Chapter 6 Plate Tectonics. Section 1: Inside the Earth

Chapter 6Chapter 6Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics

Section 1: Inside the EarthSection 1: Inside the Earth

The Composition of the EarthThe Composition of the Earth

There are two ways that scientists think about the Earth’s layers: 1) By composition 2) By physical properties

This includes temperature, density, and ability to flow

The Earth is divided into three main layers: 1) The Crust 2) The Mantle 3) The Core

The lightest materials make up the outside of the Earth while the heaviest make up the inside

There are two ways that scientists think about the Earth’s layers: 1) By composition 2) By physical properties

This includes temperature, density, and ability to flow

The Earth is divided into three main layers: 1) The Crust 2) The Mantle 3) The Core

The lightest materials make up the outside of the Earth while the heaviest make up the inside

The CrustThe Crust

Crust - is the outermost layer of the Earth It ranges from 5 to 100 km thick It is also the thinnest layer of the Earth Because we live on this layer we know more about this

layer than the other two. There are two types of crust:

1) Continental - the crust above the ocean It is made up of mostly granite and has an average thickness of

about 30 km 2) Oceanic - the crust under the ocean

It is made up of mostly basalt (basalt is denser than granite) and has an average thickness between 5 and 8 km thick

Crust - is the outermost layer of the Earth It ranges from 5 to 100 km thick It is also the thinnest layer of the Earth Because we live on this layer we know more about this

layer than the other two. There are two types of crust:

1) Continental - the crust above the ocean It is made up of mostly granite and has an average thickness of

about 30 km 2) Oceanic - the crust under the ocean

It is made up of mostly basalt (basalt is denser than granite) and has an average thickness between 5 and 8 km thick

The MantleThe Mantle Mantle - is the layer of the Earth between the crust

and the core The mantle is about 2,900 km thick and contains most

of the Earth’s mass No one has ever seen what the mantle really looks

like It’s just to deep to drill into In some cases mantle rock has been pushed to the

surface by tectonic forces allowing scientists to study mantle rocks

Scientists have determined that the composition of the mantle is similar to the mineral olivine, which is a mixture mostly of magnesium and iron

Mantle - is the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core The mantle is about 2,900 km thick and contains most

of the Earth’s mass No one has ever seen what the mantle really looks

like It’s just to deep to drill into In some cases mantle rock has been pushed to the

surface by tectonic forces allowing scientists to study mantle rocks

Scientists have determined that the composition of the mantle is similar to the mineral olivine, which is a mixture mostly of magnesium and iron

The CoreThe Core

Core - extends from the bottom of the mantle to the center of the Earth. The diameter of the core is about 6,856 km,

which is slightly larger than the planet Mars The core contains 33% of the Earth’s mass

Core - extends from the bottom of the mantle to the center of the Earth. The diameter of the core is about 6,856 km,

which is slightly larger than the planet Mars The core contains 33% of the Earth’s mass

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The Structure of the EarthThe Structure of the Earth

The Structure of the EarthThe Structure of the Earth The Earth is divided into 5 main PHYSICAL

layers (outside / in): 1) Lithosphere (“rock sphere”)- is the outermost, rigid

layer of the Earth. It is made up of the crust and the rigid part of the upper mantle Unlike the other physical layers of the Earth, the lithosphere is

not a single solid layer, it is made up of pieces called - tectonic plates

2) Asthenosphere (“weak sphere”) - is a soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere moves It is made of a solid rock that moves very slowly like putty These low-strength rocks tend to lose their shape when

stressed

The Earth is divided into 5 main PHYSICAL layers (outside / in): 1) Lithosphere (“rock sphere”)- is the outermost, rigid

layer of the Earth. It is made up of the crust and the rigid part of the upper mantle Unlike the other physical layers of the Earth, the lithosphere is

not a single solid layer, it is made up of pieces called - tectonic plates

2) Asthenosphere (“weak sphere”) - is a soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere moves It is made of a solid rock that moves very slowly like putty These low-strength rocks tend to lose their shape when

stressed

3) Mesosphere (“middle sphere”) - is the strong lower part of the mantle beneath the asthenosphere The mesosphere extends from the bottom of the

asthenosphere to the Earth’s core

4) Outer Core - is the liquid layer of the Earth’s core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core

5) Inner Core - is the solid, dense center of our planet that extends from the bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth The center of the Earth is 6,378 km beneath the

surface

3) Mesosphere (“middle sphere”) - is the strong lower part of the mantle beneath the asthenosphere The mesosphere extends from the bottom of the

asthenosphere to the Earth’s core

4) Outer Core - is the liquid layer of the Earth’s core that lies beneath the mantle and surrounds the inner core

5) Inner Core - is the solid, dense center of our planet that extends from the bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth The center of the Earth is 6,378 km beneath the

surface

Thicknesses of the Physical Layers

Thicknesses of the Physical Layers

1) Lithosphere: 15 - 300 km 2) Asthenosphere: 250 km 3) Mesosphere: 2,550 km 4) Outer Core: 2,200 km 5) Inner Core: 1,228 km

1) Lithosphere: 15 - 300 km 2) Asthenosphere: 250 km 3) Mesosphere: 2,550 km 4) Outer Core: 2,200 km 5) Inner Core: 1,228 km

Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates Tectonic Plates - are pieces of the lithosphere that

move around on top of the asthenosphere Major Tectonic Plates:

1) Pacific Plate 2) North American Plate 3) Cocos Plate 4) Nazca Plate 5) South American Plate 6) African Plate 7) Eurasian Plate 8) Indian Plate 9) Australian Plate 10) Antarctic Plate

Tectonic Plates - are pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere

Major Tectonic Plates: 1) Pacific Plate 2) North American Plate 3) Cocos Plate 4) Nazca Plate 5) South American Plate 6) African Plate 7) Eurasian Plate 8) Indian Plate 9) Australian Plate 10) Antarctic Plate

A Giant Jigsaw PuzzleA Giant Jigsaw Puzzle Looking at the previous slide, notice how

all of the major tectonic plates fit together like a puzzle.

Notice how all of the tectonic plates are not the same For example the North American plate is much

larger than the Cocos plate Also the North American plate has an entire

continent on it, while the Cocos plate is completely covered by ocean

Like the North American plate, some plates include both continental and oceanic crust

Looking at the previous slide, notice how all of the major tectonic plates fit together like a puzzle.

Notice how all of the tectonic plates are not the same For example the North American plate is much

larger than the Cocos plate Also the North American plate has an entire

continent on it, while the Cocos plate is completely covered by ocean

Like the North American plate, some plates include both continental and oceanic crust

A Tectonic Plate Close UpA Tectonic Plate Close Up What would a tectonic plate look like if you

could lift it out of place? It could consist of only oceanic crust, or only

continental crust, or both, like the North and South American plates The thickest part would be where the mountain

ranges are, while the thinnest would be under the ocean where ridges are located

Remember oceanic crust is much thinner than continental crust

Why?????????????????????????????

What would a tectonic plate look like if you could lift it out of place? It could consist of only oceanic crust, or only

continental crust, or both, like the North and South American plates The thickest part would be where the mountain

ranges are, while the thinnest would be under the ocean where ridges are located

Remember oceanic crust is much thinner than continental crust

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decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Mapping the Earth’s InteriorMapping the Earth’s Interior How do we know so much about the Earth’s interior when

scientists have never even drilled through the Earth’s crust, the thinnest part?

The secret lies in Earthquakes When an earthquake occurs it produces vibrations called Seismic

Waves Depending on what the material is made of, seismic waves will

travel at different speeds For example, they travel faster through solid rock compared to liquids

Scientists can measure these waves and their speeds with a Seismograph which allows them to predict the consistency of the Earth’s layers

How do we know so much about the Earth’s interior when scientists have never even drilled through the Earth’s crust, the thinnest part?

The secret lies in Earthquakes When an earthquake occurs it produces vibrations called Seismic

Waves Depending on what the material is made of, seismic waves will

travel at different speeds For example, they travel faster through solid rock compared to liquids

Scientists can measure these waves and their speeds with a Seismograph which allows them to predict the consistency of the Earth’s layers

Chapter 6 Quiz 1 Chapter 6 Quiz 1 1) ___________ is the outer most layer of the Earth

based on composition. 2) ___________ is the outermost rigid layer of the

Earth based on physical properties 3) ___________ is the solid, dense portion of the

core 4) ___________ are pieces of the lithosphere that

move around on the asthenosphere 5) ___________ is beneath the asthenosphere and

when translated means “middle sphere” Bonus) _____________ is when two tectonic plates

slide past each other.

1) ___________ is the outer most layer of the Earth based on composition.

2) ___________ is the outermost rigid layer of the Earth based on physical properties

3) ___________ is the solid, dense portion of the core

4) ___________ are pieces of the lithosphere that move around on the asthenosphere

5) ___________ is beneath the asthenosphere and when translated means “middle sphere”

Bonus) _____________ is when two tectonic plates slide past each other.

Section 2- Restless ContinentsSection 2- Restless Continents

Wegener Theory of Continental DriftWegener Theory of Continental Drift

In the early 1900’s Alfred Wegener wrote a book about his theory of continental drift Continental drift - is the theory that continents can drift

apart from one another and have done so in the past Does this help explain why the continents could fit

together like a puzzle?!?!?!?!?!?!? Does this explain why certain fossil types are found on

opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean?!?!?!?!?!? Look at the following slide. Does continental drift

explain these findings? Does continental drift explain why glacier cut grooves

in the Earth match up if you put the continents back together?!?!?!?!?!?

In the early 1900’s Alfred Wegener wrote a book about his theory of continental drift Continental drift - is the theory that continents can drift

apart from one another and have done so in the past Does this help explain why the continents could fit

together like a puzzle?!?!?!?!?!?!? Does this explain why certain fossil types are found on

opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean?!?!?!?!?!? Look at the following slide. Does continental drift

explain these findings? Does continental drift explain why glacier cut grooves

in the Earth match up if you put the continents back together?!?!?!?!?!?

The Breakup of PangaeaThe Breakup of Pangaea

Wegener studied many observations before establishing his theory

He thought that all the separate continents of today were once joined as a single land mass he called -Pangaea Pangaea is Greek for “All Earth” This occurred over 245 million years ago

Wegener studied many observations before establishing his theory

He thought that all the separate continents of today were once joined as a single land mass he called -Pangaea Pangaea is Greek for “All Earth” This occurred over 245 million years ago

Sea-Floor SpreadingSea-Floor Spreading Sea-floor spreading - is the process by which new

oceanic lithosphere is created as older materials are pulled away Mid-ocean Ridges are places where sea-floor spreading

takes place mid-ocean ridges are chains of underwater mountains that run

throughout the world

As tectonic plates move away from each other, the sea-floor spreads apart and magma rises up to fill the gap

When observing sea-floor spreading, notice that the newest part of the crust is where the spreading occurs and gets older as it gets further away

Sea-floor spreading - is the process by which new oceanic lithosphere is created as older materials are pulled away Mid-ocean Ridges are places where sea-floor spreading

takes place mid-ocean ridges are chains of underwater mountains that run

throughout the world

As tectonic plates move away from each other, the sea-floor spreads apart and magma rises up to fill the gap

When observing sea-floor spreading, notice that the newest part of the crust is where the spreading occurs and gets older as it gets further away

Magnetic ReversalsMagnetic Reversals Some of the most important evidence of sea-floor

spreading comes from magnetic reversals recorded in the ocean floor Magnetic Reversal - Is when the magnetic north and

south poles change place This has happened many times in Earth’s history

Molten rock at mid-ocean ridges contain tiny grains of magnetic minerals These grains act like compasses and align with the

magnetic field of the Earth Once cooled these minerals are set in place

Scientists consider these as additional evidence that sea-floor spreading occurs

Some of the most important evidence of sea-floor spreading comes from magnetic reversals recorded in the ocean floor Magnetic Reversal - Is when the magnetic north and

south poles change place This has happened many times in Earth’s history

Molten rock at mid-ocean ridges contain tiny grains of magnetic minerals These grains act like compasses and align with the

magnetic field of the Earth Once cooled these minerals are set in place

Scientists consider these as additional evidence that sea-floor spreading occurs

Chapter 6 - Quiz 2Chapter 6 - Quiz 2 1) ____________ is the theory that continents can drift

apart from one another and have done so in the past 2) T/F There are identical fossil types on opposite sides of

the Atlantic Ocean 3) ___________ is the name that Wegener came up with

do describe all the continents together as a single land mass

4) ___________ are places where sea-floor spreading takes place

5) ___________ is the process by which oceanic lithosphere is created as older materials are pulled away

Bonus) __________ is the boundary where two plates meet.

1) ____________ is the theory that continents can drift apart from one another and have done so in the past

2) T/F There are identical fossil types on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean

3) ___________ is the name that Wegener came up with do describe all the continents together as a single land mass

4) ___________ are places where sea-floor spreading takes place

5) ___________ is the process by which oceanic lithosphere is created as older materials are pulled away

Bonus) __________ is the boundary where two plates meet.

Section 3 - The Theory of Plate Tectonics

Section 3 - The Theory of Plate Tectonics

Plate Tectonics - is the theory that the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move around on top of the asthenosphere

Because both oceanic and continental crust appear to move, this NEW THEORY was devised to explain both continental drift and sea-floor spreading

So what causes tectonic plates to move!?!?!?!?!?!?

Plate Tectonics - is the theory that the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move around on top of the asthenosphere

Because both oceanic and continental crust appear to move, this NEW THEORY was devised to explain both continental drift and sea-floor spreading

So what causes tectonic plates to move!?!?!?!?!?!?

Possible Causes of Tectonic Plate MotionPossible Causes of Tectonic Plate Motion

It takes an incredible amount of energy to move something as large as a tectonic plate

Possible causes include; 1) Slab Pull - is the process by which an oceanic plate

slides down and under a continental plate 2) Ridge Push -is the process by which an oceanic plate

slides down the slope of the lithosphere/asthenosphere boundary This happens because the ocean lithosphere is higher at mid ocean

ridges versus where it gets pushed down under the continental lithosphere

3) Convection - is the process by which hot material from deep within the Earth rises, while cool material near the surface sinks. This forms a circular motion that drags plates sideways away from

mid-ocean ridges

It takes an incredible amount of energy to move something as large as a tectonic plate

Possible causes include; 1) Slab Pull - is the process by which an oceanic plate

slides down and under a continental plate 2) Ridge Push -is the process by which an oceanic plate

slides down the slope of the lithosphere/asthenosphere boundary This happens because the ocean lithosphere is higher at mid ocean

ridges versus where it gets pushed down under the continental lithosphere

3) Convection - is the process by which hot material from deep within the Earth rises, while cool material near the surface sinks. This forms a circular motion that drags plates sideways away from

mid-ocean ridges

Pg. 147Pg. 147

Tectonic Plate BoundariesTectonic Plate Boundaries All tectonic plates have boundaries with other tectonic plates, and are

classified into three main types depending on how they move in relation to one another 1) Convergent Boundaries - are when two plates push into each

other There are three types of convergent boundaries

A) Continental/Continental collisions - are when two plates with continental crust collide

This causes the plates to buckle and thicken pushing the continental crust upward

These collisions form some of the largest mountains in the world

B) Continental/oceanic collisions - is when a plate with continental crust collides with a plate with oceanic crust

This causes the oceanic plate (thinner) to slide under the continental plate (thicker)

The region where the ocean plate sinks down into the asthenosphere is called a subduction zone

C) Oceanic/Oceanic collisions - is when two oceanic plates collide

This causes one oceanic plate to slide under the other causing a subduction zone

All tectonic plates have boundaries with other tectonic plates, and are classified into three main types depending on how they move in relation to one another 1) Convergent Boundaries - are when two plates push into each

other There are three types of convergent boundaries

A) Continental/Continental collisions - are when two plates with continental crust collide

This causes the plates to buckle and thicken pushing the continental crust upward

These collisions form some of the largest mountains in the world

B) Continental/oceanic collisions - is when a plate with continental crust collides with a plate with oceanic crust

This causes the oceanic plate (thinner) to slide under the continental plate (thicker)

The region where the ocean plate sinks down into the asthenosphere is called a subduction zone

C) Oceanic/Oceanic collisions - is when two oceanic plates collide

This causes one oceanic plate to slide under the other causing a subduction zone

2) Divergent Boundaries - are when two tectonic plates move away from one another This type of boundary causes sea-floor spreading and mid-

ocean ridges These boundaries can also be found on continents

Divergent boundaries are where new lithosphere is formed

3) Transform Boundaries - are when two tectonic plates slide past each other The San Andreas fault is an example of a transform boundary

This fault marks the location where the Pacific Plate and the North American plate slide past each other

This type of boundary can cause EARTHQUAKES !!!!!!!!!!!!! This is because the plates do not slide smoothly past each other.

They grind and jerk as they slide past each other

2) Divergent Boundaries - are when two tectonic plates move away from one another This type of boundary causes sea-floor spreading and mid-

ocean ridges These boundaries can also be found on continents

Divergent boundaries are where new lithosphere is formed

3) Transform Boundaries - are when two tectonic plates slide past each other The San Andreas fault is an example of a transform boundary

This fault marks the location where the Pacific Plate and the North American plate slide past each other

This type of boundary can cause EARTHQUAKES !!!!!!!!!!!!! This is because the plates do not slide smoothly past each other.

They grind and jerk as they slide past each other

Tracking Tectonic Plate MotionTracking Tectonic Plate Motion How fast a tectonic plate moves depends on many

factors including the type and shape of the plate and how they are interacting with other plates around them

Normally plates move very slowly (a few cm per year)

Exceptions include transform boundaries like the San Andreas fault, that can move several meters during an Earthquake

One way to measure plate movement is with a Global Positioning System (GPS), which measures how far ground stations placed on tectonic plates move, by using a satellite in space

How fast a tectonic plate moves depends on many factors including the type and shape of the plate and how they are interacting with other plates around them

Normally plates move very slowly (a few cm per year)

Exceptions include transform boundaries like the San Andreas fault, that can move several meters during an Earthquake

One way to measure plate movement is with a Global Positioning System (GPS), which measures how far ground stations placed on tectonic plates move, by using a satellite in space

Ch. 6 Quiz 3Ch. 6 Quiz 3 1) ____________ is the theory that the Earth’s

lithosphere is divided into plates that move on top of the asthenosphere

2) LIST one of the three possible causes of plate movement

3) ___________ boundary is where two tectonic plates push into each other

4) ___________ boundary is where two tectonic plates move away from each other

5) ___________ boundary is where two tectonic plates slide past each other

Bonus) _____________ is the name given to the rim of the pacific ocean, because of all the volcanoes and volcanic activity that occurs there.

1) ____________ is the theory that the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates that move on top of the asthenosphere

2) LIST one of the three possible causes of plate movement

3) ___________ boundary is where two tectonic plates push into each other

4) ___________ boundary is where two tectonic plates move away from each other

5) ___________ boundary is where two tectonic plates slide past each other

Bonus) _____________ is the name given to the rim of the pacific ocean, because of all the volcanoes and volcanic activity that occurs there.

Section 4 - Deforming the Earth’s CrustSection 4 - Deforming the Earth’s Crust

Stress - is the amount of force per unit area that is put on a given material

The conditions under which a rock is stressed determines its behavior When rock changes shape due to stress, this reaction is called

deformation Like a piece of spaghetti, rock can bend or break depending on

the type of stress that is placed on them Rocks can deform due to the forces of plate tectonics

Compression - is the type of stress that occurs when an object is squeezed This type of stress occurs when two plates collide Convergent boundary compression can cause large mountain

ranges to form (i.e. Rocky Mountains)

Stress - is the amount of force per unit area that is put on a given material

The conditions under which a rock is stressed determines its behavior When rock changes shape due to stress, this reaction is called

deformation Like a piece of spaghetti, rock can bend or break depending on

the type of stress that is placed on them Rocks can deform due to the forces of plate tectonics

Compression - is the type of stress that occurs when an object is squeezed This type of stress occurs when two plates collide Convergent boundary compression can cause large mountain

ranges to form (i.e. Rocky Mountains)

FoldingFolding

Folding - occurs when rock layers bend due to stress in the Earths crust When you see a fold in the layers of the Earth’s

crust, you know deformation has taken place The two most common folds are anticlines and

synclines and form compression Monoclines are a third type of

fold that forms an upward or

downward force

Folding - occurs when rock layers bend due to stress in the Earths crust When you see a fold in the layers of the Earth’s

crust, you know deformation has taken place The two most common folds are anticlines and

synclines and form compression Monoclines are a third type of

fold that forms an upward or

downward force





FaultingFaulting

While some rock layers bend and fold under stress, some rocks will break

Fault - is the surface along which rocks break and slide past each other The blocks of crust on each side of a fault are

called fault blocks

If a fault is not vertical it is useful to distinguish between the two sides - hanging wall and foot wall

While some rock layers bend and fold under stress, some rocks will break

Fault - is the surface along which rocks break and slide past each other The blocks of crust on each side of a fault are

called fault blocks

If a fault is not vertical it is useful to distinguish between the two sides - hanging wall and foot wall

Depending on how the hanging wall and foot wall move relative to each other, two main types of faults can form 1) Normal Fault - causes the hanging wall to

move down relative to the footwall This fault normally occurs when rocks move away

from each other (divergent)

Depending on how the hanging wall and foot wall move relative to each other, two main types of faults can form 1) Normal Fault - causes the hanging wall to

move down relative to the footwall This fault normally occurs when rocks move away

from each other (divergent)



2) Reverse Fault - causes the hanging wall to move up relative to the footwall Reverse faults usually occur when rocks push

together (convergent)

2) Reverse Fault - causes the hanging wall to move up relative to the footwall Reverse faults usually occur when rocks push

together (convergent)



3) Strike-Slip Fault - occurs when opposite forces cause rock to break and move horizontally (transform)

3) Strike-Slip Fault - occurs when opposite forces cause rock to break and move horizontally (transform)





Plate Tectonics and Mountain BuildingPlate Tectonics and Mountain Building

When tectonic plates collide, land features that start out as small folds and faults can eventually become great mountain ranges

The reason mountains exist is that tectonic plates are continually moving and bumping into each other Most major mountain ranges form at the edges

of tectonic plates Mountains can form in several different

ways

When tectonic plates collide, land features that start out as small folds and faults can eventually become great mountain ranges

The reason mountains exist is that tectonic plates are continually moving and bumping into each other Most major mountain ranges form at the edges

of tectonic plates Mountains can form in several different

ways

1) Folded Mountains Form when rock layers are squeezed

together and pushed upward

2) Fault Block Mountains Tectonic forces can place so much force and tension on

the Earth’s crust that a large number of normal faults can form in one area

• When large blocks of the earth’s crust drop down relative to other blocks, fault block mountains are formed

1) Folded Mountains Form when rock layers are squeezed

together and pushed upward

2) Fault Block Mountains Tectonic forces can place so much force and tension on

the Earth’s crust that a large number of normal faults can form in one area

• When large blocks of the earth’s crust drop down relative to other blocks, fault block mountains are formed





3) Volcanic Mountains Most of the world’s major volcanic mountains are located at

convergent boundaries These boundaries often include subduction zones where

one plate slips under another and is forced downward These rocks melt and become magma

Volcanic mountains form when molten rock erupts onto the Earth’s Surface

Unlike folded and fault block mountains, volcanic mountains form from new material being added to the Earth’s surface

There are so many volcanic mountains around the rim of the Pacific ocean that early explorers named it the RING OF FIRE !!!!!!

3) Volcanic Mountains Most of the world’s major volcanic mountains are located at

convergent boundaries These boundaries often include subduction zones where

one plate slips under another and is forced downward These rocks melt and become magma

Volcanic mountains form when molten rock erupts onto the Earth’s Surface

Unlike folded and fault block mountains, volcanic mountains form from new material being added to the Earth’s surface

There are so many volcanic mountains around the rim of the Pacific ocean that early explorers named it the RING OF FIRE !!!!!!









Folded Mountain

Fault Block Mountain

Volcanic Mountain

Chapter 6 Quiz 4Chapter 6 Quiz 4 1) ____________ is the type of stress that is formed

when two plates collide 2) ____________ occurs when rock layers bend due

to stress 3) ____________ is the type of fault when the

hanging wall moves UP compared to the foot wall 4) ____________ is the type of fault when the

hanging wall moves DOWN compared to the foot wall

5) ____________ is the type of fault when opposite forces cause rock to break and move horizontally

Bonus) List 5 of the 10 major tectonic plates

1) ____________ is the type of stress that is formed when two plates collide

2) ____________ occurs when rock layers bend due to stress

3) ____________ is the type of fault when the hanging wall moves UP compared to the foot wall

4) ____________ is the type of fault when the hanging wall moves DOWN compared to the foot wall

5) ____________ is the type of fault when opposite forces cause rock to break and move horizontally

Bonus) List 5 of the 10 major tectonic plates

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Chapter 6 Plate Tectonics. Section 1: Inside the Earth