Upload
marvel
View
154
Download
13
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Ecology. Preserving The Animal Kingdom. Animals and Their Abiotic Environment. Habitat: includes all living and nonliving of the animals environment Tolerance Range: the range of values in which animals live - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Chapter 6Chapter 6EcologyEcology
Preserving The Animal Preserving The Animal KingdomKingdom
Animals and Their Abiotic Animals and Their Abiotic EnvironmentEnvironment
Habitat: includes all living and nonliving Habitat: includes all living and nonliving of the animals environmentof the animals environment
Tolerance Range: the range of values in Tolerance Range: the range of values in which animals livewhich animals live
Range of Optimum: Defines the conditions Range of Optimum: Defines the conditions under which an animal is most successfulunder which an animal is most successful
Limiting Factor: when factors necessary Limiting Factor: when factors necessary for an animal’s survival and reproduction for an animal’s survival and reproduction in out of rangein out of range
Taxis: when an animal orients itself to an Taxis: when an animal orients itself to an abiotic factorabiotic factor
ENERGYENERGY
HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Autotrophic Autotrophic Energy budgetEnergy budget
TEMPERTURETEMPERTURE
TorporTorpor HibervationHibervation Winter sleepWinter sleep Aetivation Aetivation
OTHER ABIOTIC OTHER ABIOTIC FACTORSFACTORS
Include: moisture, light, geology, Include: moisture, light, geology, and soils.and soils.
The texture, amount of organic The texture, amount of organic matter, fertility, and water holding matter, fertility, and water holding ablity directly influence the number ablity directly influence the number and kinds of animals living in or on and kinds of animals living in or on the soil.the soil.
POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS
Populations are groups of individuals Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that occupy a of the same species that occupy a given area at the same time and given area at the same time and have unique attributes.have unique attributes.
2 important attributes involve the 2 important attributes involve the potential for population growth and potential for population growth and the limits that the environment the limits that the environment places on population growth. places on population growth.
POPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH Exponential growth: the population Exponential growth: the population
increases by the same ratio per unit time.increases by the same ratio per unit time. Environmental resistance: the constraints Environmental resistance: the constraints
that climate, food, space, and other that climate, food, space, and other environmental factors place on a environmental factors place on a populationpopulation
Carrying capacity: the population size that Carrying capacity: the population size that a particular environment can support a particular environment can support
Logistic population growth: growth curves Logistic population growth: growth curves assume a sigmiod, or flattened S shapeassume a sigmiod, or flattened S shape
POPULATION POPULATION REGULATIONREGULATION
The conditions that an animal must meet to The conditions that an animal must meet to survive are unique for every species.survive are unique for every species.
Density-independent factors: influence the Density-independent factors: influence the number of animals in a population without number of animals in a population without regard to the number of individuals per unit regard to the number of individuals per unit space.space. Ex. Weather conditions often limit populationEx. Weather conditions often limit population
Density-dependent factors: are more severe Density-dependent factors: are more severe when population density is high (or when population density is high (or sometimes very low) than they are a other sometimes very low) than they are a other densities.densities.
INTRASPECIFIC INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITIONCOMPETITION
Intraspecific competition: Intraspecific competition: competition aming members of the competition aming members of the same species.same species.
INTERSPECIFIC INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONSINTERACTIONS
Members of other species can affect Members of other species can affect all characteristics of a population.all characteristics of a population.
Interspecific interactions include Interspecific interactions include herbivory, predation, competition, herbivory, predation, competition, coevolution, and smbiosis. coevolution, and smbiosis.
Herbivory and PredationHerbivory and Predation
Animala that feed on plants by Animala that feed on plants by croppig portions of the plant, but croppig portions of the plant, but usually not killing the plant, are usually not killing the plant, are herbivores.herbivores.
This conversion provides food for This conversion provides food for predators that feed by killing and predators that feed by killing and eating other organisms. eating other organisms.
Interspecific CompetitionInterspecific Competition
When members of different species When members of different species compete for resources, one species compete for resources, one species may be forced to move or move or may be forced to move or move or become extinct, or the two species become extinct, or the two species may share the resource and coexist.may share the resource and coexist.
CoevolutionCoevolution
Occurs when species are competing Occurs when species are competing for the same resource or during for the same resource or during predator-prey interactionspredator-prey interactions
Also occurs with flowering plants Also occurs with flowering plants and pollinating animals.and pollinating animals.
SymbiosisSymbiosis Symbiosis: some of the best examples of Symbiosis: some of the best examples of
adaptations arising through coevolution come adaptations arising through coevolution come from two different species living in continuing, from two different species living in continuing, intimate associationsintimate associations
Parasitism: a common form of symbiosis in Parasitism: a common form of symbiosis in which one organism lives in or on a second which one organism lives in or on a second organism. organism.
Commensalism: a symbiotic relationship in Commensalism: a symbiotic relationship in which one member of the relationship benefits, which one member of the relationship benefits, and the second is neither helped nor harmed. and the second is neither helped nor harmed.
Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship that Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship that benefits both membersbenefits both members
Other Interspecific Other Interspecific AdaptationsAdaptations
Camouflage: occurs when an animal’s color Camouflage: occurs when an animal’s color patterns help hide the animal, or a patterns help hide the animal, or a developmental stage, from another animal. developmental stage, from another animal.
Cryptic coloration: is a type of camouflage that Cryptic coloration: is a type of camouflage that occurs when an animal takes on color patterns in occurs when an animal takes on color patterns in its environment to prevent the animal from being its environment to prevent the animal from being seen by other animals.seen by other animals.
Countershading: is a kind of camouflage common Countershading: is a kind of camouflage common in frog and toad eggs.in frog and toad eggs.
Aposematic coloration: warning patterns on Aposematic coloration: warning patterns on animalsanimals
Mimicry: when a species resembles another Mimicry: when a species resembles another species and gains porotection. species and gains porotection.
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
Community-all population living in an Community-all population living in an areaarea
Ex: a stream community of rainbow Ex: a stream community of rainbow trouts that helps controll the trouts that helps controll the population of invertebratespopulation of invertebrates
Dominant species: are responsible for Dominant species: are responsible for establishing community characteristic.establishing community characteristic.
Community diversity: a variety of Community diversity: a variety of animals in a communityanimals in a community
The Ecological NicheThe Ecological Niche
Ecological niche includes all Ecological niche includes all attributes of an animal’s lifestyleattributes of an animal’s lifestyle
Ex: where it looks for food, what it Ex: where it looks for food, what it eats, where it nests & the condition eats, where it nests & the condition of temp.of temp.
Community StabilityCommunity Stability
Succession: the dominant members os Succession: the dominant members os the community change a community in the community change a community in predictable wayspredictable ways
Pioneer community: the first community Pioneer community: the first community to become established in an areato become established in an area
Seral stage: each successional stageSeral stage: each successional stage Sere: the entire successional sequence Sere: the entire successional sequence Climax community: the final communityClimax community: the final community
Trophic structure of Trophic structure of EcologyEcology
Ecosystems: communities and their Ecosystems: communities and their physical environment physical environment
Food Chain: the sequence of organisms Food Chain: the sequence of organisms through which energy moves in an through which energy moves in an ecosystem ecosystem
Food webs: complex interconnected food Food webs: complex interconnected food chainschains
Trophic level: organisms grouped Trophic level: organisms grouped accorhing to the form of energy used.accorhing to the form of energy used. Producers (autotrophs)Producers (autotrophs) Consumers (heterotrophs)Consumers (heterotrophs)
Cycling Within Cycling Within EcosystemsEcosystems
Biogeochemical Cycles: matter Biogeochemical Cycles: matter moving through the ecosystem. moving through the ecosystem.
Ecological ProblemsEcological Problems
Name some ecological problems.Name some ecological problems.
Human Population Human Population GrowthGrowth
Age structure: shows the proportion Age structure: shows the proportion of a population in prereproductive, of a population in prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive reproductive, and postreproductive classes. classes.
Birthrates are falling world round Birthrates are falling world round due to more women in the work due to more women in the work force and the AIDS epidemic. force and the AIDS epidemic.
PollutionPollution
Pollution is any detrimental change to an Pollution is any detrimental change to an ecosystem. ecosystem.
Acid deposition: falling sulfuric acid made Acid deposition: falling sulfuric acid made by combined sulfur dioxide and water.by combined sulfur dioxide and water.
Greenhouse effect: carbon dioxide Greenhouse effect: carbon dioxide released in burning fuels is accumulating released in burning fuels is accumulating in the atmosphere.in the atmosphere.
Biological magnification: the Biological magnification: the accumulation of matter in food websaccumulation of matter in food webs
Resource Depletion and Resource Depletion and BiodiversityBiodiversity
Biodiversity: the variety of living Biodiversity: the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem. organisms in an ecosystem.