Upload
dennis-skinner
View
227
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 6
Ancient Rome
Section 1
Early Rome and the Republic
The Geography of Italy
• A Land of Geographic Differences– Italy: “boot shaped” peninsula– Alps mountains, Mediterranean Sea, mountains
rangers, islands, rivers
• Climate and Agriculture– cold to subtropical– poorly suited for agriculture– grapes & olives– location helped sea trade
The Early Romans
• Influences on Early Rome– Legend
• twin brothers Romulus & Remus founded Rome
– Earliest :Latin people (farmers and herders)
• Etruscans (central Italy)– Established many City-states – Alphabet, architecture, builders, and artists– Adopt many elements of the Greek culture
The Government of Republican Rome
• REPUBLIC – (property of the people)– a government in which much of the power is held by
elected representative; – voters chose people to represent them
• based on tradition, not a written constitution• Consuls
– two people elected as each year, – proposed laws, – led army, – one had VETO power over the other
• to stop the passage of a law
• MAGISTRATES – government official– 1 year terms
• SENATE – council of representatives; made up of PATRICIANS – descendants of founding families of Rome,
upper class, ran government
• PLEBEIANS – commoners, controlled tribal assembly, made up the military
• TRIBUNES – (elected by the plebeian) – official who could attend meetings of the
assembly; forced patricians to publish written laws
Society in Republican Rome
• Oldest male head of family
• Ownership of slaves
• Women– Own property– Government decisions
Religion
• Similar to Greek Gods– Jupiter king of god– Juno wife of Jupiter (protector of marriage)– Minerva daughter (protector of wisdom)
Problems in the Late Republic
• gap between rich & poor widened
• enslaved captives began to outnumber free people
Section 2
From Republic to Empire
The End of the Republic
• Major Changes for Rome
• 107 BC Marius named consul & re-elected many times, brought reform
• LEGIONS – chief fighting unit of Roman Army, 5,000 soldiers– rewarded soldiers with money & land
Julius Caesar and Rome
• TRIUMVERATE, group of 3 leaders • 60 BC Generals Pompey and Crassus
allied with Julius Caesar to form First Triumvirate;– Crassus killed in 53 BC
• Caesar’s goal: conquer Gaul (France), • Pompey tried to take his army • 49 BC Caesar returned to Rome, Pompey
fled to Greece
Caesar
• voted dictator for life
• Julian Calendar – July named after him
• March 15, 44bc – Brutus and Cassius, 2 senators,
• assassinated Caesar,
• now known as Ides of March
Augustus and Rome’s Golden Age
The Augustan (the first citizen)• Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew) & Mark
Anthony joined forces to defeat Brutus & Cassius
• 31 BC Octavian defeated Mark Anthony & Queen Cleopatra of Egypt
• 27 BC given title by Senate: Augustus, meaning “revered”
• Pax Romana – period of peace in Roman world under Augustus
• made tax system more fair, set up census, supported building campaign
Culture in the Golden Age
• Rome under Augustus was its Golden Age– roads kept safe from thieves by army– pirates chased from sea trade routes– more trade between Rome, India, & China– architecture, town planning, temples & other
buildings
Section 3
The Empire Declines
The Empire Declines
economic, social and political conflicts
• Sharp division (rich & poor)
• Leisure Time– entertainment was free– comedies and dramas in theatres– chariot races at Circus Maximus– Coliseum – could hold 45,000 people, fighting
between wild animals & humans, or 2 gladiators (trained fighter, slaves, or condemned criminals)
Increasing Tensions
• Murdered some Rich- took their wealth
• INFLATION – steep rise in prices– Reduces people’s purchasing power
• Ruler became more brutal
• Power of army increased
Fifty Years of Trouble
• The Role of the Army– 20+ rulers in 50 years– ruled poorly– lead in making & breaking emperors – failed to protects its boarders– Assassination of Rulers
Diocletiankey decisions
1. Divide the leadership 2 (co-leader)
1. Then into 4 --chief assistants (deputy)
2. Tetrarchy –Responsibilities shared by 4 individuals
2. Split empire into the eastern and western half
3. Doubled the side of the army (1/2 million)
4. He retired (abdication- voluntary resignation)
Constantine the Great
• A capable ruler
• Favored Christianity
• Vision: of a cross: In this sign you will conquer
• Edict of Milan: freedom to worship under his control.
• United The Easter and Western co-empires
• Founding of the Constantinople– Today Istanbul
Living on Borrowed Time
• Eastern empire was the stronger of the two, west fell apart
• “The Fall of Rome”
• Write the information on the back of your notes
• Reasons for the Fall of Rome page 143
Reason for the fall of Rome
Political Causes •Harsh government•Corrupt officials•Divided empires in the East+ West•Internal political struggles
Economic Cause Heavy taxesDecline of populationDecline of empire’s wealth
Military Cause Foreign invasionsWeak border protection
Social causeSelf-interested upper classLoss of traditional valuesLack of patriotism
Section 4
The development of Christianity
Jesus and the first Christians
• Romans worshiped many Gods
• People could worship their own God as long as they showed loyalty for Roman Gods (distant regions)
• Jews who lived in Judaea rebelled
Jesus/ Roman GovernorPontius Pilate
• Jesus– Son of God, worship on God, 10
commandments, Crucifixion
• Pontius Pilate– Found Jesus guilty of criminal actions– Nailed to a cross left to die
Spread of the Word
• 12 Apostles to spread Jesus teaching
• Jesus = Jesus Christ= Christianity
• Renouncing Evil by Baptism.
Freedom to worship
• The Roman Bishop becomes the Pope
• The leader of the Roman Catholic Church
• Missionaries spread the word world wide