Chapter 6 Notes

U.S. Government 1789-1800

Bill of Rights

Guarantee religious freedom, freedom of expression, and protect property and people from arbitrary legal proceedings.

Freedom to keep and bear arms.

All powers not mentioned are retained by the states

First President

1789 Washington was elected unanimously John Adams finished second and is the Vice-

President First Cabinet created –

State Department – Thomas Jefferson Treasury Department – Alexander Hamilton War Department – Henry Knox Justice Department – Edmund Randolph

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Sec of State is the President's principal foreign policy advisor

U.S. Embassies U.S. Ambassadors Protects and assists

U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad

The Cabinet Today

Secretary Timothy Geithner Promote conditions for

prosperity and stability in the U.S. and encourage prosperity and stability in the rest of the world

U.S. Mint Bureau of Printing &

Engraving Internal Revenue Service Bureau of Public Debt

Circulation of high-denomination bills was halted in 1969 by executive order of President Richard Nixon, in an effort to combat organized crime. The Federal Reserve began taking high-denomination bills out of circulation that year; as of May 30, 2009, there were only 336 of the $10,000 bills in circulation; 342 remaining $5,000 bills; and 165,372 $1,000 bills still being used. Due to their rarity, collectors will pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them. Most recently, in order to honor the man who introduced the modern system of banknotes. Chase was on the$10,000 bill, printed from 1928 to 1946. Salmon P. Chase was instrumental in placing the phrase "In God We Trust" on United States currency.

Secretary Leon E. Panetta $1.030–$1.415 trillion

budget

Department of DefenseMilitary Departments

U.S. ArmyU.S. Army U.S. Air Force U.S. Navy U.S. Marine Corps

Department of Homeland Security

Military Departments Unified CommandsChairman of the JCS

Office of the Secretary of Defense

U.S. Coast Guard

Attorney General Eric H. Holder, Jr. Federal Bureau of Investigation Drug Enforcement Administration U.S. Marshals Service Prosecutes violations of civil-rights laws Provides all legal services required by the President

and other executive departments

Secretary Kenneth L. Salazar Started by maintaining White

House grounds National Park Service (84

million acres) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

(conservation) Bureau of Indian Affairs

Secretary Thomas J. Vilsack Forest Service (192 million acres) Food Safety Inspection Service

(meat, poultry) Food stamp and school lunch

program Farm loans and crop insurance

Secretary Rebecca Blank

Promote the nation’s economic development & technological advancement

NOAA (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration)

Patent Office Census Bureau

Department of Labor

Secretary Hilda Solis Ensure welfare of wage earners Minimum wage $7.67 and work

hours Unemployment Insurance

Secretary Kathleen Sebelius

Medicare & Medicaid Head Start Meals on Wheels Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention Food & Drug Administration

Secretary Shaun L.S. Donovan Increase home ownership, support

community development and increase access to affordable housing

Federal Housing Administration Federal Disaster Assistance Witness Relocation

Secretary Raymond LaHood Federal Aviation Administration Federal Highway Administration

Secretary Steven Chu Mission is to advance the

national, economic and energy security of the U.S.

Dispose of nuclear weapons Regulate nuclear power Manhattan Project – 1942

Secretary Arne Duncan Grants and Financial Aid Drug Education Enforce equal opportunities

Secretary Eric K. Shinseki

Veteran benefits (health benefits, G.I. Bill, rehabilitation, survivor benefits, etc.)

Cemeteries

Secretary Janet Napolitano Transportation Security Customs and Border Security Immigration and Citizenship Emergency Preparedness (FEMA) U.S. Coast Guard Secret Service

Washington’s America & Uniformity of New England As of 1790, the national census counted about 4

million Americans.

One in four Americans lived in New England.

New England had poor soil, long, cold winters, which made growing crops impractical.

Most of New England’s population were descendants of seventeenth century English immigrants.

While Quakers, Baptists, and Catholics gained the rights to worship by the 1720’s, Congregationalism (system of church governance where local church congregation is

independent ) was deemed the official religion of in Connecticut and Massachusetts.

Women outnumbered men in the region (New England was the only region where this happened).

Slavery was abolished in the 1780’s.

Mid-Atlantic Pluralism Mid-Atlantic region- New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

English descent was less than 40%

Majority of ethnic groups: Dutch, Scots-Irish in New York, Germans and Scots-Irish in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Religious diversity and economic opportunity

All factors led to this area being called the “first breadbasket.”

Region where soil was best and largeamounts of crops could be grown.

The South

Maryland and Delaware to Georgia

Climate and soil was perfect for growing cash crops.

Just under 40% of the south’s population was African slaves.

The Westerners

Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River

By the end of 1780’s, white population was 200,000; Native American population 150,000.

Relationship between whites and Indians grew tense and sometimes violent.

Most white migrants who went to Kentucky and Tennessee were young, rural poor from seaboard slave states.

Life in the West was hard and cruel.

Death rate was very high, especially among infants.

Many in the area were squatters, occupying

land in hopes of someday gaining ownership to it.

Forging a New Government

Washington and Congress’ first issue was how to address the executive chief.

John Adams wanted to call him “His Highness,” while others wanted “Mr. President.”

Regardless of his title, Washington wanted the presidency to be respectable and he set guidelines for presidential etiquette.

Washington was sworn into office April 30, 1789.

First Presidential Cabinet

President: George Washington Vice President: John Adams Department of State (dealt with foreign affairs):

Thomas Jefferson Department of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Department of War: Henry Knox Attorney General: Edmund Randolph

Cabinet: president’s chief advisors.

The Judiciary Act of 1789 Implementation of the judiciary clause of the

Constitution by Congress, which established the Supreme Court and a system of lower federal courts.

The Tariff Act of 1789 Apart from a few selected industries, this first tariff

passed by Congress was intended to raise revenue and not protect American manufacturers from foreign competition.

Tonnage Act of 1789 Duty levied on the tonnage of incoming ships to U.S.

ports; tax was higher on foreign-owned ships to favor American ships.

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Alexander Hamilton Believed in a strong central government led by a

prosperous, educated elite of upper-class citizens. Commerce and industry were keys to a strong nation.

Thomas Jefferson Distrusted a strong central government and the rich. Favored strong state governments and local governments. Favored a society of farmer-citizens

Hamilton and the Public Credit

Plans to address Revolutionary War debt National government responsible for two-thirds of debt. Individual states are responsible for the rest of the debt.

Call for an excise tax on distilled whiskey. Proposal to charter a national bank

Funded by federal government and private investors. Issue paper money and handle tax receipts and other government

funds.

Recommendation for government to promote industry.

Washington D.C.

Hamilton suggests nation’s capital be moved from New York City to a more central location.

In 1790, a debt bill passed Congress, along with authorization for the construction of a new national capital in the District of Columbia.

French engineer, Pierre L’Enfant chosen to draw plans for new capital.

Washington replaced L’Enfant (due to being obstinate) with Andrew Ellicot, who redrew the plans.

African American surveyor, Benjamin Banneker helped with the surveying work.

By 1800, the capital had been officially moved. John Adams will be the first president to live there.

Emergence of Parties

Federalists were supporters of the Constitution who favored its ratification (supporters of Hamilton’s program).

Republicans were opposed of the Federalists, identifying with the individual liberties and the heritage of the Revolution.

They believed Federalists of trying to impose the British system of economic privilege and social exploitation.

The Republican Party (Jeffersonian Party) was headed by Thomas Jefferson Opposed financial and

diplomatic policies of the Federalists

Favored limiting powers of the national government

Place interests of farmers over those of financial and commercial groups

The Whiskey Rebellion

Armed uprising in1794 by farmers in western Pennsylvania who attempted to prevent the collection of the excise tax on whiskey.

Protective tariff – import tax on goods produced in Europe.

Excise tax – a tax on a product’s manufacture; sale, or distribution.

The French Revolution

Washington wanted America to remain neutral.

Democratic-Republican societies started to grow in belief of democracy and republicanism as one.

Republicans, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wanted to support France.

Federalist, Alexander Hamilton wanted to back britain.

Democratic-Republicans attacked Washington for not helping France during their revolution.

Treaty with Spain

United States wants to negotiate with Spain for land west of the Appalachian Mountains and gain shipping rights on the Mississippi River.

Spain owns Florida and Louisiana Territory.

U.S. ambassador Thomas Pinckney pushed for treaty with Spain.

Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795

Also known as Treaty of San Lorenzo or Treaty of Madrid. Spain gave up claims to

land east of Mississippi River (except Florida).

U.S. can use Mississippi River for trade and the Port of New Orleans.

Importance: paved way for westward expansion of U.S.

British fort still in Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

Native Americans still lived in Northwest Territory and never excepted the provisions of the Treaty of Paris.

1790, General Josiah Harmar battled against a group of Native Americans led by Miami chieftain, Little Turtle.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

General Anthony Wayne (Mad Anthony) vs. Miami Confederacy.

August 20, 1794, General Wayne defeated the Miami Confederacy near present day Toledo, Ohio.

Miami Confederacy signed Treaty of Grenville Gave up most of land in Ohio in exchange for

$10,000 a year.

Treaties with Britain

Jay’s Treaty Treaty with Britain negotiated November 19, 1794, where the

United States made major concessions to avert war over the British seizure of American ships, cargo and crews.

This treaty did not resolve issue. However, it still somehow passed he Senate.

British allowed to continue fur trade along the U.S.-Canadian border.

The First Partisan Election

Washington’s Farewell Address denounced partisanships.

Candidates in presidential election of 1796; John Adams/Thomas Pinckney (Federalist), Thomas Jefferson/ Aaron Burr(Republican).

The Last Federalist Administration

John Adam’s Pre-Revolutionary

lawyer Revolutionary veteran Washington’s VP for

eight years Politically naive

His Presidency XYZ Affair- 1798

incident where Americans were outraged by the demand of the French for a $250,000 bribe as a condition for negotiating with American diplomats.

Quasi-War- Undeclared naval war between 1797-1800 between the U.S. and France.

Alien and Sedation Acts- Four acts passed by Congress in 1798 that curtailed freedom of speech and the liberty of foreigners resident in the United States.

Residency requirement from 5 yrs to 14 yrs. President may deport or jail any alien considered undesirable. Set fines and jail terms for anyone expressing damaging ideas towards the

government.

States’ rights- favoring the rights of individual states over rights claimed by the national government.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolution Proposed by Jefferson and Madison (Republicans) Opposed Alien and Sedition Acts Nullification- states had the right to nullify, or consider void,

any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional.

End of the Federalists

Franco-American Accord of 1800- settlement reached with France that brought the Quasi-War to an end and released the U.S. from its 1778 alliance with France.

Federalists could not overcome the overwhelming disunity between the party.

Federalists were attacked as being disbelievers of Christianity.

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 73 52.9%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican 73 52.9%

To eliminate future problems: 1212thth Amendment: Amendment:

President and VP on separate ballots so there would never be a tie.

1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans

• Napoleon offered entire Louisiana Territory to US for

$15 million

• Needed the money for his war with Great Britain

• Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15

million, about 3 cents an acre

• Doubled the size of the US

The Corps of DiscoverySpring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary

Meriwether Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore the northern Louisiana Territory.

Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians,

overland trail to Pacific Ocean.

They fail to locate the Northwest Passage

ImpressmentImpressment An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy.

1806: England seized US ships & impressed Americans.

Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered

British ports.

•Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British

ship in the region ordered it to stop.

•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered

•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

Embargo – ban on exporting products to other countries.

Jefferson’s response to the Chesapeake Affair was the Embargo Act of 1807….

Short of war, Jefferson attempted to defend our neutrality by stopping all American exports to the world.

Hurt American business; ended in 1809 by order of Congress.

Angered by an insulting remark attributed to Hamilton.

Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot him.

Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many.

• Born in Virginia, 1751

• Enlisted in Continental Army but too small

Father of the Constitution and Bill of Rights

• Secretary of State during Jefferson’s Presidency

Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act1809 - This act only forbade trade with France and 1809 - This act only forbade trade with France and

Britain.Britain.

Macon’s Bill No. 2Macon’s Bill No. 21810 - Traded with Britain and France, but offered 1810 - Traded with Britain and France, but offered

to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first and cut off trade neutral trading restrictions first and cut off trade

w/the other. w/the other.

Napoleon tricks Madison

August, 1810: in response, Napoleon announced impressment would stop (liar liar pants of fire!!)

November, 1810: Madison announces non-importation against Britain.

Major foreign policy mistake

War Hawks

New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war with Great Britain….Why?

• U.S. must defend its neutrality• Stop impressment• British forts• Tecumseh• Desire for Canada and Florida• Called 2nd War of Independence

Tecumseh Tecumseh (Shawnee

warrior) & the Prophet (brother) formed union of tribes east of Mississippi to fight white intrusion. Supplied by the British

1809: General William H. Harrison appointed as governor of Indiana Territory.

“Mr. Madison’s War”

June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war with England.

Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war

New England opposed to war but Southern/western states supported the war.

• US unprepared for war.• Failed invasion into

Canada.• Blockade hurt US

economy…

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813 US military victory led by General William H.

Harrison Tecumseh was killed during this battle

The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry

declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours”

Burning of the White House

Washington, D.C. burned by British, August 25th, 1814. Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces

of art, furniture from the White House before the British destroyed it.

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

The Treaty of Ghent

Signed on December 24, 1814, in Ghent (modern day Belgium, then in limbo between the First French Empire and United Kingdom of the Netherlands), was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Because of the era's slow communications, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, and the Battle of New Orleans was fought after it was signed.

War of 1812 is considered a “stalemate”…Dec. 1814.

Peace commissioners in Ghent devised the following terms of peace A halt to the fighting Return to prewar boundaries

• 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.

• 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end

the war.

* Considered greatest U.S. victory to that time.

• The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase. The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24, 1814, but news of the peace would not reach the combatants until February. he battle is widely regarded as the greatest American land victory of the war.

*Defeated British’s best without help from any country

The War’s Legacy

U.S. gained the respect of other nations

U.S. came to accept Canada as a part of the British Empire

The Federalist party came to an end

Talk of secession in New England set a precedent that would later be used by the South

Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe