Chapter - 6 Bibliographyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/29232/13/13... · 2018-07-09 · • Sonowal C.J.: Gender System among the Sonowal Kacharis – A Plain Tribe of

163

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. PRIMARY SOURCES:

Pandulipi:

• Boroni Pandulipi, G.B.D. Publishers, Guwahati, 2004.

• Boroni Phisa O Ayen, translated by Prahlad Kumar Brahma, Harishchandra

Kachari and Madharam Kachari, Basumatary library, Dudhnoi, 2004.

• Samajik Sanbidhan, Boko Anchalik Boro Jatiya Parishad, 1998.

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Guwahati, 1979.

• Assam Land Revenue Manual Vol.I, Government of Assam, Shillong, 1968.

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Gauhati, 1984.

164

• Robinson W.: A Descriptive Account of Assam: with a Sketch of the Local

Geography and a Concise History of the Tea-Plant of Assam, to which is

added a short Account of the Neighbouring Tribes, Exhibiting their

History, Manners and Customs, Sanskaran Prakashak Delhi, 1975.

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Discussions of the Jubilee Conference held in Nowgaon, December 18-29,

1866, American Baptist Mission Union, Guwahati, 1992

• 54th

Annual Report of the Santal Mission of Northern Churches (SMNC)

for the year 1924-25, published by SMNC, Dumka

• The 58th

Annual Report of The Santal Mission of the Northern Churches

for the year 1924-25, published by SMNC, 1926, Dumka

• 61st

and 62nd

Annual Report of the SMNC for the fifteen months from 1st

October 1927 to 31st

December 1928, published by SMNC, Dumka.

• 64th

Annual Report of the SMNC for the year 1930, published by SMNC,

Dumka.

• 65th


Dumka

• 68th


Dumka

• 95th

Annual Report of SMNC for the year1961, published by SMNC,

Dumka,

• 96th

Annual Report of SMNC for the year1962, published by SMNC,

Dumka

165

• 98the

of the SMNC for the year 1964, published by SMNC, Dumka

• Joint Annual Report of NELC-SMNC for the year 1975, Dumka

Thesis:

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166

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167

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New Delhi, 1987.

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and North America, Boston: Gould and Lincoln, New York: Sheldon

Lamport and Blakeman, 1854.

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• Goswami M. C.: “Traditional Land Tenure and Land Use Systems among

the Tribal Communities” in Alienation of Tribal Land and Indebtedness

edited by B. N. Bordoloi, publisher Director of Tribal Research Institute

Assam, Guwahati, 1986.

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Empire, ed. Philippa Levine, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004.

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1986.

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the Northern Churches 1867-1967, Santal Mission of the Northern

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Eastern Hill University (NEHU) Publications, Shillong, 2004.

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Multidimensional Study, Shillong: Vendrame Institute/Calcutta: Firma

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c.1757-2003, Orient Longman Private Ltd, New Delhi 2005.

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• Calcutta, 1994.

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York.

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Options, Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 2005.

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Delhi: Guwahati, 1985.

• Marshall Shahlins: “Political Power and the Economy in Primitive Society”

in Essays in the Science of Culture, edited by G.E. Dole & R.L. Carneino,

New York, 1960 as quoted by Colin Bundy: The Rise and Fall of the South

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Publication, Guwahati, 1980

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Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes, Guwahati, 2002

• Mittal A.C., Sharma J.B. (ed.): Tribal Movement Politics & Religion in

India V-I Radha publications, New Delhi, 1998.

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Guwahati, 2004.

• , Birgosrir Tarowal, Chandra Publications, Guwahati, 2010.

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- Gurudev and the Bodo Society, G.B.D. Publishers, Guwahati: Kolkata,

2004.

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Guwahati, 1971.

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Company, Guwahati, 1978.

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London: Gower, 1985.

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Culture and Society ed. Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo, Louise Lamphere,

Joan Babengers, Stanford University Press, California, 1974.

• Pfeffer Georg and Behera Deepak Kumar: Contemporary Society: Tribal

Studies Vol.I, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1997.

• Pulloppillil Thomas and Aluckal Jacob (ed): The Bodos- Children of

Bhullumbutter, Spectrum Publications, Guwhati: Delhi, 1997.

• Raysom Goswami Mamoni: Thengphakri Tahsildarar Tamar Tarowal,

Jyoti publications, 2009

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Assam, Wildlife Areas Development and Welfare Trust, Assam, 2005.

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India Vol. I, Mittal publication, Delhi, 1987.

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Third World Women’s Perspectives, Earthscan Publications, London, 1988.

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Delhi, 1999.

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1826-74, Mittal publication, Delhi, 1985.

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Publishers and Distributors, 2004.

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Assam Institute of Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes,

Jawaharnagar, Guwahati 2007.

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End Press Brooklyn, 2010.

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House, New Delhi, 1998.

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Study of the Role of Christianity in Social Change Among the Khasi-Jaintia

Hill Tribes of Meghalaya, Shillong:Vendrame Institute/Calcutta: Firma

KLM Private Ltd.,1993.

• Sonowal C.J.: Gender System among the Sonowal Kacharis – A Plain Tribe

of Assam, Raj publishing house, Guwahati, 2002.

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Publishing House, Delhi, 1994.

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Delhi, 2002.

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Discrimination, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur , 2000.

173

Souvenirs and Journals:

• Basumatari Ramdas: “Some Ideas on Bathou” in Bodosa, Bodo Sahitya

Sabha Souvenir, edited by M.R. Mochahari, 1980

• Brahma Kameswar: “A Common Picture of the Tribal Economy vis-à-vis

Development Planning in Assam” in Bulletin Vol-I: Number-VII, The

Assam Institute of Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes, Guwahati,

1990.

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Issue, 1998.

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Ages” in Bulletin Vol-I: Number-XII, The Assam Institute of Research for

Tribals and Scheduled Castes, Guwahati, 1999.

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The Brahma, the mouthpiece of the Sodou Brahma Dharma Parichalana

Samiti, 32

nd Annual Conference, Karbi Anglong, 2007.

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Introduction”, in Bulletin Vol. I:Number-I, The Tribal research Institute,

Assam:Guwahati, 1983.

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Tribal research Institute, Assam: Guwahati, 1986.

• Brahma Sobha: “Gurudev Kalicharan Brahma (1862-1940)” in Swrangsali

(Souvenir), 33rd

Annual Conference, Sodou Brahma Dharma Parichalana

Samiti, Guwahati, 2008.

174

• Chakiram Thakuria: Boro-Kachari Samajar Jana Jivanar Geet in Souvenir,

All Assam Tribal Sangha, 20th

Session, Guwahati, 1977.

• Hazarika Haren Kr.: “Ethnic Identity and Socio-Religious Aspects of

Bodos: A Plain Tribes in Assam” in Bulletin Vol-I: Number-XI, The Assam

Institute of Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes, Guwahati, 1996.

• Mooshahary R.S.: “Faith and Practices, Religion and Reform in the Bodo

Society” in Swrangsali (Souvenir), 33rd

Annual Conference, Sodou Brahma

Dharma Parichalana Samiti, Guwahati, 2008.

• Narzary Bidyasagar: “Boro Mahasanmilani and Gurudev” in The Brahma,

the Mouthpiece of the Sodou Brahma Dharma Parichalana Samiti, 33

rd

Annual Conference,Guwahati, 2008.

• Rahman Ajijur: “Gurudev Kalicharan Brahma aru Simon Commisionar

Ocharat dakhil kara Teor Smarak Patra” in The Brahma, the mouthpiece of

the Sodou Brahma Dharma Parichalana Samiti, 32

nd Annual Conference,

Karbi Anglong, 2007.

• , “Gurudev Kalicharan Brahmar Samajchetana aru Bartaman

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Brahma Dharma Parichalana Samiti, 33

rd Annual Conference, Guwahati,

2008.

• Saikia M.C.: “The Boro-Kachari Hutmets at the Open-Air Tribal Habitat

Exhibition at Bhopal: A Short Report” in Bulletin Vol-I:Number-VI, The

Tribal research Institute, Assam: Guwahati, 1989.

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I:Number-III, The Tribal research Institute, Assam: Guwahati, 1985.

175

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Prohibition among the Boro Kacharis in a Rural Setting: A Case Study” in

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Assam”, in Bulletin, Number-XVII, The Assam Institute of Research for

Tribals and Scheduled Castes, Guwahati, 2007-2008.

Websites Consulted:

• Jakob Kirkemann Boesan and Tomas Martin: Applying A Rights-Based

Approach: An Inspirational Guide for Civil Society, Danish Society For

Human Rights, Denmark, 2007.

http://www.humanrights.dk/files/pdf/Publikationer/applying%20a%20right

s%20based%20approach.pdf Date of access – 15/03/11.

• G.C. Basumatary: Growth and Development of Bathou (Siva) worship

among the Bodos in Bodoland Movement.

http://www.bodoland.org/culture2.htm, Date of access – 14/06/09.

176

APPENDIX I: GLOSSARY OF TERMS

This section includes definition of terms that are non-English. .

A]

Abang Gosai : Almighty God

Abonglaoree : Almighty God

Aeophramnai : Fried food items

Agarcitha : A local plant

Agoli kolpaat : A banana leaf

Agor : Floral designs used in Dokhna

Ahuti : Offering oblations

Ajuw Affat : Women’s Association or Mahila Samitis

Akhong : It is used as the dining room

Ali : A small path of the agricultural field

Aluri : One who does not know any work

Amaw : A locally made medicine required in the

preparation of rice-beer.

Amaw mokang : Old amaw

Amlai phithai or Amlakhi : Emblic myrobalan

Anand Gosai : Almighty God

Ari : Clan

Aroi chaul : Not boiled rice

Ashu or Ahu : Summer rice

Atharo khauri aungkhan : 18 procedures of cooking

Athmongla : After marriage ceremony

177

B]

Bad : Offence

Bagorumba : Butterfly dance

Bahor gaaz : Bamboo shoots

Bairathi : Bride’s maid

Baisagu : Baisagu i.e. starting of the New Year is the main

seasonal festival of the Boros, celebrated in the

month of Bohag or mid-April.

Bahar sunga : Bamboo tube or hallow

Bakhri : Granary

Bathou-Borai : Lord Shiva, also known by various names

viz. Gila Dambra, Khorai Borai.

Bathou Dharma : Traditional Boro religion

Bawa : Stemmed rice

Bedor : Meat

Beels or pukhuris : Swamps

Bhada mah : Assamese month

Bhol : Ridge Gourd

Biban Langnai : It is a pre-marriage ceremony of the Boros

which the groom’s side presents to the

bride’s side. It is carried by Barlangpha. In

Assamese, biban means bhar.

Binan Gosai : Almighty God

Birgosry Sikhla : A legendary heroine

178

Bisani : A hand-fan

Bis Kantokhra or Bel : Stone apple

Bohag : Mid-April to mid-May

Bonanoi Lainai Haba : Marriage by force or Marriage by abduction

Bongphang nakeb : A local plant

Bora chawl : A special kind of rice

Borai Bathou : The chief among the Boro gods and

goddesses.

Boro Chatra Sanmilini : Boro Students’ Union

Boroni Pandulipi : Boro personal Laws

Brahma Company : A business organization

Brahma Dharma : An acculturative socio-religious movement

started Kalicharan Brahmain the early years

of twentieth century in the Boro society.

C]

Chalani : Sieve

Chauka : Earthen fire place

Chidol : A jelly of dried fish

Chourano or Nosuna : A separate house from the main house

D]

Dabkha or Maldenga : Big earthen pots to store rice-beer

Dahal : A shield

Daoa Begur : Bark of Artocurpus species

Dahona : A male servant

179

Daini : Witch

Dala : A round bamboo tray

Daogeny Jola : A green shrub

Deori : Priest

Dhanu Uddhar : Boro penance system

Dhup-dhuna : Incense sticks

Dokhna : Traditional dress for Boro women

Dokhna Thaoci : Traditional dress for the bride

Dongkharlangnai Haba : Marriage by elopement

Domachi : Magh Bihu or post-harvest festival of the

Boros

Dongkha Habnai Haba : Widow remmariage. It is called Dhoka in

Assamese

Doudini or Deodhai : A female oracle or exorcist

Durub : A locally available wild plant

E]

Engkham godan : Cooked rice

Engkham godan janai : Rice-eating ceremony

Era paat : Wild castor

Era polu : Cocoons

Eri : The woolly white silk of Assam

G]

Gab Phitahai : A large tree

Gaonburah : Head man of a Panchayat.

180

Gamucha : Towel

Gang Funai : Forced social intercourse or rape

Garija Lakhinai haba : Marriage by servitude

Garza Puja : Worship performed to drive away the evil

and to purify the village

Gasa : earthen lamp

Goijara-pathoi : A pair of areca nuts and betel leaves

Goli : Cowshed

Goi Khanai : Cutting of areca nuts

Goncha : Weaving stick of bamboo

Goroi mas : A kind of fish

Goy : Areca Nut

Gram Hitesi Samiti : A kind of rural-cooperative bank

Gurudev/Guru : A spiritual leader

H]

Haats : Local markets

Haba : Boro marriage

Hamaha : Alluvial land

Hathasuni Khurnai : A Boro marriage performed with all customs

and practices.

Heleka or Hilikha : Black Myrobalan

Howagodan naina : Interview of the bridegroom

I]

Ishing : Kitchen

181

J]

Jab-jab : Fish or meat with gravy

Jakhua or Jokhor : A typical unseparated Boro family

Jantha : A bamboo stick

Jetuka : Henna plant

Jhoom : A type of shifting cultivation in which slash

and burn technique is used.

Jigab Gorani : Old dry straw of paddy

Jora naam : Teasing songs

Jora thokha khonnai : A pair of betel given as a bride-price.

Jotha : Cymbal

Jumgra : Scarf

K]

Kanthals : Jack-fruit

Kinthals : A wild flower

Kachur thari : Taro stem

Khaji : A dish called made of pork with other wild

vegetables

Khaloi or Kuki : Bamboo pot meant to keep the caught fish in

there.

Kham : Drum

Khar : Alkaline

Kharokha : Ranvolfia serpentine

Kharsonai Haba : Love marriage

182

Khaya : Common Sedge

Khel system : It was a professional system introduced by

the Ahoms.

Kherai Puja : It is the supreme religious festival of the

Boros and is believed to be performed in the

name of Kherai Borai (Lord Shiva).

Khopra : First room of the house

Khora goja : Headless

Khorahi or Tukuri : Bamboo basket

Khothia Phunia : Uprooting the seedlings. It is an agricultural

rite.

Khungkha : A bitter herb

Kochu : Taro

Kula : A winnowing fan

Kumara : Ash Gourd

L]

Lao lao : Curry with water

Lakhirajdhar : Holder of revenue-free land

M]

Menai : Curry prepared by wrapping in leaf

Maibrai chawl : A special kind of rice

Manimuni : A wild herb

Muga : Golden Silk of Assam

Maigainai : Plantation of paddy

183

Malsa : A system of collecting money in the name of

the bride from the parents of the groom

Maisali : Winter rice.

Maima : Larger grains

Maisa : Smaller grains

Mati- mahar dail : Black gram

Mainao : Goddess of wealth

Melas : Local market

Mahasanmilani : A Boor union

Moiphral : Indian spinach

Maigaina : Plantation of paddy

Maoji khoma : Water Lettuce

Mainao Lainai or Aglaina : An agricultural rite of bringing Mainao or

Lakhi from the paddy field to the house.

Mouzadar : A fiscal officer in charge of a mouza.

N]

Nal kochu : A kind of taro

Nangoul jankha : Last day of transplantation

Nawab Badsha : A Muslim god

Napham : Edible jelly made from fish

Narzi : A bitter gravy prepared from dried jute leaves

Nomano : Main house

O]

Omakhoptang : Divided pork.

184

Oja : A man skilled in the art of chanting mantrs;

an apothecary; a medicine

Oma bedor : Curry of pork

Oma : Pig

Olkobi : Turnip

Oma : Pork

Onla : A gravy made of rice powder and slices of

bamboo

Ondhakhari : A kind of meal

Or jumudoi or Dupar Tenga: Bryophyllum species

P]

Paan : Betel leaves

Paik system : A system of providing service in manual labour

Palha : Fishing implement

Pani Lao : Bottle Gourd

Parganah : An administrative unit

Pathshala : School

Patta : Land document

Pithas : Cakes

Phon thoka or Pong : Bride-price. In Assamese society, the bride

price is called gadhan.

Phram phram : Dried curry

Poddo Bibarni begor : Seeds of lotus

Puthi mas : Swam barb

R]

Raijani Metheng : Village Panchayat

Raja : King

185

Rayat Sabhas : Peasants’ council/assembly

Res nullius : A thing which has no owner

Ruwati : A female servant

S]

Sal : A kind of tree

Salami : A pre-Garja Puja ceremony

Samanda Piharainai : A pre-marriage ceremony. Its literal meaning

is changing the relationship.

Sangnanoi Lainai Haba : Arranged marriage

Seja : A kind of stringent instrument

Sibimg : Sesame

Sibrai : Another name of Bathou Borai, the god-in-chief

Sibru : A kind of thorny plant used as vegetable

Sigun : Teak leaves

Siju : Euphorbia splenden

Sikhla : Damsel

Siphung : Flute

Sokota : It is prepared with from dry jute leaves

Sthev sthev : Gravy

T]

Tabij or Kobos : Amulet

Tengamara : A sour fruit

Thalit Moikhun : Spadix of banana

Thana : Police Station

Than-thin Daini : A popular witchcraft prevalent among the Boros

186

Thekera : Garcinia mangostana

Thuthuni or Thanithuni : A wild herb

Thungkhu bergao : Madustoma species

Thungri : A long sword

Thunku Berguon : Melastoma species

Til : Sesame seeds

Tuh-guri : Paddy husk

Tulsi : Holy basil

U]

Udrainai : Penance

Ural or Kundana : Wooden mortar and pestle

Uthumai : Umbilical cord

Yajnahuti : A ritual performance

Yandaboo Treaty : It was signed in 1826 which ended the

Anglo-Burmese War.

Z]

Zakhai : Fishing implement

Zamindar : A landholder in colonial India

Zamindari System : A system of Land Revenue

Zu, Zau, Jumai or Madh : Rice beer

187

APPENDIX II: QUESTIONNAIRE

Name : ……………………………………..

Age/Date of birth : ……………………………………..

Village : ……………………………………..

Education : ……………………………………..

Occupation : ……………………………………..

Signature/Left thumb impression : ……………………………………..

Name of mother : ……………………………………..

Age/Date of birth : ……………………………………..

Education : ……………………………………..

Occupation : ……………………………………..


Name of father : ……………………………………..

Age/Date of birth : ……………………………………..

Education : ……………………………………..

Occupation : ……………………………………..


A. Family and Social Stucture:

1. What is the type of family?

a) nuclear b) joint

188

2. What is type of social stucture?

a) patriarchal b) matriarchal

B. Family Domain and Social Domain:

3. Who is more responsible for taking care of children?

a) mother b) father c) both d)…………..

4. Who takes decision regarding education of children in the family ?

a) father a) mother c) both d)………….

5. Who takes decision regarding mode of treatment in the family ?

a) father a) mother c) both d)…………..

6. Who takes the final decision regarding marriage?


7. Who takes major decisions in the family?


8. Does women have any say in taking family decisions?

a) yes b) no

9. Who performs the following activies in the family ?

i) cooking and kitchen activities:

a) husband b) wife c) both

ii) washing clothes:

a) male b) female c) both

iii) collecting firewood:


189

iv) preparing rice beer (zou or jumai):


d) Not prevalent……

v) maintaining vegetable garden in the household:


vi) hunting:


vii) house building:


viii) cutting trees:


10. What is the type of residence pattern?

a) patrilocal b) matrilocal c) both

11. Does women have the liberty to move freely in public places and forests?

a) yes b) no c) ………………….

12. Who decides the amount demanded for marriage called Phon (bride-price)?

a) bride b) bride’s mother c) bride’s father

d) both parents e) others............... f) Not prevalent…

13. What is Phon to Boro women? (answered by the household lady)

a) traditional custom b) compensation to bride’ parent

c) cost of making the girl suitable d) buying-selling of girl

e) compulsion

f) any other explaination...................................................................

190

C. Religious Sphere:

14. What is the religion followed by the respondent?

a) Bathou Dharma b) Christianity Brahma Dharma

d) other.............................

15. Who does domestic worship?

a) wife b) husband c) both

16. Who are subjected as Daini or witch in the Boro society ?


D. Economic Domain:

17. Who selects the plot for agriculture?


18. Who decides the type of crop to be grown, cropping pattern and mode of

production ? a) husband b) wife c) both

19. In agriculure who does most of the work in the following activities:

i) ploughing of land:

a) men b) women c) both equally

ii) sowing of seeds:


iii) harvesting and cleaning:


iv) transplantation and broadcasting of seedlings


vi) carrying of seedlings


191

vii) making bundles


viii) carrying crops to home or grannary:


20. Who looks after animal husbandry ?

a) male b) female

21. Who contols granary or Bhakri in the family?

a) wife or female members b) husband or male memebers

22. Who takes care of cowshed or Goli ?

a) wife or female members b) husband or male memebers

23. Does women go to local Bazaars or haats?

a) yes b) no

24. Does men sell or barter goods made by women in the haats?

a) yes b) no

25. Who keeps the money eraned from weaving, selling pigs, poultry etc.


26. How do woman spend the money earned from weaving, selling in haats and

other economic activities ?

a) on all household articles b) grocery items

c) to spend on their own requirements d) on family members

e) others ..................................................................................................

27. Who takes decision regarding spending of money ?


192

E. Rights and Restrictions:

28. How is the kinship traced ?

a) patrilineal b) matrilineal c) both

29. Who’s birth is most favored in the fmily ?

a) son b) daughter c) both

30. Traditionally who inherits the property, house, agricultural implements and

heirlooms ?

a) son b) daughter c) both

F. Social Status:

31. Do you think Boro men and women are entitled with same rights and

privillages in the tribal society ?

a) yes b) no

any explanation................................................................................................

32. What is the social status of Boro women in tribal / Brahma/ Christian society?

(answered by male owner)

a) euqual with men b) lower than men c) higher than men d)……

33. What is the social status of Boro women in their tribal society? (answered by

household lady):

a) equal with men b) lower than men c) higher than men

Documents

Chapter - 6 Bibliographyshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/29232/13/13... · 2018-07-09 · • Sonowal C.J.: Gender System among the Sonowal Kacharis – A Plain Tribe of