Plaza

E

W

N S

Arches

FortifiedWest Gate

NorthGate

Nativ

e Am

erica

n Ho

usin

g

Native American Housing

Nativ

e Am

erica

n Ho

usin

g

San

Anto

nio

Rive

r

In addition to the buildings shownin the diagram, a typical missionmight include a bakery and ablacksmith. A fortified wallprovided protection from enemyraids. Housing was often attachedto the walls of the mission.Making Inferences Why wasit important that a well or watersource be located within themission walls?

activity during the 1690s, though, was in theeastern part of Texas, near French Louisiana.Fearing the arrival of La Salle in 1685 wouldproduce French settlements, Spanish officialsmade a stronger effort to establish colonies. Inthe next several decades, Spain built missions,military outposts called presidios, and towns inlands occupied by Native Americans.

Spanish officials learned of La Salle’s fort inTexas soon after it was built. They immediatelysent troops to destroy it. An expedition led byAlonso de León (ah•LOHN•soh day lay•OHN),the governor of Coahuila, reached the site onApril 22, 1689, only to find the fort deserted andin ruins.

A Tejas MissionDe León then led his troops northeast. Near the

Colorado River, they met a large group of Hasinaipeople, whom they called the Tejas, (TAY•hahs) aword meaning “friend.” Angelina, a Hasinaiwoman, served as guide and interpreter. Father

Damián Massanet, a Catholic church official onthe expedition, promised he would come back.When the expedition returned to Mexico,Massanet asked the viceroy for permission tofound a mission among the Tejas.

The viceroy agreed, and in the spring of 1690Father Massanet, three other friars, and about100 soldiers set out for East Texas. When theexpedition arrived at the Tejas villages in lateMay, the Tejas greetedthe Spanish visitorswith a feast.

The first Spanish mis-sion in East Texas wasdedicated on June 1,1690. It was a crude logbuilding and containedonly a few simple fur-nishings. Named San Francisco de los Tejas(sahn frahn•SEES•koh day lohs TAY•hahs), themission was located a few miles west of theNeches River near the present-day town of Weches.

Mission Corpus Christi de la Ysleta

MissionSan Francisco

de los Tejas

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A Mission AbandonedDespite the promising beginning, troubles soon

struck San Francisco de los Tejas. Drought ruinedthe Tejas’s crops, and disease killed many of theNative Americans and one of the friars. The Tejasrejected the Catholic religion and resented theSpaniards’ attempts to change the way they lived.

Meanwhile, officials in Mexico City decidedthat the mission must be abandoned. RealizingFrance was not a threat, there was no reason tospend money supporting missions so far fromSpanish settlements.

Although the failure of the mission was a dis-appointment, its mere presence had strength-ened Spain’s claim to Texas. The Spaniards nowrealized that a colony needed presidios andSpanish families who would settle on the land.

From 1693 to 1714, Spain made no effort to set-tle Texas, but settlements along the Rio Grandeflourished. Mission San Juan Bautista (sahnhwan bah•TEES•tah) was built west of the rivernear the present-day town of Eagle Pass in 1699.The mission, five miles from the Rio Grande, wasstrategically located near a series of crossings

providing access to Texas. Here the outposteventually grew into a complex of three mis-sions, a presidio, and a town. The mission earnedthe title of the “Mother of Texas Missions”because it was the base for many expeditionswhose aims were to establish missions in EastTexas. The mission at San Juan Bautista providedgrain, cattle, and horses to the missionaries onthese expeditions.

One of its missionaries was Father FranciscoHidalgo (ee•DAHL•go), a gentle friar who hadknown the Tejas of San Francisco de los Tejas.Father Hidalgo repeatedly asked permission toreturn there to start another mission. Hisrequests were ignored.

Explaining Why was the firstSpanish mission unsuccessful?

France Threatens AgainSeveral years after La Salle’s venture in the

1680s, France made another attempt to claim thelands drained by the Mississippi. In 1699 aFrench expedition established a colony on the

122 CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

The original location of the Presidio La Bahía in 1721was on Matagorda Bay, but after many moves it isnow located in Goliad, near the San Antonio River.Why would a mission chapelbe part of the presidio?

History

Goliad★

Goliad★

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Gulf Coast at Biloxi in present-day Mississippi.Soon other French trading posts were scatteredthroughout the Mississippi Valley.

The French were not interested in taking terri-tory or converting the Native Americans toCatholicism. French traders won the friendshipof many Native American groups, and the Frenchmade large profits exchanging blankets, guns,and wine for furs and skins. The French alsohoped to trade with Spanish merchants inMexico, but Spanish law prohibited foreignersfrom trading in the colonies of New Spain.

Without the knowledge of Spanish officials,Father Hidalgo wrote a letter to the French gov-ernor in Louisiana, asking that the French estab-lish a mission among the Tejas. The Frenchgovernor listened to Hidalgo’s proposal becauseit offered an opportunity to open trade.

The French governor appointed Louis de St.Denis (loo•EE dahs sahn deh•NEE) to negotiatewith the Spanish officials on the Rio Grande. St.Denis had traded successfully with NativeAmericans in Louisiana. On the way to the RioGrande, he built a trading post, Natchitoches, onthe Red River. Then St. Denis and a small partyleft for San Juan Bautista, arriving in July 1714.

The unexpected arrival of the French partyalarmed Captain Diego Ramón, the presidio’scommander. He arrested St. Denis and sent himto Mexico City to be examined by the viceroy. St.

Denis insisted that France had no plans tooccupy East Texas.

The Spanish viceroy and his council, or advisers, did not believe St. Denis. They orderednew missions to be built in East Texas withSpanish soldiers to protect them. Trade betweenthe Spanish and French was stopped. Curiously,the viceroy appointed St. Denis to guide theSpaniards into East Texas. The Spaniards couldbenefit from his knowledge of Texas trails and hisgood relations with Native Americans. St. Deniswas also given permission to marry Manuela, thestep-granddaughter of Captain Ramón.

Explaining Why did Captain Ramónarrest St. Denis?

Checking for Understanding1. Using Key Terms Identify the dif-

ference between a presidio and amission. In your definition, includethe purpose of each of these.

2. Reviewing Facts What was thename of the first Spanish missionin East Texas?

Reviewing Themes3. Continuity and Change Explain

how politics, religion, and climateall played a role in the failure ofMission San Francisco de los Tejas.

Organizing to Learn4. Identifying Create a chart like the

one shown below. Explain howeach person played a role in theestablishment of the early missionsin Texas.

Critical Thinking5. Comparing and Contrasting How

did the French and the Spanish dif-fer in their relationships withNative Americans in Texas?

Drawing Inferences What wereFather Massanet’s motives when heasked the viceroy for permission tofound a mission among the Tejas? Whatdo you think his reaction would be tothe failure of the mission?

Person Rolede León

Angelina

Massanet

Hidalgo

St. Denis

Ramón

While Spain’s colonies were ruled by astrong, unified government, Britain oftenneglected its North American colonies toconcentrate on problems at home. Englishcolonists often had to fend for themselves.This experience at self-rule later fueled their fight for independence.

123CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

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124 CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

Mission San Antonio de Valero, the Alamo, is founded

Los Adaes becomesthe unofficial capitalof Texas

SpanishSettlements

Guide to ReadingMain IdeaSpain expanded efforts to colonizeTexas during the first half of the 1700s,but many of the settlements failed.

Key Termprovince

Reading StrategyClassifying Information Complete achart like the one shown here, recog-nizing how Native Americans in thePlains felt about the Spanish in Texas.

Read to Learn• what settlements Spain built in East

Texas.• what missionary efforts the Spanish

first made among the Plains people.

Section ThemeCulture and Traditions The Spanishand French established settlements inTexas and interacted with NativeAmericans.

Six missions are established in East Texas

Preview of Events

Missions Are Established in East TexasGuided by St. Denis, with Angelina as interpreter, a large Spanish force

arrived in June, 1716 at the site of San Francisco de los Tejas. For the firsttime, Spanish families came to live in the forests of East Texas. The Native

✦1716 ✦1718 ✦1722

Native Americans Attitudes Toward Spanish

Apaches

Comanches

Tonkawas

Father Massanet was well educated and had a keen eye. His observationsprovide information about the Native Americans he knew. “The house is builtof stakes thatched over with grass . . . is round, and has no windows, daylightentering through the door only. In the middle of the house is the fire, whichis never extinguished, day or night . . . Ranged around one-half of thehouse are ten beds, which consist of a rug made of reeds, laid on four forkedsticks. Over the rug they spread buffalo skins, on which they sleep.”Native American stake-house

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Americans were friendly and did not resist theSpanish effort. Within a year, the Spanish hadestablished six missions and a small fort, a pre-sidio they named Nuestra Señora de los Doloresde los Tejas. The presidio, located on the NechesRiver, was built to protect the missions fromattacks by the Native Americans or the French.

San Antonio Is FoundedSpanish officials again saw the need for a set-

tlement midway between New Spain and thenew missions. The 500-mile (805-km) journeyfrom the Rio Grande to East Texas was danger-ous. Supplies arrived slowly, if at all. At timesthe people of East Texas had no choice but totrade with the French in Louisiana or starve.

Spanish officials chose a site on the SanAntonio River as the best place for the new settlement. A friar described it as follows:

“The best site in the world, with good andabundant irrigation water, rich lands for pasture,plentiful building stone, and excellent timber.”

Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, on one side ofthe San Antonio River, was built in 1718 underthe leadership of Martín de Alarcón (dayah•lar•KOHN). Many of the soldiers broughtfamilies, began digging irrigation canals forfarming, and settled permanently. The womentilled the land, cooked, cleaned, and cared for thechildren. Across the river Father Antonio de San

2000 kmAlbers Equal-Area projection

2000 mi.

N

S

EW

105°W 100°W 95°W 90°W

35°N

30°N

25°N

Rio Grande

Pecos R. NechesR

.

TrinityR

.

Brazos R.

San Saba R.

Little R.

Guadalupe R.Nueces

R. San

Antonio R.

C

olorado R.

Sabine R.

Gulf of Mexico

El Cam

ino Real

MEXICO

TEXAS

NEW MEXICO

ARKANSAS

MISS.

TENN.

ALA.

OKLAHOMA

LOUISIANA

COLORADO KANSAS MISSOURI

San AntonioMissions

Los AdaesYsletaPueblo

Laredo

La Bah�ía

Nacogdoches

Because some of the Native Americans did not get along with each other, the Spanish often founded different missions to serve each group.

Mission San Francisco de los Tejas was founded on behalf of the Caddo Indians who already believed in one supreme God.

The oldest community in Texas is the Ysleta Pueblo. It was originally south of the Rio Grande, but as the river changed course, the community moved to the north bank.

125

Spanish Presence in Texas, 1682–1760

Settlement

Mission

Presidio

Major roads

Early Spanish settlement in Texaswas accomplished by establishingmissions, presidios, and towns.Analyzing Location Why weremost missions established nearrivers?

Note: Map reflects present-day state andnational boundaries.

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Buenaventura y Olivares founded Mission SanAntonio de Valero. The mission chapel, whichwas built a few years later, is now known as theAlamo. Throughout its history, San Fernando deBéxar (later called San Antonio) has been the siteof many battles. With Texas’s independence, thetown found itself a distance from the bulk of thenew republic’s population.

Evaluating Why did the Spanishsettle along the San Antonio River?

Aguayo Defends the MissionsThe settling of East Texas halted when war

broke out between Spain and France in 1719. Asmall unit of French soldiers from Louisianaseized the Spanish mission near present-dayNacogdoches. An escaped mission brother exag-gerated the size of the invading French army.Panic-stricken missionaries, soldiers, and familiesin East Texas fled to San Antonio later that year.

Angry and determined, the viceroy of NewSpain immediately planned to retake East Texas.He ordered the Marqués de San Miguel deAguayo (mar•KAYS day sahn mee•GEL dayah•GWY•oh) to organize a force to meet theFrench threat. Aguayo was the governor of theprovinces of Coahuila and Texas. In the springof 1721, Aguayo marched to Texas with morethan 500 soldier-settlers, thousands of horsesand mules, and large herds of sheep and cattle.He again established the abandoned missions

there and moved Presidio Nuestra Señora de losDolores from the Neches River to the banks ofthe Angelina River.

Aguayo Founds Two CitiesNear the French post of Natchitoches, not far

from present-day Robeline, Louisiana, Aguayobuilt a large presidio, Nuestra Señora del Pilarde los Adaes (noo•WEHS•trah seh•NYO•rahdehl pee•LAHR dehlohs ah•DAH•ehs). Aforce of 100 soldiers andtheir families started avillage nearby. Six brasscannons guarded thefort. St. Denis, now theFrench commander atNatchitoches, protestedthat the presidio was in French territory.However, he made no effort to drive the Spanishsoldiers and settlers away.

Years before, in 1691, Spanish authorities hadrecognized Texas as a province and had appointedthe first governor. For many years officials gov-erned the province from settlements in other areasof northern Mexico. The threat from the French,however, suggested the need for closer supervi-sion. Soon after Aguayo established Los Adaes, itbecame the unofficial capital of Texas in 1722. Itremained the capital for almost 50 years.

From Los Adaes, Aguayo traveled southwestto Garcitas Creek where his expedition estab-lished a mission and a presidio near the ruins ofLa Salle’s fort. The mission and presidio werelater moved to the San Antonio River, near thepresent-day town of Goliad (GOH•lee•ad). TheSpaniards named the settlement La Bahía delEspíritu Santo (lah bah•EE•ah dehl ehs•

PEER•ee•too SAHN•toh), or, simply, La Bahía.

Analyzing Why did the Spanishdesignate Los Adaes as the unofficial capital of Texas?

An Uneasy PeaceWhen Aguayo returned to his home in Coa-

huila, he left Texas’s 9 missions, 2 villages, and 4presidios protected by about 300 soldiers. Spanish

126 CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

Nuestra Señora delPilar de Los Adaes

In 1739, Spanish and French streams ofsettlement and exploration met in Santa Fe.French Canadian brothers Paul and PierreMallet arrived from the Missouri country.Their route later became the Santa Fe Trail,which opened trade between Missouri andNew Mexico. When they left Santa Fe, theycrossed the Panhandle of Texas and journeyed to New Orleans.

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rule in Texas seemed secure. Then, in1727, Spanish officials concluded thatexpenses were too high. To reducespending, the Spaniards soon aban-doned the presidio on the AngelinaRiver, reduced the number of soldiers atLos Adaes, and moved 3 of the EastTexas missions to San Antonio.

The French continued to be active inEast Texas. Although their trading withNative Americans there irritated theSpaniards, France did not occupy anyterritory west of the Arroyo Hondo(ah•ROH•yoh HOHN•doh), a smallstream located between Los Adaes andNatchitoches that flows into the RedRiver. With this boundary generallyaccepted by both Spanish and Frenchofficials, relations between the twocountries usually were peaceful.

Plains People ResentMissions

The first Spanish missionaries inTexas traveled among the Native Amer-ican people of East Texas. The peoplethere were not very interested in Cath-olicism, but they rarely threatened thelives of the Spanish friars or settlers.Many other Native Americans, thoseliving along the coast and along the Rio Grande, joined the friars in themission towns.

Native American people of thePlains, on the other hand, resented theintruders who had come to their hunt-ing grounds. Apaches regularly raidedSan Antonio, making life dangerous forthe European settlers. The Comanchesfiercely fought the invaders and greatlyvalued the prized Spanish horses theywere able to capture. Despite the obvi-ous dangers, Spanish friars were eagerto spread the Catholic religion andteach the Plains people the Spanishway of life. To do so, they establishedmissions in central and western Texas.

A Spanish Official Visiting Texas Is NotImpressed by the ProvinceA villa without order, two presidios, seven missions, and an errant population of scarcely4,000 persons of both sexes and allages that occupies an immensedesert country stretching fromthe abandoned presidio ofLos Adaes to San Antoniodoes not deserve the nameof the Province of Texas . . .nor the concern entailed in itspreservation.

—Commandant-General Teodoro deCroix to José de Gálvez, October 30, 1781

Explorer Has a Favorable Response

The Tejas are a very well governed people

and plant large quantities of maize,

beans, calabashes, cantaloupes

and watermelons. They are very

familiar with the fact that there is

only one true God, that He is in

Heaven . . . And certainly it is a pity

that people so rational, who plant

crops and know there is a God,

have no one to teach them the

Gospel, especially when the province of Texas is so

large and so fertile and has so fine a climate.

—Report of explorer Alonso de León, May 1689

Colonizing Texas Early Spaniards were not in agreement about the benefits ofSpain’s efforts to colonize Texas. Read the two views below andthen answer the question.

Learning From History

Why do you think an explorerand a military officer would havesuch different points of view?

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Between 1748 and 1751, three San Xavier(sahn sah•VEE•her) missions were foundedalong the San Gabriel River (then known as theSan Xavier), near present-day Rockdale. Intend-ing to serve the Tonkawa and other peoples, themissions suffered many misfortunes. Apachesraided the settlements, smallpox and measlesstruck the settlers, drought ruined the crops, andthe Tonkawas left. After a short time, theSpanish friars abandoned one of the missionsand moved the other two closer to San Antonio.

San Sabá Mission FailsIn 1757 missionaries founded Mission Santa

Cruz de San Sabá (sahn•tah CROOZ day sahnsah•BAH), near present-day Menard in centralTexas. Soldiers built a presidio a few miles away.The founding of the mission was a bold step. Morethan 100 miles (161 km) filled with danger sepa-rated San Sabá from the nearest Spanish settlement.Both Apaches and Comanches roamed the area.

Why did the Spaniards take such a risk?Spanish missionaries wanted an opportunity toconvert the Apaches into Christians. TheApaches had, in fact, asked for the mission,hoping to use the Spaniards as protection fromtheir fierce Comanche enemies. Apaches visited

the mission from timeto time to receive foodand gifts but neverstayed very long.

Comanche attackson the mission in 1758and 1759 took nearly30 lives. Although theSpanish maintained apresidio on the SanSabá River until 1769,they moved mission-ary efforts for the Apaches to the Nueces River.

The Texas missions, including San Sabá, failedin their efforts to Christianize the Plains people.Isolated missions lacked the supplies and peopleto survive in the remote region, far from adminis-trative help. The Apaches and Comanches weretoo fiercely independent to give up their nomadiclifestyle. In the San Antonio area, however, mis-sions succeeded in persuading some NativeAmericans to settle, farm, and practice Cath-olicism. Even there, the mission towns changed.They came to resemble Spanish towns andattracted Spaniards as well as Native Americans.

Evaluating Were the friars successfulin converting the Apaches to Christianity?

128 CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

Checking for Understanding1. Using Key Terms Define province.

What word in United States gov-ernment correlates to province?

2. Reviewing Facts List the mainpoints of conflict between thePlains people and the Spanishmissionaries.

Reviewing Themes3. Culture and Traditions Why did

Spanish missionaries continue theirwork in East Texas and on thePlains when many people thereresented them?

Organizing to Learn4. Listing Create a chart listing the

major missions that were foundedin East Texas. Write why each mis-sion was significant.

Critical Thinking5. Synthesizing Information

Relations were usually peacefulbetween the Spanish and theFrench because they recognized acommon boundary. Explain theneed for a commonly recognizedboundary between cultures inconflict today.

Mission SignificanceSan Francisco de los Tejas

San Antonio de Valero

La Bahía del Espíritu Santo

Santa Cruz de San Sabá

TEXASHISTORY

Student WebActivity Visit thetexans.glencoe.com Website and click onChapter 5—StudentWeb Activity to learnmore about early Spanishmissions in Texas.

Cause and Effect Explain some ofthe reasons that caused the mission atSan Sabá to fail.

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Why Learn This Skill?When you examine two or more groups, situations,

events, or documents, you are making comparisons.This skill helps you identify similarities (the ways things are alike) and differences (the ways things are different).

Learning the SkillFollow these steps to make comparisons:• Read or study each item to be compared.• Ask yourself the same questions about each

of them.• Analyze how the answers to these questions are

similar or different.

Practicing the SkillRefer back to page 124 and reread “A Texas Story,”

which describes a Caddo chief’s house. Then read thefollowing passage describing Native American homesin Mission San José. Answer the questions that follow.

“Arranged along this [wall], . . . were thestone quarters where the [Indians] lived. They had flat roofs . . . Each house had a bedroom and a kitchen, and each family wassupplied with a cooking flatiron, a grindstonefor corn, a water jar, a bed, a chest of drawers, and a clothes closet . . . near thehouses were several baking ovens.”

1Describe the building style used for each type of house. Were they similar or different?

2How were the insides of the houses, includingfurniture and tools, alike? Different?

3What tools and materials available at the Spanish mission did the Caddo people not appear to have?

4What advantage is there in sharing baking ovensamong the families?

Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking

Making Comparisons

Making Comparisons What advantages and dis-advantages might the Native Americans experience byliving in a house at a Spanish mission? Make lists underthe headings “advantages” and “disadvantages.”

Glencoe’s Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook, Level 1, provides instruction and practice in keysocial studies skills.

Native Americans gather at a mission.

129

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130 CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

San Antonio, largest settlement, becomes the capital

Women make up45 percent ofpopulation

BuildingCommunities

Guide to ReadingMain IdeaFarmers and ranchers adapted to life in Texas missions, presidios, andsettlements.

Key TermsayuntamientoalcaldemestizosTejano

Reading StrategyAs you read this section, create a chart like the one shown here on how thesettlers improved life in the missions.

Read to Learn• how settlers lived daily life.• about mission life.• what factors drew Native Americans

into Spanish settlements.

Section ThemeGroups and Institutions Spanishmissions were busy centers of activity,but many Native Americans dislikedthem.

More civilian settlersmove to Texas

Preview of Events✦Mid to Late 1700s ✦1772

School Health Recreation

✦1790

Presidio la Bahía

Massanet spent many years building churches among the Native Americansin East Texas. “I told the governor [Native American Leader] . . . that I heartilyappreciated his desire to have the priests in his household, but that . . . it mightbe well to build a dwelling for the priests.” Despite the friendliness of thenatives, the churches did not last. In 1693, Massanet set fire to the last churchand returned to Mexico.

Life in the Missions Spanish missions were busy centers of activity. The friars worked

hard to persuade Native American people to live close to the missions.They hoped to teach the Native Americans the Spanish way of life. Giftswere sometimes offered to make this life seem more attractive.

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Sometimes the Spaniards used force to get theNative Americans to settle near the missions.

The Native Americans who accepted missionlife were kept busy from dawn to dusk. Eachday started with prayers. After breakfast, thechildren attended school, including classes inreligion. The women wove cloth, molded pottery, or cooked. The men worked in the fieldsor learned carpentry or blacksmithing. Aftersupper came more religion classes for adults,followed by prayers.

The friars generally were strict, and in mostmissions, the food was plentiful. Large herds ofcattle, sheep, and goats guaranteed a regularmeat and milk supply. Mission farms, especially those at San Antonio and Goliad,produced rich harvests of corn, beans, cantaloupes, cucumbers, watermelons, chiles,pimientos, peaches, and sweet potatoes. FatherMorfi described the activity of the NativeAmerican people at Mission San José in SanAntonio from his—the European—viewpoint:

“These Indians are today well instructed

and civilized and know how to work very well

at their mechanical trades and are proficient

in some of the arts. They speak Spanish

perfectly, with the exception of those who

are daily brought in . . . They go about well

dressed, are abundantly fed.”

The following report on San José de Aguayo,dated 1785, describes the construction andorganization of a Spanish mission in Texas.

“Situated on a broad plain, rather sparselywooded, its grounds and buildings . . . offer anattractive sight . . . [H]ouses are built next toeach other and have ample room, with [a]kitchen for each family. They are sufficientlyprotected against rain, wind, and otherinclemencies of the weather . . . [S]eparatedfrom the habitations of the Indians by a street,stand the missionary’s house, the church, andthe sacristy. The first contains not only roomsfor housing the missionaries, but also a kitchen,and the offices of the community. It is all ofstone and lime and flat-roofed; the quarters forthe missionary form a second story, and everypart is in good taste.”

Although some Native Americans adapted tomission life, most refused to stay at the missions.They were not accustomed to the strictly regulatedlifestyle. Many did not want to become farmers orblacksmiths or carpenters. Moreover, NativeAmericans found it difficult to leave behind a wayof life that had served them well for centuries.

Describing What was life like forNative Americans in the missions?

History

Population ofSpanish Settlements, 1790

Males55%

Females45%

Settlers in Texas and Mexico enjoyed dancingthe fandango in their leisure time. Families triedto live as they had in Spain. Were there moremen or women in Spanish settlements duringthis period?

131

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Soldiers Face HardshipsThe life of the Spanish soldier on an isolated

frontier outpost was difficult and dangerous.The soldiers’ duties included protecting the mis-sion and nearby settlements, maintaining con-trol over the Native Americans in the missions,and scouting the countryside for intruders. Mostof the soldiers were also settlers. They broughttheir families to the military towns and farmedand soldiered for a living.

Military men were often poorly equipped andlived under difficult conditions. Father Morfidescribed the conditions at the San Antonio presidio:

“The soldiers’ quarters, originally built ofstone and adobe, are almost in ruins . . . Thepresidio is surrounded by a poor stockade onwhich are mounted a few swivel guns, withoutshelter or defense, that can be used only for firing a [round of shots]. There is no other tradethan that required to supply the needs of the . . .garrison and . . . of the wretched settlers.”

The soldier-settlers sometimes traded withthe Native Americans living in the missions.According to the friars, the soldier-settlers tookadvantage of the Native Americans, who didnot know Spanish ways. By the same token, thesoldiers accused the friars of taking away theNative Americans’ freedoms.

Important Settlements in Spanish Texas

San Antonio, Goliad, Los Adaes, andNacogdoches were the most important civiliansettlements in Spanish Texas. San Antonio wasthe largest settlement and by 1772 served as thecapital. It was the only authorized settlement inTexas where the people had some voice in theirgovernment. Landowners elected a city councilcalled an ayuntamiento and a chief official withthe title of alcalde.

The Spanish authorities had wanted toincrease the population of San Antonio. Theytried to bring in 200 families from the Spanishcolony of the Canary Islands, off the Africancoast, but only 15 families came to Texas in 1731.Some of the oldest families of modern SanAntonio trace their ancestors from the CanaryIslanders. Several were wealthy women likeMaría Betancour. At the time of her death, herwill noted that she owned a 26-acre (11-hectare)ranch, a stone house with various household fur-nishings, and cattle marked with her brand. In1776, María Josefa Granados owned the largestgeneral store in San Fernando de Béxar (SanAntonio). In 1814, María Pérez Cassiano, aCanary Islands descendant, ran the affairs ofstate while her husband, the Spanish governor,was out of town. Spanish troops called her LaBrigadiera (the Brigadier–General).

Identifying Name the major civiliansettlements in Texas in the late 1700s.

Living in Spanish TexasPeople in Texas made their living in several

ways. Some were farmers who irrigated theirfields with water brought in through an elabo-rate system of canals. Male and female ranchersraised thousands of cattle. There were alsoshopkeepers, shoemakers, fishers, barbers,blacksmiths, tax collectors, oxen drivers, seam-stresses and tailors, healers, and servants.

The population in Spanish Texas was not lim-ited to Spaniards and Native Americans.Mestizos, people of mixed Spanish and Native

132 CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

Texas was not the only place where Spanishfathers were building missions. Junípero Serraand Don Gaspár de Portola organized mis-sions and presidios in California. The missionsin Texas were a response to the Frenchpresence. In California they were partly aresponse to Russian colonization. Missionssuch as those at Santa Barbara, San Diego, and San Francisco eventually developed into important cities.

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Checking for Understanding1. Using Key Terms What is the

relationship between an alcaldeand an ayuntamiento?

2. Reviewing Facts How did officialsguard public health?

Reviewing Themes3. Groups and Institutions Identify

the disagreements between the fri-ars and soldier-settlers over theNative Americans.

Organizing to Learn4. Categorizing Create a web like the

one shown here, identifying occupa-tions in Spanish Texas. Fill the ovalswith information from the section.

Critical Thinking5. Making Comparisons How did

Native Americans’ way of life at themissions differ from their tradi-tional way of life?

American heritage, also lived in Spanish Texas.Some mestizos were the children of soldier-settlers and Canary Islanders. A few AfricanAmericans living in Texas at this time were free,although some were enslaved. Felipe Ulua, forexample, a Louisiana creole and slave, pur-chased his freedom and that of his wife, MaryOrtero. They and their children settled in SanAntonio in 1807. Free African Americans alsoworked as domestics, farmers, ranchers, mer-chants, carpenters, and miners.

Most men and women were married, but wid-ows and widowers made up 10 percent of thepopulation. Doña Rosa María Hinojosa de Ballíwas one of the earliest ranchers and landowners.A widow who inherited her husband’s andfather’s land grants, she owned about one-thirdof the present lower Rio Grande Valley in 1798.Her ranch headquarters were near present-dayLa Feria, Texas, but she lived on the other side ofthe river in Reynosa, Mexico.

A Tejano Heritage Takes ShapeBy this time a Tejano character was becom-

ing part of the Texas cultural landscape. Theterm Tejano describes people of Mexican her-itage who consider Texas their home. ThisTejano heritage is reflected in the population,religion, language, institutions, and customs ofTexas today.

The settlers tried to improve community life.No school system existed, but some communi-ties hired teachers. Tejano settlers started thefirst community school in San Antonio. Medicaldoctors were practically unknown, but officialstried to guard public health by forbidding prac-tices such as dumping trash and washingclothes in the drinking water supply. Althoughlife often was difficult for the new settlers, therewere opportunities for different kinds of recre-ation. Communities sponsored dances, horseraces, and holiday fairs in the village plazas.

Identifying What were two waysthe settlers tried to improve their lives in San Antonio?

133CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

Drawing Conclusions What must the environmental conditions have beenlike at San Antonio and Goliad for themissions to have produced rich harvestsof fruits and vegetables?

Spanish Women AfricanAmerican

Occupations

Mission San José at San Antonio

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Reviewing Key Terms1. Write a letter to the viceroy of Spain explaining what has

happened with the Spanish missions in Texas. Use thesewords in your letter: presidio, council, province, alcalde,ayuntamiento, mestizo, and Tejano.

Reviewing Key Facts2. What did Spanish officials do when they learned of La

Salle’s fort in Texas?3. What was the name of the first permanent settlement, and

where was it built?4. How did French traders make profits in Texas?5. Why did Spanish officials choose a site on the San Antonio

River for a new settlement?6. What consequences occurred when a brother escaped

from French soldiers at the mission near Nacogdoches?7. Who was made governor of the province that included

Texas?8. How long did Los Adaes remain the capital of Texas?9. Why did Spain risk building a settlement at San Sabá?

10. What were conditions like at the San Antonio presidio?11. How did Spanish authorities try to increase the population

of San Antonio?

Critical Thinking12. Summarizing What problems did Spanish friars and

soldier-settlers face in early Texas? Use the chart below to help organize your thoughts.

13. Making Generalizations Which seemed to influence the Spanish more in their establishment of Texas—adesire to teach Native Americans or a desire to keep out the French? Support your answer with examples from the text.

14. Making Inferences Why would the war between Spain andFrance in Europe stop Spanish missionary efforts in Texas?

15. Drawing Conclusions The growth of trade betweenEurope and the Americas changed the world. Do you think trade today is just as important? Why or why not?

134 CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

Group ProblemsFriars

Soldier-Settlers

Missions andSettlements

1682• Corpus Christi de la Ysleta becomes the first permanent European settlement in Texas.

1690• Father Damián Massanet sets up the first Spanish Mission in East Texas. Drought and disease force its closure.

1693–1714• Spanish interest in Texas declines until the French reappear.

1699• French establish a colony in Biloxi in present-day Mississippi.

1716• Spanish establish six missions and one fort in East Texas.

1718• Villa San Fernando de Béxar is settled; it later becomes San Antonio. • Mission San Antonio de Valero, the Alamo, is founded.

1722• Several settlements are established, including Los Adaes, which becomes the first unofficial capital of Texas.

1772• Efforts to Christianize the Plains Indians fail.• San Antonio, the largest settlement, becomes the capital.

1790• Women make up 45 percent of population of Spanish settlements.

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135CHAPTER 5 Missions & Settlements

Geography and History ActivityUse the following clues to determine the answer.16. I am located west of the Neches River and was dedicated

on June 1, 1690. What am I?17. I played an important role in Texas history and was

founded in 1718. What am I?18. I stood near the ruins of LaSalle’s fort and was later

moved to the San Antonio River. What am I?

Cooperative Learning Activity19. Architecture Form a research team to consider some of

the various types of settlements during this period.Research the architecture of this period in Texas. Preparea presentation for a classroom discussion about yourtopic. If possible, provide illustrations with captions.

Practicing Skills20. Making Comparisons Create a chart like the one shown

here. Then reread Section 3. Complete the chart and posethree questions that can be answered by comparing theplaces from the chart.

Portfolio/TAKS Writing Activity21. Evaluating In what ways would life in Texas be different

today if the French had more vigorously pursued estab-lishing settlements? Write a paragraph explaining youranswer. Save your work for your portfolio.

Building Technology Skills22. Building a Database Conduct a search to gather infor-

mation about daily life in the missions, presidios, and set-tlements in early Texas. Organize the information by

categories of your choosing. Then write a report based onthe information about life in one of these communities.Include photos, maps, or diagrams to illustrate life in thecommunity you chose. If you have access to the technology,scan the images into a Power Point or other authoringsoftware presentation.

Self-Check QuizVisit the texans.glencoe.com Web site and click on Chapter 5—Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test.

TEXAS HISTORY

Use the information you have read in thechapter to answer the question below.

Which of the following correctly completes theflowchart?A France gained control of the Mississippi River

Valley.B The French settled San Antonio. C France lost most of its land in North America.D The Spanish settled west of Arroyo Hondo.

Test-Taking Tip:

When deciding where to place events in a flowchart,first read the list of events. Do not always assume that

you can correctly identify the order of events fromreading the list. Make sure to refer back to the text.

Missions Presidios SettlementsWhat was to convert Nativethe purpose? Americans

Who lived Spanish there? soldiers

What were Ranching, farming,the daily communityactivities? events

What were the main problems?

French explorer St. Denisarrested in 1714

Spanish viceroy appointed St. Denisto lead Spanish expedition

War began between Spainand France in 1719

?