Chapter 6: Ancient RomeSSWH3a: Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. SSWH3c: Analyze

the contributions Roman culture; include law, gender, and science.

SSWH3d: Describe polytheism in the Roman world and diffusion of Christianity in the Roman world. SSWH3e: Analyze the

factors that led to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

Chapter 6.1The Roman Republic

A. Romulus and Remus 1. Legend 2. Twin brothers - abandoned at infancy 3. Raised by she-wolfB. Romulus built wall on city hill 1. Established Rome 753 BCE 2. Romulus killed Remus in fit of rage

I. Origin of the Roman Republic

II. Rome becomes a republicA. Rome ruled by Etruscan kingB. Landowners revolted C. Drove out kingD. Established a republic - power in hands of peopleE. Unified state

1. Expanded across the water to rule Sicily as first Roman province

2. Took Greece & destroyed Carthage3. Created provinces in all conquered lands

III. Structure of Roman Republic

A. Patricians - wealthy landowners 1. Inherited power 2. Made laws

B. Plebeians - farmers, artisans, merchantsC. Tribune - elected plebeians to protect

Structure of Roman Government

IV. Early Roman Law

A. Written lawsB. Based on principlesC. “Twelve Tables”D. Gave plebeians greater protectionE. 451 BCEF. Basis for later Roman LawsG. All citizens had right to protection under the law

V. Roman Science

A. Arch=basis of aqueductsB. DomeC. Earth at center of universeD. 1st encyclopedia - E. VaultF. aqueducts

VI. Status of women

A. No rightsB. Needed escortsC. PatriarchalD. Marriage, family, home - highly regarded

VII. Punic Wars during Roman Republic

A. Rome v. Carthage (Phoenician Colony) 1. Carthage powerful trading city est. by Phoenicians 2. Rome invaded Sicily to protect Roman interests in southern Italy

B. 3 wars total 1. 1st Punic War - Sicily – 23 years (264-241 BCE) a. Treaty in favor of Romans b. Carthage to give Sicily to Rome c. Carthage NOT happy d. Rome powerful sea power

B. 3 wars total 1. 1st Punic War - Sicily – 23 years (264-241 BCE) a. Treaty in favor of Romans b. Carthage to give Sicily to Rome c. Carthage NOT happy d. Rome powerful sea power

2. 2nd Punic War (219-202BCE)– Hannibal a. General Hannibal led troops and elephants from Africa b. Crossed Alps … October and snow c. Entered Rome after losing half troops and most elephants d. While Hannibal en-route to Rome, Gen. Scipio led Roman troops to Carthage and attacked e. Hannibal to return to Carthage f. Rome won

2. 2nd Punic War (219-202BCE)– Hannibal a. General Hannibal led troops and elephants from Africa b. Crossed Alps … October and snow c. Entered Rome after losing half troops and most elephants d. While Hannibal en-route to Rome, Gen. Scipio led Roman troops to Carthage and attacked e. Hannibal to return to Carthage f. Rome won

3. 3rd Punic War (149-146BCE) - Rome destroys Carthage a. Rome wanted to ensure Carthage would not rise again b. Scipio Aemilianus (grandson to 1st Scipio) sent with troops to destroy Carthage c. Citizens sold into slavery d. Soil sown with salt and flute girls played music

4. Rome now an empire a. Focus on luxury b. Corruption rampant

3. 3rd Punic War (149-146BCE) - Rome destroys Carthage a. Rome wanted to ensure Carthage would not rise again b. Scipio Aemilianus (grandson to 1st Scipio) sent with troops to destroy Carthage c. Citizens sold into slavery d. Soil sown with salt and flute girls played music

4. Rome now an empire a. Focus on luxury b. Corruption rampant

I. Legacies of the Roman Empire A. Latin language = roots of Romance languages B. Engineering skills C. Transmission of Greek culture D. Development of Christianity

I. Legacies of the Roman Empire A. Latin language = roots of Romance languages B. Engineering skills C. Transmission of Greek culture D. Development of Christianity

II. Rise and Fall of Julius CaesarII. Rise and Fall of Julius Caesar

himself

*Antony married to Octavian’s sister, conspires with Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, to take all of the empire. Marries Cleopatra. Octavian NOT happy!

31 BCE Battle of Actium… Antony defeated by Octavian. Octavian takes Egypt. Cleopatra and Marc Antony commit suicide.Octavian vows to restore empire… gives himself title Augustus (Majestic One) and becomes 1st Emperor.

III. Pax Romana (Peace of Rome)

A. 207 years of PeaceB. Began w/ AugustusC. Empire 3 million square milesD. Public buildingsE. Civil serviceF. Postal systemG. New system of gov. led to stabilityH. AgricultureI. TradeJ. Roads - connected empire

IV. Society and Culture

A. Gap b/t rich and poor 1. Rich = Expensive homes, gardens, slaves, luxuries 2. Poor = Most had no $ - no food, homes, jobsB. To distract masses - free games, races and gladiator

contests 1. 150 holidays a year 2. ColiseumC. Christianity emerged

1. Applied to all people under Roman rule

2. Created stability and unity during Roman empire

3. Five basic principles3. Five basic principles

a. People equal under the lawa. People equal under the lawb. The accused may face accusers and defend against the chargeb. The accused may face accusers and defend against the charge

c. Decisions must be based on fairnessc. Decisions must be based on fairness d. A person is presumed

innocent until proven guiltyd. A person is presumed innocent until proven guilty

e. Guilt must be clearly establishede. Guilt must be clearly established

The Roman Rule of Law and Justice

The Roman Rule of Law and Justice

I. Roman Religion – based on Greek gods

A. Values, virtue and duty importantB. Showed gods proper respect 1. Fate was in hands of gods 2. Polytheistic – based on Greek godsC. AnthropomorphicD. All equal in eyes of gods 1. Jupiter - god of the sky - rain 2. Mars - protected armies 3. Emperor = chief priest

II. JudeaA. 3 wars fought for control of Jerusalem 1. B/t Jews and Romans 2. Jews initially given religious autonomyB. Pontius Pilate - Rome had direct control

over JewsC. Crop failure, famine, plague, warD. 2 groups emerged:

1. Rid Judea of Romans 2. Messiah is coming

III. Jesus of NazarethA. A JewB. Taught brotherly love, the love of God,

kingdom in heaven, not on Earth

C. Romans felt threatenedD. Christians persecuted & illegal for 300 years

1. Christians refused to worship Roman gods 2. Created martyrs

1. taught message of forgiveness – conquer evil with good 2. Apostles = followers 3. Crucified by Pontius Pilate 4. Disciples spread teachings

IV. Reasons for Diffusion of Christianity

A. Christianity taught all people were equal in sight of God

B. Promised rewards in afterlife for those who led a good life

C. Women were allowed to participate in ceremonies

1. Pagan ceremonies did not allow this D. Missionaries spread the teachings of Christ 1. Paul taught in Roman EmpireE. Emperor Constantine allowed Christianity to exist equally and legally with other religionsF. Theodosius commanded his subjects to become Christians 380 CE

D. Missionaries spread the teachings of Christ 1. Paul taught in Roman EmpireE. Emperor Constantine allowed Christianity to exist equally and legally with other religionsF. Theodosius commanded his subjects to become Christians 380 CE

V. Romans adopt Christianity

A. Emperor Constantine 1. Edict of Milan - Christianity a legal religion in Empire 2. Encourage building of churches 3. Built Roman capital at

Constantinople a. Christian capital

B. By 391 CE - official religion of Rome

A. Emperor Constantine 1. Edict of Milan - Christianity a legal religion in Empire 2. Encourage building of churches 3. Built Roman capital at

Constantinople a. Christian capital

B. By 391 CE - official religion of Rome

VI. Main ideas of Christianity A. One god B. Equality of all people C. Ten Commandments D. Love of God above all else E. Golden rule F. Love and forgiveness

Church Structure

• Pope• Bishops - several churches• Priests - one per church• The people• Canon law - church law• Heresy - going against church

Chapter 6.4: The Fall of the Roman

Empire

Military•German invasions•Army lacked discipline & training•Relied on mercenaries

Political•More authoritarian government•Frequent civil wars•Declining popular support•Empire divided in half

Economic•Heavy taxation•Reliance on slave labor•People became impoverished•Population declined•Agricultural output fell

Social•Declining patriotism, discipline, devotion to duty

Decline of ROME

Lasting Contributions of Roman Society

GovernmentLegal SystemRepublican formsCivil Service

GovernmentLegal SystemRepublican formsCivil Service

CultureStoic and Epicurean PhilosophiesSpread of ChristianityLatin and Romance languages

CultureStoic and Epicurean PhilosophiesSpread of ChristianityLatin and Romance languages

The ArtsEpic PoetryThe Arch and DomeMosaics and frescoesSculpture and Bas-reliefs

The ArtsEpic PoetryThe Arch and DomeMosaics and frescoesSculpture and Bas-reliefs

TechnologyUse of Concrete in EngineeringLarge Public BuildingsPublic Road NetworksAqueducts

TechnologyUse of Concrete in EngineeringLarge Public BuildingsPublic Road NetworksAqueducts

The Legacies of Ancient Rome