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Chapter 6
A New Industrial Age
The Expansion of Industry
Section 1
New Inventions
Inventor and Year
Inventions (Describe How it
Works)
Inventor and YearInventions
(Describe How it Works)
Effects of the Invention
Edwin L. Drake1859
Used a steam engine to drill for oil
Henry Bessemer and William Kelly1850
Bessemer Process – injects air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities
Christopher Sholes1867
Typewriter
Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson1876
Telephone
Thomas Alva Edison 1880
Incandescent Light BulbResearch laboratory used for creating safer and inexpensive innovations in electricity
Section Review – Question 5 Which inventon or development in
the section had the greatest impact on society?
Justify your choice with at least TWO facts/reasons.
Think About:The applications of these inventionsThe impact of inventions on people’s daily lives
The effect of inventions on the work place
The Age of the Railroads
Section 2
Problems with the Railroads Corruption schemes
formed Credit Mobilier: _____________
_________________________ Union Pacific Railroad
officers had made over $23 million in stocks
Vice-President Colfax and Congressman Garfield implicated
No penalty, just loss of reputation for the Republican party.
The Grange and the Railroads Farmer upset with railroads
Fixed pricing Various rates Misuse of grants
State legislators passed The Granger Laws “to establish a maximum freight and passenger
rates and prohibit discrimination” Munn v. Illinois: railroads fought the
constitutionality of the Granger Laws Supreme court upheld
Interstate Commerce Act Supreme court ruled that a state could not set
rates on interstate commerce. Congress passed the Interstate Commerce
Act Interstate commerce commission established Difficulty regulating due to fight from R.R.s Could not set maximum rates
Panic of 1893 caused many R.R.s to go bankrupt
2/3 will be controlled by seven powerful companies J.P. Morgan and Co.
Big Business and Labor
Section 3
Business Strategies Vertical Integration: a company buys out their
suppliers
Horizontal Integration: a company buys out, or merges with, its competitors
Business Strategies Monopoly: a complete control over an industry’s
production quality, price, and wages
Merger: the combination of two or more companies
Holding Company: a company that does nothing but buy out the stock of other companies
Trusts: a large corporation made up of many companies the receive dividends on profits earned by all companies combined
Social Darwinism Developed from Charles Darwin’s theory of
evolution (On the Origin of Species) Survival of the fittest Species evolve and adapt to their surroundings Natural selection weeds out the weaker species
Applied to society Used to justify laissez faire economics (gov. should
leave society alone to work out its own problems) Success and failure in business are governed by
natural law (gov. shouldn’t interfere) Riches were a sign of God’s grace and the poor
must be lazy or inferior
Business Titans
J.P. Morgan
Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller
Compare and Contrast Answer the following questions about your
assigned industrialist. What company did they own? What industry was it in? Which business strategies did they use and how?
Trusts Horizontal integration Vertical integration Holding companies
How did he spend his money?
Carnegie
RockefellerMorgan
Philanthropy The industrialists managed to give millions
away to charity.
Working Conditions
Long work weeks and days
No benefits Dirty, poor
ventilation Accidents and
injuries common Repetitive work Low wages
Everyone had to work in lower income families
Workers in a Birmingham button factory circa 1909
The Rise of Unions What message do
the images and slogans included in the poster convey to you?
What do you find most persuasive about this poster? Why?
Why do you think IWW posters were often called “silent agitators”?
Small, local unions since late 1700s First large scale was the National Labor Union
(NLU) in 1866 Lead to legalization of an 8-hour work day
Problems Short work day for gov. workers Segregation
Knights of Labor Strikes as last resort Equality
The Rise of Unions
The Rise of Unions
Craft Unions Industrial Unions Skilled workers from
trades Began by Samuel
Gompers American Federation
of Labor formed Used collective
bargaining to negotiate hours, conditions, and wages
Strikes gained higher wages and shorter work weeks.
All skilled laborers Eugene V. Debs –
began an industrial union (ARU)
Used strike to gain higher wages
Failure of future strikes
Socialism
Socialism – an economic and political system based on government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth Would result in the overthrow of capitalism Extreme form = communism (Karl Marx)
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Radical unionists and socialists Open to African-Americans One major strike victory
Strikes Many of the strikes turned violent
Strike Goals of the Strike Results of the Strike
Great Strike of 1877
The Haymarket Affair
The Homestead Strike
Pullman Company Strike
Study/Test Tips
Review: In developing your answers to extended responses,
be sure to keep these general definitions in mind:
a) discuss means “to make observations about something
using facts, reasoning, and arguments; to present in some
detail”
b) describe means “to illustrate something in words or tell
about it”
c) evaluate means “to examine and judge the significance,
worth, or condition of; to determine the value of”
d) show means “to point out; to set forth clearly a position or
idea by stating it an giving data which support it”