Chapter 6 Port Transportation Facilities · 2017. 8. 15. · PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES – 915 – mobile cranes and others are expected to travel,

PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES

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Chapter 6 Port Transportation Facilities

1 GeneralMinisterial OrdinanceGeneral Provisions

Article 35 1TheperformancerequirementsforporttransportationfacilitiesshallbesuchthattheporttransportationfacilitiessatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismsoas toenable thesafeandsmoothusageofvehiclesandships inconsiderationof its facility type inlightofgeotechnicalcharacteristics,meteorologicalcharacteristics,seastatesand/orotherenvironmentalconditions,aswellasthetrafficconditionsintheportanditshinterland.

2The performance requirements for port transportation facilities shall be such that port transportationfacilitieshavestructuralstabilityagainstselfweight,earthpressure,waterpressure,waves,watercurrents,earthquakegroundmotions,imposedloads,winds,flamesandheatfromfires,collisionwithshipsand/orotheractions.

Ministerial OrdinanceNecessary Items concerning Port Transportation Facilities

Article 40 Theitemsnecessaryfortheperformancerequirementsofporttransportationfacilitiesasspecifiedinthischapterby theMinisterofLand, Infrastructure,TransportandTourismandother requirements shallbeprovidedbythePublicNotice.

Public NoticePort Transportation Facilities

Article 74 TheitemstobespecifiedbythePublicNoticeunderArticle40oftheMinisterialOrdinanceconcerningtheperformancerequirementsofport transportationfacilitiesshallbeprovidedinthesubsequentarticlethroughArticle79.

Public NoticePerformance Criteria Common to Port Transportation Facilities

Article 75 Theperformance criteria common toport transportation facilities shall be such that port transportationfacilitiesareappropriatelylocatedandhavetherequireddimensionsinconsiderationofthetripgeneration,theprojectedtrafficvolume,theenvironmentalconditionstowhichtheyaresubjected,smoothconnectionwithothertrafficfacilities,theutilizationofothertrafficfacilities,andotherssoastosecurethesafeandsmoothtrafficintheport.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

2 RoadsMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Roads

Article 36 1 Theperformancerequirementsforroadsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)RoadsshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,Transportand

Tourismsoastoensurethesafeandsmoothflowoftrafficwithintheportandbetweentheportandthehinterlandinconsiderationofthetrafficcharacteristicsintheport.

(2)Damageduetoimposedloadsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseoftherelevantroadswithoutimpairingtheirfunctions.

2Inadditiontotheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph,theperformancerequirementsforroadshavingtunnelsectionsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Damageduetoselfweight,earthpressure,waterpressure,andLevel1earthquakegroundmotions,

and/orotheractionsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseoftherelevantroadsandnotimpairtheirfunctions.

(2)DamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,flamesandheatfromfires,and/orotheractionsshallnotaffectrestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsrequiredfortheroadsconcerned.

[TechnicalNote]TunnelsStabilityoffacility

ItisnecessarytoensuretherestorabilityinanaccidentalsituationregardingLevel2earthquakegroundmotionandflamesandheatfromafire.Thisisspecifiedconsideringthefactsthatwhenatunnelisheavilydamagedasaresultoftheeffectoftheaccidentalsituation,thereareseriousconsequencesonhumanlives,propertiesand/orsocialandeconomicactivitiesanditisdifficulttoperformlarge-scalerestorationworkinthetunnel.

Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Roads

Article 76 Theperformancecriteriaofroadsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Inthecaseofaroadwhichisusedbymanytractor-semitrailersandothers,thetractor-semitrailersmay

besetasthedesignvehicle.(2)Thepavementstructureshallbeappropriatelyspecifiedinconsiderationofthetrafficvolumeofspecial

vehiclessuchastractor-semitrailersandmobilecranes.(3)Thelanesandothersshallsatisfythefollowingcriteriasoasnottocausetrafficcongestionintheport

area:(a)The number of lanes shall be appropriately set in consideration of the projected traffic volume,

whichisdeterminedbytakingaccountoftheutilizationconditionsoftheportsituatedneartheroadconcerned,andthedesignstandardtrafficvolume,whichisthemaximumallowablevehicletrafficvolumeperhourontheroad.

(b)Thelanewidthshallbe3.25mor3.5minprinciple.Provided,however,thatthelanewidthof3.5mshallbethestandardinthecasewherethetrafficoflargevehiclesisheavy,andthelanewidthmaybereducedto3munderunavoidablecircumstancessuchas theconstraintsof topographicalconditionsandothers.

(c)Astoppinglaneshallbeprovidedintheleftmostpartoftheroadasnecessarysothatitmaynothinderthesafeandsmoothpassageofvehicles.

(4)Roads that are exclusively used for pedestrians and bicycles shall have appropriate structure inconsiderationoftheutilizationconditionsofthefacilitiesoftheportsituatedneartheroadconcerned.

(5)In caseof the roadsonwhich specialvehicles suchas tractor-semitrailers carrying tall containers,


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mobilecranesandothersareexpectedtotravel,theclearancelimitsoftheroadshallbeappropriatelysetsoastosecurethesafepassageofthesevehicles.

(6)Roadsthatareconnectedtothehighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesshallbeappropriatelyroutedsoastosecurethefunctionsrequiredforthefacilitiesconcernedintheaftermathoftheactionofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions.

(7)Withregardtothestructure,placeandfacilitiesofroads,thematterswhicharenotprescribedintheprecedingitemsshallbepursuanttotheprovisionsoftheEnforcementRegulationsforRoadStructures(CabinetOrderNo.320of1970)inconsiderationofthecharacteristicsofthetrafficgeneratedintheport.

[Commentary]

(1)PerformanceCriteriaofRoadsLanes(a)Numberoflanes

1) Whenverifyingtheperformanceofaroad,thenumberoflanesmaybesetbasedonthevaluesofthedesignstandardtrafficvolumeaccordingtothetypeoftheroadshowninAttached Table 61.

Attached Table 61 Design Standard Traffic Volume

TypeofRoad Designstandardtrafficvolume(vehiclesperhour)

Roadsthatconnectaportandanationalhighway 650Otherroads 500

2) SettingofthenumberoflanesThenumberoflanesofaroadforwhichthedesignhourlytrafficvolume(toandfrom)islessthanthedesignstandardtrafficvolumeshallbetwo(onelaneforeachdirectionexcludingclimbinglanes,turninglanesandgearchangelanes;hereinafterthesame),andthenumberoflanesofaroadforwhichthedesignhourlytrafficvolumeexceedsthedesignstandardtrafficvolumeshallbeamultipleoftwowhichis4(twolanesforeachdirection)ormore.Thenumberoflanesofaroadforwhichthedesignhourlytrafficvolumeexceedsthedesignstandardtrafficvolumemaybedeterminedbasedonthevaluewhichiscalculatedbydividing“thedesignhourlytrafficvolumeforeachdirection”obtainedbymultiplyingthedesignhourlytrafficvolumebytheheavier-trafficdirectionalfactorrepresentingdirectionalcharacteristicsby“theper-lanedesignstandardtrafficvolume”showninAttached Table 62.

Attached Table 62 Per-lane Design Standard Traffic VolumeTypeofRoad Per-laneDesignStandardTrafficVolume

(vehiclesperhour)Roadsthatconnectaportandanationalhighwayetc.

600

Otherroads 350

[Technical Note]

2.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification Whensettingthedesigntrafficvolumesfortheperformanceverificationofaroad,theoriginatingandterminatingtrafficvolumemaybegenerallyestimatedaccordingtothecharacteristicsoftherelevantport,bycategorizingthetrafficvolumes into the trafficvolumeassociatedwithphysicaldistribution inandaround theportand the trafficvolumeassociatedwiththeindustrieslocatedinandaroundtheport,thetrafficvolumeassociatedwithsuchfacilitiesasgreenareasandmarinas.

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2.2 Carriageway and Lanes

(1) Ingeneral,itispreferabletosetthenumbersoflanesaccordingtothesequenceshowninFig. 2.2.1.1)

↓

↓

↓

Estimation of the design daily traffic volume

Estimation of the originating and terminating traffic volume

Estimation of the design hourly traffic volume

Setting of the number of lanes by comparing the design hourly trafficvolume with the design standard traffic volume

Fig. 2.2.1 Example of Procedure for Setting Number of Lanes

(2)EstimationoftheOriginatingandTerminatingTrafficVolumeofaRoadinaPort

① BasicprinciplesforestimationItispreferablethatthetripgenerationandattraction,whichisthebaseforcalculatingthedesigntrafficvolume,beestimatedaccordingtothecharacteristicsofthetargetport. Inaddition,theoriginatingandterminatingtrafficvolumemaybeestimatedbycategorizing the trafficvolumes into the trafficvolumeassociatedwithphysicaldistribution,thetrafficvolumeassociatedwiththeindustrieslocatedinandaroundtheport,andthetrafficvolumeassociatedwithsuchfacilitiesasgreenareasandmarinas.

② Estimationmethodforthetrafficvolumeassociatedwithphysicaldistribution

(a) Thetrafficvolumeassociatedwithphysicaldistributionmaybeestimatedusingthebasicunitswhichareobtainedfromthepastrecordsorforecastsofthecargohandlingvolumeintheport(FTunit),andthenumberofcontainershandledintheport(TEUunit).Itispreferabletodeterminethebasicunitsbasedonthepastrecordsofthecargohandlingvolumeandcontainerhandlingvolumeintheportsofwhichcharacteristicsaresimilar to thatof the targetportand theactual recordsof the trafficvolumeobtainedfromtheactualconditionsurveydata,androadtrafficcensuses.However,whenitisdifficulttoestimatethesebasicunits,thefollowingestimationmethodsmaybeusedasareference. The concept of setting the coefficient here may also apply to the setting of other coefficients in theperformanceverificationofroads.

(b)Estimationmethodbasedonthecargoeshandlingvolumeintheport(FT/year)forthecaseofcargootherthancontainers

1) EstimationmethodusingthetotalcargohandlingvolumeintheportThe tripgenerationandattractionperyearmaybeestimatedusingequation (2.2.1)basedon the totalcargohandlingvolumeintheport(FT/year)atthetargetyear.

Tripgenerationandattractionperyear(vehicles/year) =Totalquantityofcargoeshandledintheport�a0bc (2.2.1)

where, a0 :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofloadedlargevehicleswhichcarriescargoes,which

coverallcommodityitems a coefficient for conversion into the number of loaded large vehicleswhich carries cargoes

(vehicles/FT),whichisthereciprocalvalueofthecapacitytonnageperalargevehiclewhichcarriescargoes(FT/vehicle),ontheassumptionthatmostofthecargoeshandledinportsaretransportedbylargevehicles.

b :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofalllargevehicles theratioofthenumberofalllargevehiclesincludingemptiestothenumberoflargevehicles

whichcarrycargoes. c :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofallvehicles theratioofthenumberofallvehiclesincludingsmallandmediumvehiclestothenumberofall

largevehicles.Thereciprocalofcrepresentstheshareoflargevehicles.


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2) Estimationmethodusingtheitem-specificcargohandlingvolumeintheportIn caseswhere the volumeof certain cargo items are especially large, the annual trip generation andattractionperyearmaybeestimatedusingequation (2.2.2) basedon the item-specificcargohandlingvolumeintheport(FT/year)atthetargetyear.Tripgenerationandattractionperyear(vehicles/year)

={ (cargohandlingvolumebyitemintheportai)}bc (2.2.2)

where, ai :coefficientforconversionintothenumberoflargevehicleswhichcarrycargoesbyitem acoefficientforconversionintothenumberoflargevehicleswhichcarriescargoes(vehicles/

FT),whichisthereciprocalvalueofthecapacitytonnageperalargevehiclewhichcarriesitem-specificcargoes(FT/vehicle),ontheassumptionthatmostofthecargoeshandledinportsaretransportedbylargevehicles.

b :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofalllargevehicles c :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofallvehicles

(c) Estimationmethodbasedonthenumberofcontainershandledintheport(TEU/year)(forthecaseofcontainercargoes)Thetripgenerationandattractionperyearmaybeestimatedusingequation (2.2.3)basedonthenumberofcontainershandledintheport(TEU/year)atthetargetyear.

Tripgenerationandattractionperyear(vehicles/year)=Numberofcontainershandledintheport• (2.2.3)

where, Tr :Transshipmentratio Acoefficienttosubtractthenumberofcontainerstransshippedattheterminalsfromthenumber

ofcontainershandledintheport(TEU/year)bythesubtraction(1-Tr). Fc :Fullcontainerratio Theratioofthenumberoffullcontainerstothenumberofnon-transshippedcontainers,which

isusedtocalculatethenumberofcontainerstransportedfromtheterminalstothehinterland. Bc :Extensioncoefficienttoincludetheflowofemptycontainers Thetransportofafullcontainerintooroutoftheportisalwaysaccompaniedbythetransport

ofanemptycontainer.Forthisreason,Bcisusedtoconvertthenumberoftransportsoffullcontainers into thenumberof transportsofboth fullandemptycontainers. Themaximumvalueof2.0isgenerallysetforBc,butasmallervaluemaybeusedincaseswhereitisexpectedthatthecontainervantransportbecomesmoreefficient.Fordomestictradecontainers,avaluebetween1.0and1.5maybeusedforBcbecauseemptycontainersarelesstransported.

αc :Coefficientforconversionintotheactualnumberofvehicleswhichcarrycontainers Inaport,20-feetcontainersand40-feetcontainersarehandledtogether.Normally,thetransport

of a 20-feet container requires one vehicle, while the transport of a 40-feet container alsorequiresonevehicle.Forthisreason,αcisusedtoconvertthenumberofcontainersexpressedintheTEUunit(i.e.twenty-footequivalentunit)totheactualnumberofcontainers.

βc :Coefficientforconversionintothenumberofallcontainer-relatedvehicles Acoefficienttoconvertthenumberofvehicleswhichcarrycontainersintothenumberofall

container-relatedvehiclesincludingtheheadvehiclesandchassistractorswhichdonotcarrycontainers.

γci :Coefficientforconversionintothenumberofalllargevehicles Acoefficienttoconvertthenumberofallcontainer-relatedvehiclesintothenumberofalllarge

vehicles including ordinary large cargo vehicles. The coefficient γci has the following twocoefficientsaccordingtotheconditionsofthetargetarea.

γc0 :Forcaseswhereitisassumedthatanintegratedphysicaldistributioncenterisnotconstructed γc1 :Forcaseswhereitisassumedthatanintegratedphysicaldistributioncenterisconstructed δc :Coefficientforconversionintothenumberofallvehicles Theratioofthenumberofallvehiclesincludingsmallandmediumvehiclestothenumberof

alllargevehicles.Thereciprocalofδcrepresentstheoccupancyratiooflargevehicle.

③ Estimationmethodofthetrafficvolumeassociatedwiththeindustrieslocatedinandaroundtheport

(a) Thetrafficvolumeassociatedwiththeindustrieslocatedinandaroundtheportmaybeestimatedusingthebasicunitswhichareobtained fromthepast recordsor forecasts,basedon the lotarea, totalfloorspace,andnumberofemployeesoftheindustries.Itispreferabletodeterminethebasicunitsbasedontheactual

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conditionsoftheindustriesintheportswhicharesimilartotheexaminedtargetportsuchasthelotarea,totalfloorspace,numberofemployeesandthepastresultsoftrafficvolumewhichareobtainedfromtheactualconditionsurveydata,androadtrafficcensuses.However,whenitisdifficulttoestimatethesebasicunits,thefollowingestimationmethodsmaybeusedasareference.

(b)EstimationmethodusingthebasicunitspresentedintheNational Survey on the Net Movement of Cargoes (Physical Distribution Census)3) ThetrafficvolumeassociatedwiththeindustrieslocatedinandaroundtheportmaybegenerallyestimatedusingthestagedestimationmethodshowninFig. 2.2.2.

Assumption of the lot area and number of employees of the industry by type of business

Estimation of the incoming and outgoing cargo volume (MT unit) using the basic units for the incoming andoutgoing cargo volume per lot area (m2) by type of businessEstimation of the incoming and outgoing cargo volume (MT unit) using the basic unitsfor the incoming andoutgoing cargo volume per one employee by type of business

Estimation of the annual incoming and outgoing cargo volume by type of business (MT unit) carried byautomobile using the automobile transport share by type of business and the following formula:Annual incoming and outgoing cargo volume by type of business (automobile) = Annual incoming and outgoing cargo volume by type of business ×automobile transport share

Setting of the incoming and outgoing cargo volume (MT unit) through comparative examination ofthe estimation results of both the lot areas and the numbers of employees

Estimation of the annual incoming and outgoing cargo volume from the annual incoming and outgoing cargovolume carried by automobile (MT unit) using equation (2.2.4) or (2.2.5)

Fig. 2.2.2 Estimation Method of the Traffic Volume associated with the Industries Located in and around the Port based on the “National Survey on the Net Movement of Cargoes”

1) Inthecaseofanestimationintendedforthetotalvalueofallitems:Tripgenerationandattractionperyear(vehicles/year)

={ (annualincomingandoutgoingcargovolumebytypeofbusiness

(transportedbyautomobiletransport))}•aMT0bc (2.2.4)

2) Inthecaseofestimationintendedforthevaluesbytypeofbusiness(byitem):Tripgenerationandattractionperyear(vehicles/year)

={ (annualincomingandoutgoingcargovolumebytypeofbusiness

(transportedbyautomobile) aMTi}bc (2.2.5)

where, aMT0 :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofloadedlargevehicleswhichcarrycargoes(intended

forallitems) A coefficient for conversion into the number of loaded large vehicles which carry cargoes

(vehicles/MT),whichisthereciprocalvalueofthecapacitytonnageperalargevehiclewhichcarrycargoes(MT/vehicle),ontheassumptionthatmostoftheincomingandoutgoingcargoesaretransportedbylargevehicles.


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aMTi :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofloadedlargevehicleswhichcarrycargoes(intendedforthevaluesbyitem)

A coefficient for conversion into the number of loaded large vehicles which carry cargoes(vehicles/MT),whichisthereciprocalvalueofthecapacitytonnageperalargevehiclewhichcarrycargoesbyitem(MT/vehicle),ontheassumptionthatmostoftheincomingandoutgoingcargoesaretransportedbylargevehicles.

b :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofalllargevehicles c :coefficientforconversionintothenumberofallvehicles

④Estimationmethodofthetrafficvolumeassociatedwithgreenareas,marinasandotherfacilities

(a) Thetrafficvolumeassociatedwithgreenareas,marinasandotherfacilitiesmaybeestimatedusingvariousbasicunitsobtainedfrompastresultsandforecasts.Itispreferabletodeterminethebasicunitsbasedonthesizeandcapacityoftheexistingfacilitieswhicharesimilartothoseofthetargetfacilities,andthepastresultsofthetrafficvolumeobtainedfromthefieldsurveydata,roadtrafficcensusesandothersources.However,whenitisdifficulttoestimatethesebasicunits,thefollowingestimationmethodsmaybeusedasareference.

(b)EstimationmethodofthetrafficvolumeassociatedwithgreenareasThetrafficvolumeassociatedwithgreenareasmaybeestimatedintermsofthepeakdailytrafficvolume,usuallyusingequation (2.2.6) andequation (2.2.7).

Peaktrafficvolumeperday(vehicles/day) =Numberofpeakusersperday・Pa・Pb・ Roundtriptrafficvolumeconversioncoefficient (2.2.6)

Numberofpeakusersperday(persons/day) =Totalareaofthegreenareas(m2)・・Turnovernumber (2.2.7)Returntriptrafficvolumeconversioncoefficient=2

where, Pa :Utilizationrateofautomobilestovisitgreenareas Pb :Passengervehicleconversioncoefficient(=1/averagenumberofboardingpersons)

(c) EstimationmethodofthetrafficvolumeassociatedwithmarinasThetrafficvolumeassociatedwithmarinasmaybeestimatedintermsofthedailytrafficvolume,usuallyusingequation (2.2.8).

Peaktrafficvolumeperday(vehicles/day)=Roundtriptrafficvolumeconversioncoefficient・Numberofstoredships･Peakdailyutilizationrate･Numberofvehiclesusedpership (2.2.8)

(d)TrafficvolumeassociatedwithferriesWithregardtothetrafficvolumeassociatedwithaferry,itisnecessarytoestimatethepeakhourlytrafficvolumeintendedforthemaximumnumberofvehiclesthatdisembarkfromtheferry.Thepeakhourlytrafficvolumemay usually be obtained using equation (2.2.9). The term “maximum number of disembarkingvehiclesintheoperationcycle”standsfor,forexample,incaseswhereferriesoperateseveraltimesaday,“thelargestnumberofvehiclesthatdisembarkfromaferryduringtheday”orincaseswhereferriesoperateseveraltimesaweek,“thelargestnumberofthatduringtheweek”.

Peaktrafficvolumeperhour(vehicles/hour) =Maximumnumberofdisembarkingvehicles intheoperationcycle(vehicles/hour) (2.2.9)

(e) TrafficvolumesassociatedwithotherfacilitiesIt is also necessary to set the traffic volumes associatedwith facilities other than those described aboveaccordingtothecharacteristicsofthetargetport.

(4)EstimationoftheDesignDailyTrafficVolumesforRoadsinaPort

① Outlineofthe4-stageestimationmethod

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(a) Ingeneral,whenestimating thedesigndaily trafficvolumes, it ispreferable touse the4-stageestimationmethodbasedontheincomingandoutgoingtrafficvolume,whichisatechniquefortrafficplanning.The4-stageestimationmethodisthetechniquetoestimatetrafficvolumesin4stagesasshowninFig. 2.2.3.6)

Estimation of the incoming and outgoing traffic volume

Estimation of the distributed traffic volume

Estimation of the traffic volume shared by each transportation mode

Estimation of the assigned traffic volume

Fig. 2.2.3 4-stage Estimation Method

(b)EstimationofthetripgenerationandattractionIn the trip generation and attraction estimation stage, the total trip number in the target area is firstlypredicted,andthenthetripgenerationandattraction(Ti,Tj)valuesfortheindividualzonesinthetargetareaareestimated.Thetripgenerationandattractionineachzonearepredictedusingthebasicunitmethodandtheregressionmodels.Fortheroadinaport,themethodpresentedin (2) maybeapplied.

(c) EstimationofthedistributedtrafficvolumeInthedistributedtrafficvolumeestimationstage,thetrafficvolumebetweenzonei andzonej(Tij)isestimatedbyassociating the incoming trafficvolumeforzone i (Ti)with theoutgoing trafficvolumeforzone j (Tj),whichwere estimated in the incomingandoutgoing trafficvolumeestimation stage. Models to estimatethedistributedtrafficvolumearegenerallyclassifiedintothecurrentpatternmethodandthegravitymodelmethod.

(d)EstimationofthetrafficvolumesharedbyeachtransportationmodeThethirdstageofthe4-stageestimationmethodistopredictthesharesofeachtransportationmodesuchasautomobilesandrailway.However,incaseswhereonlyautomobiletransportationispremisedfromthebeginning,thisstageisomitted.

(e) EstimationoftheassignedtrafficvolumesIntheassignedtrafficvolumeestimationstage,theroutesonwhichthepreviouslyestimatedinter-zonetrafficvolumesoccurarepredicted. In thisassignedtrafficvolumeestimationprocess, it isnecessarytoset thenetwork,thecostsrequiredforeachrouteandtherouteselectioncriteria.Theassignedtrafficvolumesbyeachroutebasicallyrepresentthedesigndailytrafficvolumesforthetargetroad

②Considerationsinestimationofdesigndailytrafficvolumeinsurroundingareaaswhole First,incaseswherethepassingtrafficvolumewhichdoesnothaveapointoforiginorterminusintheportisassumedtobelarge,itwasconsiderednecessarytoestimatethedesigndailytrafficvolumebasedona4-stageestimationmethod,basedonanintegratedwiththecityplanorroadplanofthehinterlandcity.Whenestimatingthedesigndailytrafficvolumebasedonthistypeofintegratedroadnetwork,itisnecessarytoconsiderthefollowingpoints.

(a)Compatibilityofassumedobjectday Itisthegeneralpracticetousetheannualaverageofdailytrafficvolumeasthedailytrafficvolumeincityplansandroadplans.Inthiscase,thetripgenerationandattractionrelatedtotheportisconvertedtoadailyunitbythemethodpresentedpreviously,andaddedtothedailytrafficvolumeinthecityplanorroadplan. However,therearecasesinwhichitispreferabletoestimateforthepeakmonthorpeakdayoftheweekratherthantheannualaverageofdailytrafficvolume.Inthiscase,thevaluesareconvertedusingequation (2.2.10)or(2.2.11),respectively,andaddedtothetrafficvolume.

Dailytrafficvolume(vehicles/day)inpeakmonth=Tripgenerationandattractionperyear・m (2.2.10)


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Dailytrafficvolume(vehicles/day)onpeakdayofweek=Tripgenerationandattractionperyear・w (2.2.11)

where,m =monthlypeakratiow=day-of-weekpeakratio

(b)AdjustmentoftheshareoflargevehiclesIn general, the share of large vehicles in the port-related traffic volumes is larger than that in the trafficvolumesforwhichthecityplanningortheroadplanningisintended.Therefore,addingoftrafficvolumesbasedontheactualnumberofvehiclesundertheconditionwherebothsharesoflargevehiclesdifferleadstounderestimationoftheport-relatedtrafficvolumes.Asaresult,itgivestheinordinateburdeninexcessoftheactualconditiontothehinterland. Therefore,whentheratiooflargevehiclestoallvehiclesderivedintheprocessofestimatingtheincomingandoutgoing trafficvolumeassociatedwithports isdifferent from thatassumed incityplanningor roadplanning, it isnecessary tocorrect theshareof largevehicles toadjust the incomingandoutgoing trafficvolumeassociatedwithportstothehinterlandusingequation (2.2.12).Inequation (2.2.12),coefficientforconversionofalargevehicleintopassengervehiclesis2.0.

Trafficvolumecorrectedbytheshareoflargevehicles(vehicles/day) =[Dailytrafficvolumeconvertedfromtheannualincoming

andoutgoingtrafficvolume(vehicles/day)]・ (2.2.12)

where, T-port :Shareoflargevehiclesassumedforroadsintheport(%) T-town :Shareoflargevehiclesassumedforroadsattheperipheryoftheport

(5)EstimationoftheDesignHourlyTrafficVolumeofRoadsinaPort

① CalculationmethodofthedesignhourlytrafficvolumeThedesignhourly trafficvolume inbothdirectionswhich is required for determining thenumberof lanesmaybecalculatedfromtheestimateddesigndailytrafficvolumeusingequation(2.2.13).Designhourlytrafficvolume(vehicles/hour)

=Designtrafficvolume(vehicles/day) (2.2.13)

where, K :Ratioofthedesignhourlytrafficvolume(usuallythe30thhourlytrafficvolume)tothedesign

dailytrafficvolume(annualaveragedailytrafficvolume)(%)

ItispreferabletodeterminethevalueofKcorrespondingtothe30thperhourtrafficvolume(hereinafterreferredtoas“theK30value”)basedonthecharacteristicsofeachport.ThereareseveralmethodstoestimatetheK30value:theestimationusingamodelwhichincludesthedesigndailytrafficvolume.Thefollowingshowstheconcretetechniquesofeachmethod.

②EstimationmethodbasedonmeasuredvaluesofsimilarroadsorsurroundingroadsIngeneraltrafficvolumestudies,becausefew24hourmeasurementsandannualcontinuousmeasurementsareperformed,Traffic Volume of Roads7)providesequation(2.2.14)forestimationoftheK30valuefromordinaryobservationstudydata.Accordingly,thevaluecalculatedfromordinaryobservationdataofsimilarroadsusingequation(2.2.14)canbeusedastheK30value.

K30=100{(aQp+b)/Q12} (2.2.14)where,

K30 :percentage(%)of30thhourlytrafficvolumerelativetodesigntrafficvolume(annualaverageofdailytrafficvolume).Provided,however,thatK30is18%orless.

Qp :peakhourlytrafficvolume(totalofinboundandoutbound)(vehicles/hour)Q12 :daytime12-hourhourlytrafficvolume(totalofinboundandoutbound)(vehicles/hour) a,b :coefficientsforcalculating30thhourlytrafficvolumefrompeakhourlytrafficvolume;values

areshowninTable 2.2.1.

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Table 2.2.1 Coefficients for Calculating 30th Hourly Traffic Volume from Peak Hourly Traffic Volume

Roadsidecondition a bCity 1.12 20.4

Flatlandarea 1.06 167.5Mountainousarea 1.01 377.6

③EstimationmethodusingmodelformulaTheK30valuemaybeestimatedfromtheannualaveragedailytrafficvolumefortheroadinthetargetportusingequation (2.2.15).TherationaleforthiscalculationisdescribedinReference1).

(2.2.15)where,

AADT:Annualaverageofdailytrafficvolume(vehicles/day)

K30

val

ue (%

)

y = 248.9x-0.3283

R2 = 0.7435

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 10,000

Annual average daily traffic volume (AADT): vehicles/day

20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

Fig. 2.2.4 Relationship between Annual Average of Daily Traffic Volume and K30 Valueand its Model Formula

(6)DeterminationoftheNumberofLanesofRoadsinaPort

① BasicprinciplesfordeterminingthenumberoflanesofroadsaportWhendeterminingthenumberoflanesofroadsinaport,itshallbeprimarilyjudgedwhether2lanesforbothdirections is sufficient toaccommodate the trafficvolumes, comparing thedesignhourly trafficvolume forbothdirectionswiththedesignstandardtrafficvolume.Thatis,ifthedesignhourlytrafficvolumeforbothdirectionsfortheroadinthetargetportisequaltoorlessthanthedesignstandardtrafficvolumevaluefor2lanes,thenumberoflanesforbothdirectionsshallbe2. Ifthedesignhourlytrafficvolumeforbothdirectionsoftheroadinthetargetportislargerthanthedesignstandardtrafficvolumevaluefor2lanes,theroadshallhavetwoormorelanesineachdirection.Inthiscase,thenumberoflanesforonedirectionshallbesetbasedoncomparisonofthedesignhourlytrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirectionandthedesignstandardtrafficvolumesformultiplelanes.Thetotalnumberoflanesofaportroadshallinprinciplebesetsothatthetotalnumberoflanesmaybetwotimesthenumberoflanesforonedirectionsetbasedontheheavier-trafficdirectiontrafficvolume,becausethetotalnumberoflanesisusuallyanevennumber.

② Criteriaforsetting2lanesforbothdirectionsWhensettingthenumberoflanes,thenumberoflanesinthefollowingcasesshallbe2.

(a) Roadsthatconnectaportwithanationalhighwayetc.:Designhourlytrafficvolume(forbothdirections)(vehicles/hour)

<650(vehicles/hour) (2.2.16)


–923–

(b)Othersroads:Designhourlytrafficvolume(forbothdirections)(vehicles/hour)

<500(vehicles/hour) (2.2.17)

③ Determinationmethodofthenumberoflanesformulti-laneroads(2ormorelanesinoneside)

(a) JudgmentastowhethermultiplelanesarerequiredWhensettingthenumberoflanes, thenumberoflanesinthefollowingcasesshallbemultilane, ie. 2ormorelanesinonedirection.Inthiscase,thenumberoflanesinonedirectionmaybesetaccordingtotheproceduresdescribedin(b)and(c).

1) Roadsthatconnectaportwithanationalhighwayetc.:Designhourlytrafficvolume(forbothdirections)(vehicles/hour)

>650(vehicles/hour) (2.2.18)

2) Otherroads:Designhourlytrafficvolume(forbothdirections)(vehicles/hour)

>500(vehicles/hour) (2.2.19)

(b)Estimationofthedesigndirection-specifichourlytrafficvolumesThedesignhourly trafficvolumefor theheavier-trafficdirectionmaybecalculatedfromthedesigndailytrafficvolumeusingequation (2.2.20).

Designhourlytrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirection(vehicles/hour)

=Designdailytrafficvolume(forbothdirections)(vehicles/hour) (2.2.20)where,

D :Ratioofthetrafficvolumeintheheavier-trafficdirectiontothedesignhourlytrafficvolume(%)

If the traffic volumes are analyzed on an hour-by-hour basis, it can be seen that the peak-hour trafficvolumesinbothdirectionsdiffersignificantly.Ifthenumbersoflanesaresetbasedonthetotalvalueofthedesignhourlytrafficvolumesinbothdirections,theserviceabilityoftheroadduringthepeakhourislow.Therefore,itispreferabletoestimatethedesignhourlytrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirectionusingtheDvalue.Inaddition,itispreferabletosettheDvalueaccordingtothecharacteristicsofthetargetports.

(c) DeterminationofthenumberoflanesofonesideThenumberoflanesofonesideinthecaseofamulti-laneroadmaybesetcomparingthedesignhourlytrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirectionwiththedesignstandardtrafficvolumeformulti-laneroadswhichhave2ormorelanesineachdirectiondescribedabove.Inprinciple,theintegerobtainedbyroundinguptheresultofthecalculationwithequation (2.2.21)orequation(2.2.22)shallbeusedastherequirednumberoflanesintheheavier-trafficdirection.

1) Roadsthatconnectaportwithanationalhighwayetc.:Numberoflanesintheheavier-trafficdirection(lanes) =Designhourlytrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirection(vehicles/hour) /600(vehicles/hour/lane) (2.2.21)

2) Otherroads:Numberoflanesintheheavier-trafficdirection(lanes) =Designperhourtrafficvolumefortheheavier-trafficdirection(vehicles/hour) /350(vehicles/hour/lane) (2.2.22)

Thetotalnumberoflanesofaroadmaybesetbydoublingthenumberoflanesobtainedaccordingtotheaboveprocedures,becausethenumberoflanesoftheroadshouldbeanevennumberexceptforspecialcases.

④ EstimationoftheD valueProcedurestoestimatetheD valueinconcretewayareasfollows;theestimationfromresultsofcontinuoustraffic volume observations and the estimation from actualmeasurements taken on the routeswith similarcharacteristicsandtrafficconditions.Actualproceduresareshownbelow.

(a) EstimationmethodbasedontheactualmeasurementstakenonthesimilarroadsorontheneighboringroadsTraffic Capacities of Roads 9)presentsequation (2.2.23),whichusesheavier-trafficdirectioncoefficientsfor

–924–


thepeakhourofthesurveydaytoaccuratelycalculatethedifferencebetweenthetrafficvolumesinthetwooppositedirections,thinkingofthefactthattheDvalueisalmostconstantduringtheheavytraffichours.Inequation (2.2.23),thepassengervehicleequivalentnumberofvehicles(pcu/hour)forthe2oppositedirectionsisused.

(2.2.23)

where, D :Ratioofthetrafficvolumeintheheavier-trafficdirectiontothedesignhourlytrafficvolume(%) Pu :Trafficvolumeintheinbounddirectionduringthepeakhour(pcu/hour) Pd :Trafficvolumeintheoutbounddirectionduringthepeakhour(pcu/hour)

2.3 Clearance LimitsInthecaseoftheportroadthroughwhichitisexpectedthatspecialvehiclesandsemi-trailertruckscarryinghighcubecontainersthatareinternationalshipcontainerswithaheightof9feetand6inchespass,theclearancelimitsshallbesetappropriatelyratherthanmerelyconformingtotheEnforcementRegulationsforRoadStructures,becauseitispossiblethattoapplyinthesameclearancelimitsforordinaryroadstotheportroadwouldcompromisesafety.

2.4 Widening of the Curved Sections of RoadsInthecaseoftheportroadthroughwhichanumberoflargevehiclespass,thecurvedsectionsshouldbewidenedappropriatelyaccordingtothedesignvehicles.

2.5 Longitudinal SlopesInthecaseoftheportroadthroughwhichanumberoflargevehiclespass,thelongitudinalslopesshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothedesignvehicles,incarefulconsiderationofthefactthatthetravelingspeedsofvehiclestendtodecreaseasthegradientincreasesandthismaysignificantlyreducethetrafficcapacityoftheroad.

2.6 Level CrossingsInthecaseoftheportroadthroughwhichanumberoflargevehiclespass,levelcrossingsshouldbedesignedgivingdue consideration to the behavior of large vehicleswhichhave lowdriving performance such as the acceleratingperformanceatstart.

2.7 Performance Verification of Pavements

(1)BasicFundamentalsforPerformanceVerificationCementconcreteorasphaltpavementisgenerallyusedasthepavementofaportroad.ItisgenerallypreferabletoverifytheperformanceofcementconcreteandasphaltpavementsinaccordancewiththeproceduresshowninFig. 2.2.5andFig. 2.2.6,respectively.

Determination of the design conditions

Evaluation of the actions on the pavement

Examination of the stability against the surcharges

Determination of the design of the joints

Determination of the total thickness of the pavement

Examination of the depth of frost penetration depth

(Design traffic volume for the unit section, with or without such vehicles as mobile cranes and tractor-semitrailers, and weather conditions)

Estimation of the distributions of the wheel loads of moving vehicles

Fig. 2.2.5 Example of Performance Verification Procedure for Cement Concrete Pavements


–925–

Determination of the design conditions

Evaluation of the actions

Examination of the stability against the surcharges

Determination of the thickness of each part of the pavement

Determination of the composition of the pavement

Determination of the total thickness of the pavement

Examination of the depth of frost penetration depth

(Design traffic volume for the unit section, with or without such vehicles as mobile cranes and tractor-semitrailers)

Determination of the cumulative 5 ton equivalent number of wheels

Fig. 2.2.6 Example of Performance Verification Procedure for Asphalt Concrete Pavements

(2)PerformanceVerification

①The Guidelines for Designing and Constructing Pavements10)present,as themethodofdetermining thetrafficvolumesforstructuraldesignofpavements,(a)themethodbasedonthelargevehicletrafficvolumeand(b)themethodbasedonthewheelloadsofmovingvehicles.

(a)MethodbasedonlargevehicletrafficvolumeThemethodbasedon the largevehicle trafficvolume is thatbasedon theaverage trafficvolumeof largevehicles(numberofvehicles・day・direction)duringthedesignworkinglifeandispopularlyusedforordinaryroadpavements.TheAsphaltPavingGuidelinespresentthefollowingclassificationofdesigntrafficvolumesaccordingtothelargevehicletrafficvolume:

LTraffic :thelargevehicletrafficvolumeislessthan100vehiclesATraffic:thelargevehicletrafficvolumeislessthan250vehiclesandnotlessthan100vehiclesBTraffic :thelargevehicletrafficvolumeislessthan1000vehiclesandnotlessthan250vehiclesCTraffic :thelargevehicletrafficvolumeislessthan3000vehiclesandnotlessthan1000vehiclesDTraffic:thelargevehicletrafficvolumeis3000vehiclesormore

In the Guidelines, the term “large vehicles” stands for ordinary freight vehicles, buses and specialvehicles.

(b)ThemethodbasedonthewheelloadsofmovingvehiclesThemethodbased on thewheel loads ofmoving vehicles is themethod to estimate the size distributionofmovingvehicles. Thecumulative5-ton-equivalentnumberofwheelsduring thedesignworkinglife iscalculatedfromthenumbersofmovingvehiclesforeachwheelloadrange,takingintoaccounttheratesoftrafficvolumeincrease.Whenconvertingthetrafficvolume(Ni)forthegivenwheelload(Pi)intothetrafficvolume(Ni5)forthe5-tonwheelload,theso-called“fourthpowermethod”showninequation(2.2.24) isused.

(2.2.24)where,

Ni5 :trafficvolumeforthe5-tonwheelload(vehicles/day) Pi :wheelload（kN） Ni :trafficvolume(vehicles/day)

② Themethod described in (a) above is simpler than themethod described in (b). However, in caseswherecircumstancesrequire,suchaswhereitisexpectedthatheavyvehiclessuchassemi-trailertrucksandmobilecranesgothrough,itispreferabletoapply(b)inwhichthepropertiesofthetrafficcanbeconsidered.

–926–


References

1) Takahashi,H.:Studyofdesigning roads in theportarea Astandard fordesigning roads in theportarea :Aproposal-,ResearchReportofNationalInstituteforLandandInfrastructureManagementNo.21,2005

2) InformationManagement Department, policy Bureau,Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport: Port Statistics (2002),,2004

3) MinistryofLand,InfrastructureandTransport(MLIT):SurveyReportofNationalCargoNetFlow,MLIT,20024) Trafficsurveydivision,UrbantransportBureau,MinistryofConstruction:Manualforplanningoftransportrelatedtolarge

scaledevelopmentzones,Gyosei,19995) JapanPortAssociation,Manualfordevelopmentofportgreenbelt,JapanPortAssociation,19766) JSCEEdition:TransportPlanning,NewSeriesCivilEngineering60,Giho-doPublishing,19937) JapanRoadAssociation:Trafficcapacityofroads,JapanRoadsAssociation,19848) OKUDA,K.,MURATA,T.andOKANO,H.:AnAnalysisonCharacteristicsoftheRoadTrafficinPortAreaBasedonthe

YearlyTrafficObservation,TechnicalNoteofPHRINo.876,19979) JSCE:ConcreteStandardSpecifications,Specificationsforconcrete（Pavement),200210) JapanRosaAssociation:Guidelinefordesignandconstructionofpavement,2001


–927–

3 Tunnels Constructed by the Immersed Tunnel MethodMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Roads

Article 36 1Theperformancerequirementsforroadsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)RoadsshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,Transportand

Tourismsoastoensurethesafeandsmoothflowoftrafficwithintheportandbetweentheportandthehinterlandinconsiderationofthetrafficcharacteristicsintheport.

(2)Damageduetoimposedloadsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseoftherelevantroadswithoutimpairingtheirfunctions.

2Inadditiontotheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph,theperformancerequirementsforroadshavingtunnelsectionsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Damageduetoselfweight,earthpressure,waterpressure,andLevel1earthquakegroundmotions,

and/orotheractionsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseoftherelevantroadsandnotimpairtheirfunctions.

(2)DamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,flamesandheatfromfires,and/orotheractionsshallnotaffectrestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsrequiredfortheroadsconcerned.

Public NoticePerformance Criterion of Underwater Tunnels

Article 77 1 Theperformancecriteriaofunderwatertunnelsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Underwatertunnelsshallbecoveredwithanappropriatematerialoftherequiredthicknesssoasto

securetheintegrityofthestructuralmembersandthestabilityoftheirstructuresagainstdroppinganddraggingofshipanchors,scouringofseabedbywavesand/orcurrents,andothers.

(2)Underwatertunnelsshallbeequippedwiththecontrolfacilitiesnecessaryfortheirsafeandsmoothuse.

(3)ThedegreeofdamageowingtotheactionsofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,andfiresandheatbyfires,whicharethedominantactionsintheaccidentalactionsituations,shallbelessthanthethresholdlevel.

2Inadditiontotheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofunderwatertunnelsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Theriskoffailureduetoinsufficientbearingcapacityofthefoundationgroundunderthepermanent

actionsituation,inwhichthedominantactionisselfweight,shallbelessthanthethresholdlevel.(2)The riskof impairing the integrityof structuralmembersunder thepermanent action situation, in

whichthedominantactionisearthpressures,shallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.(3)The riskoffloating-upof the immersed tunnel elements, ventilation facilities and shafts under the

variableactionsituation,inwhichthedominantactioniswaterpressures,shallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.

(4)Theriskofimpairingtheintegrityofstructuralmembersandlosingthestabilityofimmersedtunnelelements,ventilationfacilities,shafts,jointsectionsandothersunderthevariableactionsituation,inwhichthedominantactionisLevel1earthquakegroundmotions,shallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.

[Commentary]

(1)PerformanceCriteriaofUnderwaterTunnels①Commonitemsforallunderwatertunnels(a)Covering(usability)

–928–


Whendeterminingthecoveringmaterialandcoveringthicknessintheperformanceverificationofanunderwatertunnel,appropriateconsiderationshouldbegiventothestabilityoftheunderwatertunnelagainstuplifting,theeffectsofthepenetrationofanchorscausedbycastinganddraggingfromshipsnavigatingovertheunderwatertunnelandthescouringofthecoveringsectionsduetowaterflowsandwaves.

(b)Accidentalsituations(restorability)1) Thesettingsoftheperformancecriteriacommontounderwatertunnelsandthedesignsituations

limiting to accidental situations are shown inAttached Table 63. [The reasonwhy setting“damages” as the verification item in theAttached Table 63 is that it aims to describe in acomprehensivemannerconsideringthattheverificationitemsvarydependingonthestructureandstructuraltypeofthefacility].

Attached Table 63 Settings relating to the Design Situations limiting to Accidental Situations and Performance Criteria Common to All Underwater Tunnels

MinisterialOrdinance PublicNotice

Performancerequirements

Designsituation

Verificationitem Indexofstandardlimitvalue

Article

Paragraph

Item

Article

Paragraph

Paragraph

Situation DominatingactionNon-

dominatingaction

35 2 − 77 1 3 Restorability Accidental Flamesandheatduetofires

− Damages −

36 2 2 L2earthquakegroundmotion

Selfweight,earthpressures,waterpressures,surcharges

2) FlamesandheatduetofiresWhenverifyingtheperformanceofanunderwatertunnelintheaccidentalsituationsofflamesandheatduetofires,theactionofflamesandheatduetofiresshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothetypesofvehicleswhichareexpectedtogothroughtheunderwatertunnel,andthemembersoftheunderwatertunnelshouldbecoveredwithrefractorymaterialasnecessary.

②Immersedtunnels(serviceability)(a)Theperformancecriteriaofimmersedtunnelsshallbepursuanttotheperformancecriteriacommon

tounderwatertunnels.Thesettingsoftheperformancecriteriaforimmersedtunnelsandthedesignsituations(excludingaccidentalsituations)areshowninAttached Table-64.

Attached Table 64 Settings relating to the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations) and Performance Criteria of Immersed Tunnels



Designsituation

VerificationitemIndexof

standardlimitvalue

Article

Paragraph

Item

Article

Paragraph

Paragraph

Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominatingaction

35 2 − 77 2 1 Serviceability Permanent Selfweight Waterpressures,earthpressures,surcharges

Bearingcapacityofthefoundationground

Bearingcapacitylimitvalue

36 2 1 2 Earthpressures Selfweight,waterpressures,surcharges

Soundnessofmembers −

3 Variable Waterpressures Selfweight,earthpressures,surcharges

Upliftingofimmersedtunnelelements,ventilationfacilitiesandshafts

−

4 L1earthquakegroundmotion


Stabilityofimmersedtunnelelements,ventilationfacilitiesandshafts

−

Soundnessofmembers −Stabilityofjointsections −


–929–

(b)SoundnessofmembersWhenverifyingtheperformanceofmembersofanimmersedtunnel,theperformancecriteriaoftheirsoundnessshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothestructureoftheimmersedtunnelandthematerialsofthemembers.

(c)Stabilityofimmersedtunnelelements,ventilationfacilitiesandshaftsWhenverifyingtheperformanceofimmersedtunnelelements,ventilationfacilitiesandshaftsofanimmersedtunnel,theperformancecriteriaoftheirstabilityshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothestructureoftheimmersedtunnel.

(d)StabilityofjointsectionsWhenverifyingtheperformanceofjointsectionsofanimmersedtunnel,theperformancecriteriaoftheirstabilityshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothestructureoftheimmersedtunnelandthematerialsandstructuresofthejointsections.Thestabilityofjointsectionsshallincludesecuringofwaterproofpropertyofjointsections.

[Technical Note]

3.1 General

(1)Theexplanationsinthissectionmaybeusedfortheperformanceverificationsoftunnelsconstructedofroadsinaportbytheimmersedtunnelmethod(hereinafterreferredtoasimmersedtunnels).Fortunnelsofotheruseorothertype,itisnecessarytoapplyotherrelevantstandards.

(2)In the performance verifications of immersed tunnels for port roads,The Technical Manual for Immersed Tunnels1)maybeusedasareference.Whenmakingageneralstudyonthedesign,fabricationandconstructionoftheimmersedtunnelmethod,Reference2)mayserveasareference.Inaddition,whenexaminingtheseismic-resistantperformance,itispreferabletouseReference3)asareference.

Immersed tunnel element

Ventilation tower Ventilation tower

Access road

Open-cutsection

Open-cutsection

Open-cutsection

Open-cutsection

Land tunnelsection

Land tunnelsectionImmersed tunnel section

Immersed tunnelAccess road

Fig. 3.1.1 Definitions of Immersed Tunnel-related Terms

3.2 Fundamentals of Performance Verification

(1)Thelocation,alignment,andcross-sectionalprofileofanimmersedtunnelshallbeappropriatelysetaccordingtotheusecondition,thenaturalconditionsofwaterareawherethetunnelisconstructed.

(2)Whendetermining the cross section of an immersed tunnel, the traffic volumeof vehicles, the ratio of largevehiclesinallvehicles,theneedforasidewalk,theneedforabicycletrack,thetypesofcablesandpipesinutilityducts,transportofhazardousmaterials,theexistenceornonexistenceofatollgate,andtheconnectionswithotherroadsshouldbeexaminedinadvance. Sufficient consideration should also be given to the future development plans of other related facilitiesincludingthoseconcerningthepossibilityofdeepeningwaterwaysabovetheimmersedtunnel.Inaddition,itisalsopreferabletostudyadequatelythefutureutilizationplan,becauseitisdifficultforanimmersedtunneltoenhanceitsfunctionssuchaswideningofitswidthonceithasbeencompleted.

(3)Ifpedestrianandbicycletracksaretobeinstalled,dueconsiderationshouldbegiventousebytheelderlyandthephysicallyhandicappedpersons.

–930–


(4)Mainbodyofanimmersedtunnelshallbeafireproofstructure,andsafetyfacilitiesandequipment,andevacuationpassagesforuseunderfireshallbeprovided.Inaddition,evacuationpassagesandemergencytelephonesforuseintheeventofanaccidentoradisastershouldbeprovidedasnecessary.

(5)Thelongitudinalslopeofanimmersedtunnelmaybemadeassteepaspossiblewithintherestrictionofdesignspeedfortheroadtoenablereductionofconstructioncostingeneral.However,considerationshouldbegiventothefactthatsmokeanddustconcentrationintheexhaustgasofvehiclesincreasesrapidlyastheslopebecomessteeper,thusraisingthecostofventilationequipment.

(6)ImmersedTunnelElements

①Thestructural typesof immersed tunnelelementsareclassified intosteel shell type, reinforcedconcreteorprestressedconcretetype,andcompositeorhybridtype.Themostappropriatestructureshouldbeselectedinlightoftheirindividualcharacteristics.

② Asteelshelltypeimmersedtunnelelementisconstructedbybuildingthesteelshellfirstandthenfillingtheinsidespaceof theshellwithconcrete. Theloads thatactonacompletedsteelshell typeimmersedtunnelelement are basically borne by the reinforced concrete in the steel shell. Concrete type immersed tunnelelementsalsohaveacoveringmadeofthinsteelsheetforprotectionandwaterproofing.Therefore,thereisnoclearessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwotypes.Itisconsideredthatinacompositetype,concreteandsteelsheetareintegratedwithshearconnectorsandthatnotonlytheconcretebutalsothesteelsheetbearstheloads.

③ Steelshelltypeimmersedtunnelelementsrequirealargeamountofsteel,butdonotalwaysrequireadrydockbecausetheycanbeconstructedinashipway.Ontheotherhand,concretetypeimmersedtunnelelementsdonotrequirealargeamountofsteel,butdorequireadeepdrydock.Whenselectingthetypeofanimmersedtunnelelementinaspecificcase,considerationshouldbegiventothefabricationyard,economicalefficiency,andconstructability.

④Compositetypeelements,particularlythatofsteel-concretecombinedstructure,maybedesignedandconstructedaccordingtothereferences4)and5).

(7)ManagementFacilitiesandEquipmentManagementfacilitiesandequipmentincludethefacilitiesandequipmentforventilation,emergency,lighting,electric-power,securityandmeasurement,monitoringandcontrol,anddrainage.Incaseswhereaventilationtower isconstructedasaventilationfacility, it isnecessarytoallocatefunctionallytheventilationequipment,electricalequipment,controlequipmentandotherancillaryequipment.Itisalsonecessarytoinstallconnectionductsthatconnecttheventilationtowerwiththemainbodyofthetunnel,inletportsandexhaustportssothatefficientventilationmaybeachieved.

3.3 Determination of the Basic Cross Section

(1) ImmersedTunnelElements

① Thetopsurfaceofimmersedtunnelelementsshallbecoveredwithappropriatematerialoftherequiredthicknesssothatthestructuralsafetyoftheelementsmaybeensuredtakingintoconsiderationthepenetrationdepthofanchorcausedbycastinganddraggingofship’sanchor,thefrequenciesofanchoringanddraggingofanchor,thebuoyancyofthetunnel,andthescouringduetowavesandwaterflows.Inprinciple,itispreferablethatthethicknessofthecoverlayer,whichincludesthethicknessoftheconcretelayerstoprotecttheupperslab,is1.5morgreater

② Thedepthofimmersionshallbesetappropriatelyinconsiderationofanyfutureplanofdeepeningofthewaterinandaroundthetunnel.

③ Thestructuraltypeandthelengthofanimmersedtunnelelementshallbedeterminedinconsiderationofthesectionalforces, thejointstructure, thesizeofthefabricationyard,thetunnelelementinstallationandjointconstructionmethods, and the economical efficiencyof the immersed tunnel structure including joints. Ingeneral,animmersedtunnelelementlengthofaround100misemployed.

④Inaccordancewiththestructureofanimmersedtunnelelement,fireproofmaterialmayberequired.Insuchcases, the thickness of fireproofmaterial shall be considered in determining the dimensions of inner crosssectionofthetunnel.

(2)VentilationTowers

① Thestructuresoftheventilationtowersforanimmersedtunnelneedtobestudiedwithanappropriatemethodcorrespondingtothecharacteristicsofthefacilitiesandgrounds.

②Ventilationmachines,electricalfacilitiesandequipment,andcontrolfacilitiesandequipmentshouldbeinstalled


–931–

functionally inaventilation tower. Itsstructureshouldbeequippedwith inletandoutletports forefficientventilationaswellaswithconnectingductstotheimmersedtunnelitself.

③Sufficientspaceshouldbeprovidedinsideaventilationtowersothatmonitoring,inspection,andminorrepairoftheinstalledequipmentcanbeperformedsmooth.Inparticular,largecomponentssuchasventilationmachinesshouldbesodesignedthattheirtransportintoandoutofthetoweriseasilyexecuted.

④Thelocationandstructureofinletportsshouldbesuchthattheintakeofexhaustgasfromtheoutletorfromtheentranceofthetunneliskeptaslittleaspossible.

⑤Thelocationofoutletportsshouldensurethatconcentrationofexhaustgasatthegroundlevelremainsunderatolerablelevel.

⑥ Ashaftgenerallydoublesasaventilationtower,buttheycanbeseparated.

⑦ Aventilationtowerhastheventilationfunctionanditispreferablethatsufficientconsiderationisgiventothedesignoftheventilationtowerinharmonywiththesurroundinglandscapes.

(3)AccessRoads

①Thestructureofaccessroadsshallbedesignedwithdueconsiderationtothetrafficunderplanning,naturalconditions,socialconditions,constructionmethodsandconstructioncost.

② Theroadsurfaceelevationsoftheentryandexitsectionsofanaccessroadshouldbedeterminedtakingintoconsideration the connectionwith other roads, the elevation of the neighboring grounds, the infiltration ofseawaterorriverwaterduringstormsurges,andthelongitudinalgradientofanimmersedtunnel.

3.4 Performance Verification

(1)ExaminationoftheStabilityoftheImmersedTunnelSection

①Itshallbestandardtoexaminethestructuralstabilityoftheimmersedtunnelsectioninboththelongitudinalandtransversedirectionsofthetunnel.

②Whenexaminingthestabilityinthetransversedirectionoftheimmersedtunnel,itsmainbodymaybegenerallyregardedasarigidframestructure.Inthelongitudinaldirectionoftheimmersedtunnel,itsmainbodymayberegardedasabeamsupportedonelasticspringsoftheground.

③Whetherthefoundationhasthesufficientcapacitytosupporttheweightoftheimmersedtunnelincludingthesoilonitstopshouldbeexamined.Dueconsiderationshouldalsobegiventothesettlementoffoundation.

④Groundmotioncanbetransmittedtotheimmersedtunnelfromeverydirection.However,intheperformanceverification,thetunnelisusuallyexaminedfortwodirections;thetransversedirection,inwhichthetunnelissubjected to themaximumflexuralmomentandshearingforce,andthe longitudinaldirection, inwhichthetunnelissubjectedtothemaximumaxialforce.

⑤ Animmersedtunnelcanbeconstructedinasoftground. Insuchacase,it isnecessarytoconfirmthatnoslidingwilloccurinthesurroundinggroundwhensubjectedtogroundmotion.Inaddition,itisnecessarytoperformanalysesandevaluationstoensurestabilityagainstliquefaction.

⑥Appropriatematerials shouldbe selected forfillingconsidering the safetyagainst settlementandsurfacing,liquefactionduetoearthquake,andmaintenancedredgingtokeepthedepthofnavigationchannel.

⑦An immersed tunnel is a structure under the seabed and is often constructed in soft ground. Sufficientexaminationshouldbemadesothatitsfunctionsshouldnotbelostduetowaterseepagefromcracksorjoints.

(2)ExaminationoftheStabilityofImmersedTunnelElements

①Immersedtunnelelementsshallhavesafestructureinconsiderationofthefollowingfactorsasnecessary.

(a) watertightcapability(b)crackingoftheconcrete(c) upliftingoftheelementbodyduetobuoyancyafterinstallation(d)ventilationanddisasterpreventionfunctions(e) otherfunctionsattachedintheimmersedtunnelelements

② Itispreferabletoapplywaterproofcoatingonthecircumferenceoftheelementstomakeassurancedoublesureonwatertightness.

–932–


(3)ExaminationofJoints

① Jointsofanimmersedtunnelshallhavesafestructureagainstthestressesgeneratedbytheactionofgroundmotion.

②Thelocationandstructureofjointsofimmersedtunnelelementsarenormallydeterminedinconsiderationofthesizeof fabricationyard,shiftingofwaterways,capacityofconstructionmachines,unevensettlementofthefoundationaftercompletion,andinfluenceoftemperaturevariation.However,thelocationandstructureofjointsarealsoimportantfactorsinassessingtheearthquakeresistanceofanimmersedtunnel.Thus,theearthquakeresistanceneedstobeadequatelyexaminedwhendeterminingthejointlocationandstructure.

③ Ajointbetweenanimmersedtunnelelementandaventilationtowershouldalsobeanalyzedandevaluatedadequatelyinthesamemannerasinthecaseofjointsbetweenimmersedtunnelelements.

④ Immersed tunnel joints aregenerally classified into two structural types: “continuous structure”whichhasthesamestiffnessandstrengthasthoseofthecrosssectionsoftheimmersedtunnelelementssoastoenduredeformation,strainduringthepermanentactions,earthquakeandotheractions;and“flexiblestructure”whichhas thesufficientflexibility toabsorb thedeformationsduring thepermanentactions,earthquakeandotheractions

⑤ Thewaterpressureconnectionmethodandtheunderwaterconcretecastingmethodarepopularastheconnectionmethodforconnectingimmersedtunnelelementstogetherunderwaterandmakingtheprimarywatersealing.Inrecentyears,thewaterpressureconnectionmethodhasbeenusedmorethantheunderwaterconcretecastingmethod.

⑥ For joints of the last part of an immersed tunnel, the dryworkmethod, thewaterproof panelmethod, theV-blockmethod,andthekeyelementmethodhavebeenproposed.Itispreferabletodeterminethemethodinconsiderationofthelocation,structure,constructionmethod,andworkability.

3.5 Structural Specifications

(1)Immersedtunnelsshallbeequippedwiththefollowingfacilitiesasnecessary:

(1)ventilationfacilities

(2)emergencyfacilities

(3)lightingequipment

(4)electricpowerfacilities

(5)securityandinstrumentationequipment

(6)monitoringandcontrolfacilities

(7)drainagefacilities

(2)Ventilation is essential forpreventing theadverse effectof exhaustgas frommotorvehicleson theair insidetunnels.Althoughnaturalventilationmaybesufficientforshorttunnels,ventilationfacilitiesshallbeinstalledforimmersedtunnelsofroadsinaport.

References

1) CoastalDevelopmentInstituteofTechnology:TechnicalManualforimmersedtunnel(RevisedEdition),20022) Kiyomiya,T.,K.Sonoda,M.Takahashi:Designandconstructionofimmersedtunnels,Gihi-doPublishing,20023) EarthquakeEngineeringCommittee,Sub-committeeonEarthquake-resistantperformanceoftunnel,:Earthquake-resistant

designoftunnelandproblems,19984) Coastal Development Institute of Technology: Design of steel-concrete sandwich structure type immersed tunnels and

constructionofhigh-fluidityconcrete,19965) CoastalDevelopmentInstituteofTechnology:Manualfortheconstructionofhigh-fluidityfillingconcretethatisconstructed

with simultaneous use of vibrator and that is designed for the use for steel-concrete sandwich structure type immersedtunnels,2004


–933–

4 Parking LotsMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Parking Lots

Article 37 Theperformancerequirementsforparkinglotsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)ParkinglotsshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,Transport

andTourismforthesafeparkingofvehicleswithouthinderingportutilizationandthesafeandsmoothflowoftraffic.

(2)Damageduetoimposedloadshallnotadverselyaffectthefunctionandcontinueduseofparkinglots.

Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Parking Lots

Article 78 1Theprovisionsinitems(1)and(5)ofArticle76shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofparkinglotswithmodificationasnecessary.

2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofparkinglotsshallbesuchthatthesize,locationandlayoutofparkinglotsareappropriatelysetinconsiderationoftheutilizationconditionsofthefacilitiesconcernedandthesurroundingarea,andothers.

[Technical Note]

4.1 Examination of Size and Location of Parking Lots

(1)Thesizeandlocationofaparkinglotshallbedeterminedsoasnottoposeanyobstacletotheuseofportfacilitiesandthesmoothroadtraffic,inconsiderationofthetrafficgeneratedinaportandtheconditionofroadsinthevicinity.

(2)Aparkinglotshallnotbelocatedonaroad.Iftopographicalconditionsorotherreasonsnecessitateaparkinglottobelocatedonaroadsthesizeandlocationofaparkinglotshallsatisfythefollowingrequirements:

①Itshallnotbelocatedonaroadconnectingaportandamajorinlandhighway.

②Itshallnotbelocatedataplacewhichmayhindervehiclesfromgoinginandoutthecargohandlingareaorsheds.

③ It shall notbe located at aplace adjacent to adangerous cargohandlingarea,unless there areunavoidablereasonsincludingtopographicalconditions.

(3)Thewidthofroadwaysintheparkinglot,thesizeofparkingstalls,andthewidthofroadwaysforgoinginreverseandturningintoparkingstallsshallbedeterminedappropriatelyaccordingtothetypeofcarsusingtheparkinglot,theparkingangle,andtheparkingmethod.


(1)DesignVehicleWhen setting the design vehicle in the performance verification, not only special vehicles including tractor-semitrailersandnewstandardvehiclesbutalsovehiclescarriedonferries,ROROvessels,PCCshipsmaybeselectedasthedesignvehicle.

(2)SizeandLocation

①Whenverifyingtheperformanceofaparkinglot,itisnecessarytodetermineitssizeandlocationsothattheoriginatingandterminatingtrafficfromtheobjectiveparkinglotmaynothinderthesmoothtrafficinaport,givingproperconsiderationtotheparkingdemandgeneratedaccompanyingtheanticipatedportactivitiesandtheutilizationcircumstancesofthesurroundingroads.

②LocationIn principle, parking lots shall not be located on roads taking into consideration the characteristics of thetraffic inaport. Provided,however, that incaseswhereaparking lothas tobe locatedona roadbecauseof unavoidable reasons including topographical constraint, the objective parking lot shall set the following

–934–


requirementsregardingdispositionasnecessary:

・ Theparkinglotshallnotbelocatedonarterialroadsthatconnecttheportwithaninlandarea.

・ Theparkinglotshallnotbelocatedataplacewhichmayhindervehiclesfromgoinginandoutthecargohandlingareaorsheds.

・ Theparkinglotshallnotbelocatedataplaceadjacenttoadangerouscargohandlingarea.

(3)ParkingLotsforMooringFacilitiesforFerries

① Aparkinglotformooringfacilitiesforferriesshouldhavesufficientspacetakingintoconsiderationthenumberofvehiclescarriedontherelevantferries,theutilizationrateandtheconcentrationratesoasnottomaketheneighboringtrafficconditionsworse.

②Whendeterminingtheareaofaparkinglot,itispreferabletoconsiderthefollowingfactors:

(a) thenumberofberths

(b)thenumberofvehiclescarriedonaferry(boththenumberofpassengercarsandtrucks)

(c) thearrivalanddepartureintervalsofferriesandtheloadingandunloadingtime

(d)thearrivalpatternsofvehicles(patternsofbothpassengercarsandtrucks)

(e) theoperationsystemofaparkinglot

③ Theareaofaparkinglotonaferrywharfissometimesdeterminedbymultiplyingtheareaof50m2requiredtoparkan8-tonvehiclebythemaximumnumberof8-ton-equivalentvehiclescarriedontheferrywhichusesthewharf.Inaddition,itisalsonecessarytotakeintoaccounttheratioofthevehicleswhicharetransportedontheferrieswithoutadriverandtheratiooftrailers.

References

1) JapanAssociationofcarparkengineers:CarParkManual,1981,(additionalMaterial)19902) JapanRoadAssociation:GuidelineandcommentaryforDesignandconstructionofcarpark,19923) JapanRoadAssociation:Commentaryofenforcementregulationsforroadstructuresandapplication,MaruzenPublishing,

execution,pp.623-631,2004


–935–

5 BridgesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Bridges

Article 38 1 Theperformancerequirementsforbridgesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)BridgesshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,Transportand

Tourismsoastoensurethesafeandsmoothflowoftrafficwithintheportandbetweentheportandthehinterlandinconsiderationofthecharacteristicsoftrafficintheport.

(2)Damageduetoselfweight,variablewaves,Level1earthquakegroundmotions,imposedload,winds,and ship collisions, and/orother actions shall not adversely affect the continueduseof saidbridgewithoutimpairingitsfunction.

(3)EvenincasesthatthefunctionsofbridgesareimpairedbydamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,suchdamageshallnothaveaseriouseffectonthestructuralsafetyofthebridges.Provided,however, thatas for theperformance requirements forbridgeswhich requires further improvementinearthquake-resistantperformanceduetoenvironmental,socialconditionsand/orotherconditionstowhich thebridgesconcernedaresubjected, thedamageshallnotadverselyaffect the restorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsofthebridgesconcerned.

2In addition to the requirements provided in the preceding paragraphs (1) and (2), the performancerequirementsforthebridgeconstitutingapartofaroadwhichisconnectedtohighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesshallbesuchthatthedamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotionsandotheractionsdonotaffect restoration throughminor repairworksof the functions requiredof thebridgeconcerned intheaftermathof theoccurrenceofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions.Provided,however, thatas fortheperformancerequirementsforthebridgewhichrequiresfurtherimprovementinearthquake-resistantperformanceduetoenvironmental,socialconditionsand/orotherconditionstowhichthebridgeconcernedissubjected,damageduetosaidactionsshallnotaffecttherestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsofthebridgeconcernedanditscontinueduse.

Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Bridges

Article 79 Theperformancecriteriaofbridgesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)In the case of a bridgewhich overpasses the facilities towhich the Technical Standards apply or

equivalentfacilities,thepiers,girders,andothersofthebridgeshallbeinstalledinsuchawaythattheydonotadverselyaffectthesafeandsmoothuseofrespectivefacilities.

(2)Fenders shall be provided as necessary to prevent the damage to piers thatmay be caused by thecollisionofships.

(3)Thedegreeofdamageowingtotheactionbycollisionofaship,whichisthedominantactionintheaccidentalactionsituation,shallbelessthanthethresholdlevel.

[Commentary]

(1)PerformanceCriteriaofBridges①Bridgesassociatedwitha road that connects toahighearthquake-resistance facility (restorability,

serviceability)PerformancecriteriashallbesettosecurerestorabilityagainstaccidentalsituationsassociatedwithLevel2earthquakegroundmotion.Inaddition,itshallalsobesetforthebridgewhichisrequiredtohaveenhancedseismicresistanceaccordingtothenaturalandsocialconditionssurroundingtheobjective bridge to ensure serviceability. Provided, however, that serviceability is a performancerequirementregardingthefunctionswhicharerequiredofthebridgeafteritissubjectedtotheactionofLevel2earthquakegroundmotion,andisnottheperformancerequirementregardingtheoriginalfunctionsrequiredofthebridgeinordinaryconditions.

②Accidental situations where the dominating action is the collision of ships against the bridge(serviceability)

–936–


ThesettingsrelatingtotheperformancecriteriaanddesignsituationslimitingtoaccidentalsituationsforbridgesareshowninAttached Table 65.DamagesaresetastheverificationiteminAttached Table 65,becauseverificationitemsvarydependingonthestructureandstructuraltypeoftherelevantbridge.

Attached Table 65 Settings relating to the Performance Criteria and Design Situations Common to All Bridges



Designsituation

VerificationitemIndexof

standardlimitvalue

Article

Paragraph

Item

Article

Paragraph

Paragraph

Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominatingaction

38 1 3 79 1 3 Serviceability Accidental Collisionofshipsagainstthebridge


Damages −

[Technical Note]


(1)Abridgecrossingoverthespaceaboveanywaterwayorbasinshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:

①Thebridgegirdersshallbeconstructedatanappropriateelevationabovethehighesthighwaterleveltoensuresafenavigationofships.

②Thebridgepiersshallneitherbelocatednearthewaterwaynorobstructthenavigationofships,unlessthesafetyofnavigationisensuredotherwise.

③Indicatorsorsignsshallbepostedasnecessarytopreventshipsfromcollidingwiththebridgegirdersorpiers.

(2)Abridgecrossingoverthespaceaboveanymooringequipmentorcargohandlingfacilitiesshallmeetthefollowingrequirements:

①Thelocationofpiersandtheelevationofgirdersshallbesetappropriatelysothattheymaynotobstructthesafeandsmoothuseofthemooringorcargohandlingfacilities.

②Indicatorsorsignsshallbepostedasnecessarytopreventcargohandlingequipmentandvehiclesfromcollidingwiththebridgepiersorgirders.

(3)Thebase level for indicating thebridgeheightabove thewatersurfaceshallbe thenearlyhighesthighwaterlevel.ThenearlyhighesthighwaterlevelasthereferencewaterlevelwasadoptedinresponsetothedecisionbytheInternationalHydrographicOrganization(IHO)sayingthat“whengraphingtheheightofabridgeoveranavigablewaterway,itmustbeindicatedtheminimumverticalclearanceheight.”

(4)Thedesignofabridgeshouldtakeintoconsiderationthefuturesituationoftheactivitiesintheareawhenthereisanyarealdevelopmentplan.

(5)Whendeterminingtheclearanceforthecasewhereabridgeisconstructedoverpassingashipnavigatingwaterway,thefollowingfactorsshouldbetakenintoconsideration:

① Heightbetweenthewatersurfaceandthehighestpointofthenavigatingship

② Tides

③ Trimsofships

④Waveheights

⑤ PsychologicaleffectsonshipcrewTheclearancefromthenearlyhighesthighwaterlevelshouldbedeterminedbyaddinganallowancewhichissettakingintoconsiderationtheabove-mentionedfactorsandotherrelevantfactorstotheheightbetweenthewatersurfaceandthehighestpointofanavigatingship.Inthecaseofabridgelocatedinarivermoutharea,itispreferabletopayfullattentiontothedesignriverhigh-waterlevelaswell. The height between the water surface and the highest point of a navigating ship should be determinedappropriatelyonthestudiesregardingactualconditionsandfuturetrendsoftheshipsenteringtheport,becauseitvarieswidelydependingontheshiptype,andshipsize.AstudycaseontheshipheightbyTakahashietal.10)maybeusedasareference.


–937–

Whendeterminingtheclearanceforabridgecrossingoverthespaceabovehigh-voltagepowertransmissionlines,moresufficientallowanceshouldberequiredtopreventtheelectricdischarge. Whenplanningabridgenearanairport,fullattentionshouldalsobepaidtotherestrictedsurfaceslaiddownbytheAviation Law

(6)Asforthesceneryofabridge,sufficientconsiderationshouldbegiventothetopographicfeaturesoftherelevantportandthecharacteristicsofthelandscapeconsistingofmajorfacilitiesinandaroundtheport.

(7)BridgepiersandgirdersWhenexaminingbridgepiersandgirdersintheperformanceverificationofabridge,theheightofthegirdersshouldbesetatanappropriateheightfromthenearlyhighesthighwaterleveltoensurethesafetyofshipswhichnavigateundertherelevantbridgeandthatindicatorsandsignsshouldbeinstalledasnecessarytopreventthecollisionofshipsthatnavigateundertherelevantbridge,cargohandlingequipment,andvehiclesagainstthepiersandgirders.

5.2 Ensuring of Durability

(1)Examinationofbridgestructureandselectionofstructuralmaterialsshallbemadeappropriatelyinconsiderationofthenaturalconditionssurroundingthebridge.

(2)Paintingorothermeasures shouldbeadopted for steelbridges topreventor reduce thecorrosionof the steelmembersasnecessary.

(3)Whenverifyingtheperformanceofaconcretebridge,itisnecessarytoappropriatelyevaluatetimewisechangesintheperformanceduetothedeteriorationofthesuperstructureandsubstructurecausedbysaltinjury.PerformanceverificationsofconcretebridgesmayfollowChapter 2, 1.1 General.

(4)Saltcontentusuallycomesflyingthroughseabreezeandseawatersplashesandadherestothebridgesinwaterfrontareas.Thereforeitisnecessarytopayattentiontothefactthatthesteelmembersofthesteelbridgesinwaterfrontareasaremorecorrosion-pronethanthoseofsteelbridgeslocatedininlandareas.

5.3 Performance Verification of Fenders

(1)Considerationshouldbegiventoprotectionofthebridgepierandreductionofdamageasaresultofimpactbyinstallingfendersonbridgepiersasnecessarywhichabsorbtheimpactforceatthetimeofcollision.

(2)Itispreferabletomaintainfendersingoodlocation.

(3)Whenverifyingtheperformanceofafenderforabridgepier,itshouldbeensuredthatthefenderhassufficientfunctionsatthetimeofcollisionofashiptakingintoconsiderationthefollowingcollisionconditionsandfenderperformance,andthatitalsohassufficientfunctionsagainsttheactionsofwaves,waterflows.

① Designshiptobeconsidered:typeandsize

② Collisionspeed:navigationspeedordriftspeed

③Modeofcollision:bowcollisionorhullcollision

④ AllowabledisplacementfortheshipandthefenderWithregardtothetypeandsizeofthedesignship,itispreferabletodeterminethemaximumshipsizebyshiptypebasedontheinvestigationonnavigatingshipsintheseaareawherethebridgeistobeconstructedandtodeterminetheshipsizetakingintoconsiderationthedamageoftheshipatthetimeofcollisionofsmallshipsasnecessary.Thecollisionspeedisusuallydeterminedbasedontheshiptrafficconditionsandtheflowconditionsof thewaterway. Themodeof collisionof ships is usually determinedbasedon the navigating conditionsaroundthepierforeachshiptypeandeachshipsize.

(4)Theperformanceoffendersmayusuallybeverifiedassumingtheabsorptionoftheshipcollisionenergyforbowcollisionsandhullcollisionsasfollows:

① Inthecaseofabowcollision,thecollisionenergyisabsorbedbythesumofthedisplacementofthefenderandthecrushdisplacementofthebow.

② Inthecaseofahullcollision,thecollisionenergyisabsorbedbythedisplacementofthefender.

(a)Withregard to thekineticenergyof thecollidedship,Part II, Chapter 8, 2.2 Actions Caused by Ship Berthingmaybeusedasareference.Provided,however,thatforbowcollisions,theeccentricityfactorCeandvirtualmassfactorCmmayusuallybesetat1.0and1.1,respectively,andtheshipflexibilityfactorCs andbridgepiershapefactorCcmayusuallybesetat1.0.

–938–


(b)The energy absorbed by the displacement of the fendermay usually be obtained based on the followingconcept:

1)The energy absorbed by a rubber fender may be obtained based on the displacement restorationcharacteristicsoftherubberfender.

2) The energy absorbed by awire rope type fendermay be obtained from the relationship between theelongationandtensilestrengthofthewirerope.

3)Theenergyabsorbedbythecrushdisplacementofthebowinabowcollisionmaybeobtainedfromtherelationshipbetweenthebowloadanddisplacement.

(c) Incaseswhereconsiderationshouldbemadesothatthehullofasmallvesselmaynotbreakatthetimeofcollision,it ispreferablethatthereactiveforceofafenderat thetimeofcollisionissmallerthanthebowstrengthforthebowcollisionandsmallerthanthehullstrengthforthehullcollision.Ifitisassumedthatthemaximumcollisionforceisdistributedacrossasufficientlywideareaoftheexteriorplateoftheshipsidehull,thatituniformlyworksonspreadingtothedistancebetweentheribcentersandabove,andthatbothendsoftheexteriorplatearefixedandplastichingescomeintoexistenceatbothendsoftheexteriorplate,thedesignshiphullstrengthofasteelshipmayusuallybecalculatedusingthefollowingequation.17)

(5.4.1)where,

PM :shiphullstrength(N) σy :yieldstressforsteelmembers(N/m2) t :thicknessoftheexteriorplate(m) S :distancebetweenribcenters(m) ν :Poisson'sratio A :contactarea(m2)

Thestrengthofasteelfendermaybeobtainedfromthestrengthsofthemembersthatcomprisethesteelfender.Thedesignvalueusedintheequationmaybecalculatedusingthefollowingequation:

(5.4.2)

References

1) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,General,MaruzenPublications,20022) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,SteelBridges,MaruzenPublications,20023) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,ConcreteBridges,MaruzenPublications,

20024) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,Substructures,MaruzenPublications,20025) JapanRoadAssociation: Specifications andCommentary forHighwayBridges, SeismicDesign,Maruzen Publications,

20026) RailwayTechnicalResearchInstitute:Standardandcommentaryofdesignofrailwaystructures-Earthstructures,Maruzen

Publishing,20007) Railway Technical Research Institute: Standard and commentary of design of railway structures- Concrete structure,

MaruzenPublishing,20048) Railway Technical Research Institute: Standard and commentary of design of railway structures- Composite structure,

MaruzenPublishing,20009) RailwayTechnicalResearchInstitute:Standardandcommentaryofdesignofrailwaystructures-earthpressureresistant

structures,MaruzenPublishing,200010) Takahashi,H.andF.Goto;StudyonShipHeightbyStatisticalAnalysis-StandardofHeightofDesignShip(Draft)-,Research

ReportofNationalInstituteforLandandInfrastructureManagementNo.33,200711) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,General,MaruzenPublications,pp.10-20,

200212) Sato,H.,R.InamuroandK.Iwata:Wind-resistantperformanceofthethreeclearspancontinuoussteelslabdoubleboxgirder

bridge(Tomari-Ohashi),Proceedingsof39thAnnualConferenceofJSCE,198413) Nagai,K.,M.OyadomariandR.Inamuro:Wind-resistantperformanceofthethreeclearspancontinuoussteelslabdouble

boxgirderbridge(Tomari-Ohashi)(Secondreport),Proceedingsof40thAnnualConferenceofJSCE,198514) Japan Road Association Bridge Committee: Handbook of painting and corrosion protection of bridges, Japan Road


–939–

Association,200615) CoastalDevelopmentInstituteofTechnology:ManualforcorrosionprotectionandmaintenanceworkforPortsteelfacilities

(revisedEdition),pp.23-24,pp.34-36,pp.105-108,pp.356-357,199716) Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Compact Ltd.: Design manual for multi-chamber expansion adjusting girder

(Draft)198017) Nagasawa,J.:Berthingforceandstrengthofouterplateofship,Ships,Vol.40No,3,pp.46-50,1967

–940–


6 CanalsMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Canals

[Commentary]Article 39 The performance requirements for canals shall be such that the requirements specified by theMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfiedforthesakeofsecuringthesafeandsmoothnavigationofshipsinharborsbytakingintoconsiderationthetrafficcharacteristicsintheportincludingnavigatingshipsandothers.

[Technical Note]

6.1 Performance VerificationWhenverifyingtheperformanceofacanal,itispreferabletoobservethefollowingitems:

(1)Whendetermining thedimensionsandalignmentofacanal,considerationshouldbegiven to thedimensionsof theshipsusing thecanal, the trafficvolume, thenavigationalsafetyofshipsandotherrelevant factors. Inparticular,attentionshouldbepaidtothereductionofcurrentspeedandkeepingthewaterdepthofacertainlevelandbelow.

(2)Whendeterminingthecrownheightheightofabulkheadordikeforacanal,thewaveovertoppingduetotheministrygeneratedbynavigatingshipsshouldbestudied.Inaddition,incaseswhereacanalconnectswithariver,swollenwaterlevelduringafloodshouldbeexaminedandincaseswherethecanalconnectstotheocean,tidelevelsandincomingwaveheightshouldbeanalyzed.

(3)Considerationshouldbegiventotheenvironmentprotectionforcanals,becausetheslowflowinacanaloftenleadstostagnantwateranditispossiblethatsubstanceswhichcausecontaminationsuchasnitrogenandphosphorusmayflowintothecanalfromneighboringrivers.

PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 7 CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES

–941–

Chapter 7 Cargo Sorting Facilities

1 GeneralMinisterial OrdinanceGeneral Provisions

Article 411Theperformance requirement for cargo sorting facilities shallbe such that the requirements specifiedby theMinister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are satisfied in light of geotechnicalcharacteristics,meteorologicalcharacteristics,seastatesand/orotherenvironmentalconditions,aswellastheconditionsofcargohandling.

2Theperformance requirement forcargosorting facilities shallbe such that the facilitieshavestabilityagainstselfweight,waves,earthquakegroundmotions,imposedload,winds,and/orotheractions.

Ministerial OrdinanceNecessary Items Concerning Cargo Sorting Facilities

Article 44TheitemsnecessaryfortheperformancerequirementsofcargosortingareasasspecifiedinthisChapterbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismandotherrequirementsshallbeprovidedbythePublicNotice.

Public NoticeCargo Sorting Facilities

Article 80TheitemstobespecifiedbythePublicNoticeunderArticle44oftheMinisterialOrdinanceconcerningwiththeperformancerequirementsforcargosortingfacilitiesshallbeasprovidedinthesubsequentarticlethroughArticle83.

[Technical Note]

1.1 General(1)Thischaptermaybeusedforperformanceverificationsofcargosortingfacilities.

References

1) Fujino,S.andY.Kawasaki:PortPlanning,NewSeriesCivilEngineering81,Giho-doPublishing,pp.135-138,19812) Nakayama,S.:PortEngineering,Sankai-doPublishing,pp.36-37,19853) CivilEngineeringHandbook,Part37,Portandharbours,Giho-doPublishing,pp.1620-1621,1989

– 942–


2 Stationary Cargo Handling Equipment and Rail-mounted Cargo Handling EquipmentMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Cargo Handling Equipment

Article 421Theperformancerequirementsforstationarycargohandlingequipmentandrail-mountedcargohandlingequipment (hereinafter referred toas"cargohandlingequipment") shallbe such that the requirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfiedsoastoensurethesafeandsmoothsortingofcargoandtokeepthemfrominterferingwiththemooringofshipsorberthingandunberthingofships.

2In addition to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the performance requirements of the cargohandlingequipmentcitedinthefollowingshallbeasspecifiedintherespectiveitems:(1)Theperformancerequirementsforoilhandlingequipmentshallbesuchthatthedamageduetoself

weight,Level1earthquakegroundmotions,winds,oilweightandpressure,andotheractionsdonotadversely affect the continued use of the oil handling equipment concernedwithout impairing itsfunction.

(2)Theperformancerequirementsforcargohandlingequipmentinstalledathighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesshallbesuchthatthedamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotionsandotheractionsdonotaffectrestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsoftheequipmentconcerned.

Public NoticePerformance Criterion of Cargo Handling Equipment

Article 81 1Theperformancecriteriaofcargohandlingequipmentshallbeasspecifiedin thesubsequent itemsinconsiderationofthetypeofcargohandlingequipment:(1)Cargohandlingequipmentshallbearrangedappropriatelyandprovidedwiththenecessarydimensions

inconsiderationofthedesignship,thetypeandvolumeofcargo,thestructureofthemooringfacilities,andtheconditionofcargohandling.

(2)Inordertoprotect theenvironmentsurroundingthefacilitiesconcerned,cargohandlingequipmentshallbeprovidedwiththefunctionsappropriateforpreventionofdust,noise,andthelikeasnecessary.

2Inadditiontotheprovisionsspecifiedintheprecedingparagraphs,theperformancecriteriaforpetroleumcargohandlingequipmentshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Underthepermanentactionsituationinwhichthedominantactionisselfweight,theriskofimpairing

theintegrityofstructuralmembersshallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.(2)Under the variable action situation inwhich the dominant actions are Level 1 earthquake ground

motions,winds, and theweight and pressure of oil cargoes, the risk of impairing the integrity ofstructuralmembersandlosingthestructuralstabilityshallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.

3Inadditiontotheprovisioninthefirstparagraph,theperformancecriterionforcargohandlingequipmenttobeinstalledonthehighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesshallbesuchthatthedegreeofdamageowingtotheactionofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,whichisthedominantactionundertheaccidentalactionsituation,isequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.


–943–

[Commentary]

(1)PerformanceCriteriaofCargoHandlingEquipment① Petroleumcargohandlingequipment(a)The settings relating to the design situations, other than accidental situations, and performance

criteriaforpetroleumcargohandlingequipmentlimitedtoloadingarmtypeonlyareasshowninAttached Table 66.

Attached Table 66 Settings for the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations) and Performance Criteria for Petroleum Cargo Handling Equipment



Designsituation


Article

Paragraph

Item

Article

Paragraph

Item Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominating

action

42 2 1 81 2 1 Serviceability Variable Selfweight Winds,earthpressures,surcharges

Soundnessofmembers –

2 L1earthquakegroundmotion(winds)(weightsandpressuresofpetroleum)

Selfweight,earthpressures,surcharges

Soundnessofmembers,stabilityofthestructure

–

(b)Soundnessofmembersandthestabilityofthestructure(serviceability)Whenverifyingtheperformanceofmembers,theperformancecriteriaregardingtheirsoundnessshouldbeappropriatelyprovided. Whenverifyingtheperformanceofpetroleumcargohandlingequipmentwithregardtotheirstructures,theperformancecriteriaregardingtheirstabilityshouldbeappropriatelysetaccordingtothestructuraltype. Cargohandlingequipmentinstalledinahighearthquake-resistancefacility(restorability)Thesettingsrelatingtothedesignsituations,limitedtoaccidentalsituationsonly,andperformancecriteriaforcargohandlingequipmentinstalledinahighearthquake-resistancefacilityareasshowninAttached Table 67. The reason for indicating “damages” in the “Verification item” columnofAttached Table 67 isthatitisnecessarytouseacomprehensivetermtakingaccountthattheverificationitemsvarydependingonthetype,structureandstructuraltypeofthefacilities.

Attached Table 67 Settings relating for Design Situations, limited to Accidental Situations, and Performance Criteria for Cargo Handling Equipment



Designsituation


Article

Paragraph

Item

Article

Paragraph


action

42 2 1 81 3 – Restorability Accidental L2earthquakegroundmotion

Selfweight,earthpressures

Damages –

– 944–


[Technical Note]

2.1 General

(1)Thepurposeofintroducingcargohandlingequipmentinportsistoreducelaborworks,tospeedupcargohandlingactivities,andtoensuresafety.Theselectionofthetype,structureandcapacityofcargohandlingequipmentispreferablymadebysufficientlyconsideringthedesignships,thetype,shape,volume,andparticularofcargoes,aswellastherelationswithyardfacilitiesbehind,andthemodeofsecondarytransportation.

(2)Cargo handling equipment installed in cargo handling facilities ormooring facilities shall have the requiredstructureandcapacity,andlocation.Theequipmentshallbestructurallysound,beprovidedwithanti-pollutionsystemsagainstdustandnoise,andensuresmoothandsafeoperationincargohandlingactivities.

(3)Sufficientspaceshouldbesecuredaroundcargohandlingequipmentforitsvariousoperationsbyclearingthespaceofobstaclessuchasbuildingsandpowerlines.Cargohandlingequipmentshouldbedesignedandlocatedsothatitdoesnotcomeintocontactwithshipsatberthingandleavingorduringmooring.

(4)Countermeasuresagainstnoiseanddustarerequiredforbulkcargoeshandlingequipmentbecausetheirhandlingislikelytoproducenoiseanddust.Inparticular,inflammabledustshallrequirecountermeasuresagainstblast.


(1) Behaviorofthecargohandlingequipmentandmooringfacilitiesduringearthquakesandsettingoftheseismic-resistantperformanceofthecargohandlingequipment Itisnecessarytoverifytheseismic-resistanceofthecargohandlingequipmentandthemooringfacilitiestoensurethatthemooringfacilitiesinwhichthecargohandlingequipmentisinstalledsatisfiestherequirementsregardingitsperformanceduringearthquakes.Hence,theseismic-resistantperformanceofthecargohandlingequipmentshouldbedefinedtakingintoconsiderationthefactthatdeformations,railspanexpansions,correspondtothedefinedperformancerequirementswilloccurinthemooringfacilities.

(2)VerificationProcedureVerificationsoftheseismic-resistantperformanceofcargohandlingequipmentshouldtakeintoconsiderationtheirinteractionswiththemooringfacilitiesinvolvedandbeperformedinaccordancewiththefollowingprocedure:

① DeterminationoftheassumedLevel1andLevel2earthquakegroundmotionontheseismicbedrock

② CalculationofthechangesovertimeinLevel1andLevel2earthquakegroundmotionatthesitewherethecranerailsarelocated

• In case it is necessary to take into consideration the dynamic interactions between the cargo handlingequipmentandmooringfacility,onapiertypequaywallthechangesovertimeinthehorizontalaccelerationsattherailsitearecalculatedtakingintoconsiderationthedynamicinteractionsbetweenthecraneandthepier.Inthecasewheretheinstallationofanearthquake-resistancecraneisexpected,acombinationofrigidityanddampingthatreproducesthenaturalperiodoftheearthquake-resistancecontainercraneshallbegiven,(seeFig. 2.2.1).

• Inthecaseofatypeotherthanapiertype,thechangesovertimeinthegroundsurfaceaccelerationshallbecalculatedthroughaseismicresponseanalysisofthegroundandthedataobtainedisusedasthegroundmotionatthecranerailsite.

③Examinationregardingwhetherthecontainercranewillderail

• Thevalueobtainedbydividingthemaximumresponseaccelerationofthecontainercranebythegravitationalacceleration isadoptedas thedesignvalueof theseismiccoefficient, therailspanand the locationof thecenterofgravityofthecranearetobemodeled,andexaminationwithrespecttooverturningisperformedusingtheseismiccoefficientmethod(i.e.examinationregardingwhetherthecontainercranewillderail).

• Iftheresultsoftheexaminationdescribedaboveindicatethatthecranewilloverturn,recalculationswillberepeatedwiththedimensionsoftheearthquake-proofingmechanismsectionvarieduntilsuchconditionsthatpreventoverturningorderailingareachieved.

④ Examinationofthestrokeoftheearthquake-proofingmechanism

• Aftertheconfirmationthatthecranewillnotoverturn,thechangesovertimeinthedisplacementresponsearecalculatedandexaminationismadeastowhetherthestrokeoftheearthquake-proofingmechanismremainswithintheallowablerangeofdisplacementoftheearthquakeproofingmechanismassumed.


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• If thedisplacements thatwouldoccur areoutof the allowable ranges, thedimensionsof the earthquake-proofingmechanismsectionwillbechangedandstep③willbeperformedagain.

⑤Inthecasewherethecontainercraneisinstalledonapier:

• Ifthereisadifferencefromthedimensionsoftheearthquake-resistancecranesassumedthatwereusedinstep②above,thefinalconfirmationwillbemadebyperformingstep②again.

⑥Evaluationoftherailspandisplacementinrelationtothedisplacementofthecranelegsection

• Themaximumrailspandisplacementiscalculatedfromresultsofseismicresponseanalysesofthemooringfacility.Then,anevaluationismadetodeterminewhetherthemaximumrailspandisplacementiswithinthesumoftheelasticdeformationrangeofthecranelegsectionandthedisplacementofthehalf-amplitudestrokeoftheearthquake-proofingmechanism,seeFig. 2.2.2.

(3)Inthecasewhereitisnecessarytotakeintoconsiderationthedynamicinteractionsbetweenthecargohandlingequipmentandmooringfacilityundertheactionofgroundmotion: Inthecaseofcargohandlingequipmentinstalledontopofamooringfacility,theresponseaccelerationsofthecargohandlingequipmentduringanearthquakemaybeamplifiedand theoscillationcharacteristicundertheactionofgroundmotionmayaffectthemooringfacilitywhenthescaleislarge,andthesemustbetakenintoconsiderationregardlessofwhetherthestateisavariablesituationassociatedwithLevel1earthquakegroundmotionoranaccidentalsituationassociatedwithLevel2earthquakegroundmotion. Theoscillationcharacteristicsuchasthenaturalperiodinthesea-landdirectionofcargohandlingequipmentsuchascranesvariesdependingonthescaleandtypeofthecargohandlingequipment,butitusuallyfallswithintherangeof0.5to3seconds. Containercranesequippedwithanearthquake-proofingmechanismoftenhavealongnaturalperiodofaround4seconds.Inthecasewheresuchcranesareinstalledonpierswithanaturalperiodof0.5to2.0seconds,itisnecessarytobecautiousaboutthepossibilitythatcouplingbehaviors,dynamicinteractions,mayoccurintheperformanceverificationofthepierwithrespecttogroundmotion.Inthecasewhere,regardlessofthestructuraltypeofthemooringfacility,thepredominantperiodofthegroundmotionatthelocationwherethecargohandlingequipmentisinstalledisabout1.5secondsorlonger,it isexpectedthatresponseaccelerationsofthecargohandlingequipmentwillbecomehighandthusitmaybecomenecessarytoconductadynamicanalysis-basedevaluationintheperformanceverificationofthecargohandlingequipment.Ineithercase,itispreferabletoreducetheresponseaccelerationsofthecargohandlingequipmentthroughtheuseofanearthquake-proofingmechanismoradampingmechanism,topreventderailingandensurethatthesoundnessofthememberswillbesecured.Fordetailsoftheperformanceverifications,explanationsaboutperformanceverificationsoffacilitiesinthisPartaswellastheGuide to Earthquake-resistance Design of Container Cranes 3)maybereferenced.

(4)ModelingofCranesInstalledonPiersInthecasewhereacraneisinstalledonapier,performanceverificationofseismic-resistantshouldinprinciplebethroughduallumpedmasssystemanalysesthatusetheequivalentrigidityofthepilesforoneblockofthepier(k),themassofthesuperstructure(m),thedampingfactor(c),theequivalentrigidityofthecrane(kc),themassofthecrane(mc)andthedampingfactorforthecrane(cc).Withregardtotheoscillationcharacteristicofthecrane,thenaturalperiodshouldbesimilartothatoftheactualcrane.Withregardtothedampingfactor,avaluebetween1%and3%shouldbeusedunlessthedampingfactorvalueisspecifiedbythecranemanufacturer.Theequivalentrigidityvaluesforthepierandthecranearethevaluesforthenumberofpilesperblockofthepierandthenumberofcraneleg,respectively,andarerepresentedbythemasssystemspringsshowninFig. 2.2.1.Theequivalentrigidity(k)inthemasssystemmodelofthepierpartismodeledontheassumptionthatthenonlinearstress-strainrelationshipusedinthedesignofthepierapplies.

(5)ModelingofCranesInstalledonMooringFacilitiesotherthanPiersInthecaseofmooringfacilitiesotherthanpiers,theeffectsofthedynamicinteractionsaresmallbecausethemassofthemooringfacilitiesarelargeinrelationtothemassofcargohandlingequipment,whichmeansthatitsufficestoevaluate,throughdynamicanalyses,theresponsesofthecranesthemselvesduringearthquakes.Thatis,thegroundsurfacegroundmotionatthelocationinquestionisenteredinthesinglemasssystemthatrepresentsthecranepartonlyasshowninFig. 2.2.1.

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mc

m

kccc

k

cFig. 2.2.1 Modeling of Pier and Crane

(6) ConsiderationsontheRailSpanDisplacementsInprinciple,thecontainercranelegsectionmustnotupliftduringearthquakes.Therefore,itisnecessarytoprovideamechanismthatpreventsdamagestothecranestructurewhentherailspanwidensduringanearthquake.Forexample,inthecaseofacontainercranewhosespanis30.5masshowninFig. 2.2.2,theelasticdeformationrangeofthecranelegsectionaccommodateswideningofthespanuptoaround700mm,thatisareferencevalueandtheactualvaluevariesamongcranes.Byaddingthisamountofdeformation,namelyelasticdeformationrangeofthecranelegsection,tothedisplacementofhalf-amplitudestrokeofabout300mm,thatisalsoareferencevalueandtheactualvaluevariesamongcranes,oftheearthquake-resistancemechanismsection,theallowableamountofdisplacementofabout1,000mminthemaximumforthecranespanisobtained.Therefore,theearthquake-resistancemechanismneeds tobesodesigned,asnecessary, that it isappropriate for theamountof rail spandisplacementcalculatedfromresultsofseismicresponseanalysesofthemooringfacility.

When it is assumedthat the land side rail is fixed

30, 500

Elastic deformation rangeof the crane leg section

700

Stroke of theearthquake-proofingmechanism 300

1, 000

Fig. 2.2.2 Relationship between Deformations of the Crane Leg Section and Rail Span Displacements


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2.3 Loading Arms (Stationary Cargo Handling Equipment)2.3.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification

(1)Loadingarmsshallbeofastructureensuringsafetyagainstthestresscausedbytheweightandpressureofoilwithinthem,theirselfweight,andthewindpressureandtheseismicforce.

(2)Thedistancebetweenloadingarmsandthefacelineofthemooringfacilitiesisdesiredtodetermineappropriatelyinlightofthelengthofthearmsandtheheightoffenderssothattheymaycausenoobstaclestooilhandling.

References

1) JapanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers:Guidelineofcranemanufacturing,19752) JapanAssociationofCargo-handlingMachinerySystem:Handbookofportcargo-handlingmachinerysystem,1996,3) Nakazono,Y.Guidelineforearthquake-resistantdesignofcontainercranes,PortCargoHandling,Vol.43No.6,pp.635-640,

19984) JapanRoadAssociation:TechnicalStandardforpetroleumpipeline(Draft),pp.46-47,19745) SpangierM.G.:UndergroundCondition-AnAppraisalofModernResearch,TransactionsofASCE,Vol.113,19486) NAKAYAMA,S.,OsamuKIYOMIYAandTakaoFUJISAWA:,Rept.ofPHRIVol.15,No,3,PP,99-145,19767) AmericanPetroleumInstitute:BulletinonFormulasandCalculationsforCasing,Tubing,DrillPipe,andLinePipeProperties,

APIBULLETIN5C3SIXTHEDITION,19948) JapanAssociationofCargo-handlingMachinerySystem:Maintenancemanualforquaycranes,19799) JapanAssociationofCargo-handlingMachinerySystem:Maintenancemanualforcontainercrane,198010) JapanAssociationofCargo-handlingMachinerySystem:Maintenancemanualforcontainercrane,1983

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3 Cargo Sorting AreasMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Cargo Sorting Areas

Article 43 1Theperformancerequirementsforcargosortingareasforthesafeandsmoothsortingofcargoshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)CargosortingareasshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,

TransportandTourismsoastoensurethesafeandsmoothsortingofcargo.(2)Damageduetoimposedloadandotheractionsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseofthecargo

sortingareasandnotimpairtheirfunctions.2Inadditiontotherequirementsspecifiedintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancerequirementsforcargosortingareaswhichneedtofunctioninanintegratedmannerwithhighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesduringdisastersshallbesuchthatthedamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotionsandotheractionsdonotaffect restoration throughminor repairworksof the functions requiredof theareasconcerned intheaftermathoftheoccurrenceofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions.Provided,however,thatasfortheperformancerequirementsforcargosortingareaswhichrequirefurtherimprovementinearthquake-resistantperformanceduetoenvironmental,socialand/orotherconditionstowhichthecargosortingareasconcernedaresubjected,thedamageduetosaidactionsshallnotaffecttherestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsofthecargosortingareasconcernedandtheircontinueduse.

Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Cargo Sorting Areas

Article 82 1Theperformancecriteriaofcargosortingareasareasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Cargosortingareasshallhavetheappropriateshapeandsizesinconsiderationofthetypesandamounts

ofcargoesandthewaycargoesarehandled.(2)Thepassageways inacargosortingareashallhave theappropriatewidthsandalignmentssoas to

ensurethesafeandsmoothtrafficofcargohandlingequipment,vehicles,and/orothers.(3)Cargosortingareasshallbeequippedwiththeappropriatelightingfacilitiessoastoenablethesafeand

smoothutilizationofthecargosortingareasinconsiderationoftheutilizationconditionsoftheareasconcerned.

(4)Inthecaseofcargosortingareasthataredangerousforpeopletoenter,thecargosortingareasshallbeprovidedwithappropriatemeanstokeeppeopleofftheareas.

(5)Cargosortingareasshallhaveappropriatedrainagefacilitiestopreventretentionofwaterintheareas.(6)Theriskthatapavementinacargosortingareaisdamagedtotheextentwhichmayadverselyaffect

cargohandlingworksunderthevariableactionsituation,inwhichthedominantactionisimposedload,shallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevel.

(7)Cargosortingareaswhichdealwithcargoesthatmaybescatteredbywindsshallbeprovidedwithappropriatemeanstopreventscatteringofcargoes.

(8)Inthecaseofacargosortingareathatisusedtohandlelumber,thefollowingrequirementsshallbesatisfied:(a)Appropriatefacilitiesandequipmenttodisposeofbarkshallbeprovidedasnecessary.(b)Appropriatemeanstopreventlumberfromdriftingawayshallbeprovidedforthecargosortingarea

onthewater.2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofthecargosortingareathatshallfunctionincombinationwiththehighearthquake-resistancefacilitiesduringdisastersshallbesuchthatthedegreeofdamageowingtotheactionofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,whichisthedominantactionintheaccidentalactionsituation,isequaltolessthanthethresholdlevelcorrespondingtotheperformancerequirements.


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[Commentary]

(1)PerformanceCriteriaofCargoSortingAreas① Pavementsincargosortingareas(serviceability)

Thesettingsrelatingtothedesignsituations,exceptaccidentalsituations,andperformancecriteriaforpavementsincargosortingareasareasshowninAttached Table 68.Thereasonforindicating“damages” in the“Verification item”columnofAttached Table 68 is that it isnecessary touseacomprehensivetermtakingaccountthattheverificationitemsvarydependingonthetype,structureandstructuraltypeofthefacilities.

Attached Table 68 Settings for to the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations) and Performance Criteria for Pavements in Cargo Sorting Areas



Designsituation


Article

Paragraph

Item

Article

Paragraph


action

43 1 2 82 1 6 Restorability Accidental L2earthquakegroundmotion

Selfweight,earthpressures

Damages

②Cargosortingareasthatneedtofunctionincombinationwithahighearthquake-resistancefacilityduringdisasters Thesettingsrelatingtothedesignsituations,limitedtoaccidentalsituationsonly,andperformancecriteriaforcargosortingareasthatneedtofunctionincombinationwithahighearthquake-resistancefacilityduringdisastersareasshowninAttached Table 69.Thereasonforindicating“damages”inthe“Verificationitem”columnofAttached Table 69 isthatitisnecessarytouseacomprehensivetermtakingaccountthattheverificationitemsvarydependingonthestructureandstructuraltypeofthefacilities.

Attached Table69 Settings for to the Design Situations, limited to Accidental Situations only, and Performance Criteria for Cargo Sorting Areas



Designsituation


Article

Paragraph

Item

Article

Paragraph


action

43 2 – 82 2 – Restorability Accidental L2earthquakegroundmotion

Selfweight,surcharges

Damages

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[Technical Note]

3.1 General

(1)Cargosortingareasshallbepavedappropriatelyinrespectoftheirpurposesandthewaystheyareused.Withregardtothestructuresofpavements,Part III, Chapter 5, 9.14 Apronsmaybereferenced.

(2)Thewidths andcurvesofpassageways shall allowsafe and smoothoperationofvehicles andcargohandlingequipment.

(3)Withregardtolightingfacilitiesofcargosortingareasthatareoperatedatnight,theprovisionsofChapter 5,9.3 Lighting Facilitiesmaybereferenced.

(4)Acargosortingareathat isdangerousfor thepublicisnecessarytotakeappropriatemeasurestoprohibit theentranceofpublicwithprovisionsofsigns,boards,andfences.

3.2 Timber Sorting Areas for Timber Sorting

(1)Theappropriatelocationandsizeofthelandorwatersurfaceshallbesecuredforatimbersortingareatoenablesafeandsmoothtimbersorting.

(2)Intimbersortingareasfortimber,itispreferabletotakemeasuresallowingincinerationasnecessary,includingtheinstallationofspecialplantsforbarkincineration,andmeasuresprovidingappropriatesafetymeanstopreventlumberfromdriftingawayorsettlingdown,andappropriateenvironmentalprotectionmeanstopreventfromscatteringbark.

(3)Timbersortingpondsshouldbelocatedincalmwaterareas.

(4)Itispreferablefortimbersortingpondstobeequippedwithfacilitiespreventingthedriftingoftimbers.

(5)Itispreferablefortimbersortingwaterareatobesolocatedthatthewaterwayconnectingthebasinfortimberraftsandthesortingpondortimberyardwillnotobstructthenavigationofbycrossingmajorwaterwaysorbasins.

(6)Inrespectofabreakwaterforthetimbersortingponds, Chapter 4, 7 Breakwaters for Timber Sorting Facilities canbeusedasareference

3.3 Cargo Sorting Facilities for Marine Products

(1)Cargo sorting facilities for marine products shall be designed to ensure synergistic relations among theirfunctions.

(2)Marineproducthandlingfacilitiesconsistofmarineproductsortingareasandrelatedancillaryfacilities.Marineproductsortingareasdealwithallactivitiesrangingfromthewater-washingtocarrying-outofthecatch,andarecoveredwithroofsforthepreservationoffreshness,thepreventionofpollution,andthepreservationofworkingconditions.Ancillaryfacilitiesincludeloadingarea,icehouse,biddingroom,andtheotherfacilities,wastewatertreatment facilities and freezer facilitieswhichcontribute to enhancementof the functionsofmarineproductsortingareas.

3.4 Cargo Sorting Facilities for Hazardous Cargoes In the casewhere the cargoes sorted are not hazardous cargoes but are subject to fumigation requirements, it ispreferabletoprovidesignsand/ornoticeboardsaroundthecargosortingareainwhichthefumigationisperformedandtheassociatedshedindicatethattheyaredangerousandprohibitingunauthorizedentry.

3.5 Container Terminal Areas3.5.1 General

Thescalesandtypesofcontainerterminalsvarydependingonsuchfactorsastheporttobedeveloped,theshippingcompanythatusestheport,theshippingroutes,thevolumeandtypesofcargoesandthemodesoftransportationusedtohaulcargoesintotheportbehind.Terminalsinwhichcontainersarehandledcanbeclassifiedinto2types;wharfsinwhichonlycontainercargoesarehandled,specializedwharfs,andwharfsinwhichcontainercargoesaswellasothertypesofcargoesarehandled,namelymulti-purposewharfs.Inprinciple,theexplanationsinthissectioncoverspecializedwharfsonly.


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3.5.2 Performance Verification

(1)BasicprinciplesforperformanceverificationsofcontainerterminalareasFig. 3.5.1 8)showsatypicalperformanceverificationprocedureforcontainerterminalareaswithrespecttotheirscales.

(2)Whencalculatingordeterminingthescaleofacontainerterminalarea,thebasicprinciplesdescribedin(3)to(8)below,whichareproposedbyTakahashi,8)maybeadopted.

Target route Amount of cargoes handled in the port (V0)

Frequency of visits of ships

Required berth water depth (Da =β1・β2・d0)　

Peak coefficient ( f )

Coefficient for the maximum number of stacks (g1)

Design cargo handling amount (V1 = f ּ (V0/e))

Terminal area width (Lb)(Lb = Lb1 + Lb2 + Lb3)

Largest target ship

Annual turnover (e)

Shiplength(L0)

Shipbreadth(B0)

Full loaddraft(d0)

Keel clearance rate (β1)Draft rate for arrival atand departure from port (β2)

Intersectingangle coefficient(α)

Berth length (La)La = L0 + α・B0

Effectiveness factor (g2)

Number of ground slots (V2) = V1/g1ּg2)　

Reefer container ground slot ratio (h)

Dry container ground slot ratio(V3 = V2 (1－h))

1TEU unit area (i1)(Dry containers)

Number of ground slots for reefer containers(V4 = V2ּh)

1 TEU unit area (i2)(Reefer containers)

Area of the ground slots (Gy = V3ּ i1+V4ּ i2)

Marshaling areacoefficient ( j )

Area of the back yardfacilities (By)

Back yard areacoefficient (k)

Area of the back yard area(C = By ּk)

Area of the marshaling area(B = Gy・j)

Rail-normal line distance (a1)Crane span width (a2)Width of the road for vehicleslocated behind the crane (a3)

Apron area width(Lb1 = a1 + a2 + a3)

Marshaling area width (Lb2 = B /La)

Back yard area width(Lb3 = C /La)

Fig. 3.5.1 Size Estimation Model for Typical Container Berth Terminal Area 25)

(3)ElementsofContainerTerminalsThemainelementsofacontainerterminalareberth,apronarea,marshalingareaandbackyardarea.Fig. 3.5.2 8)showsaplanviewofatypicalcontainerterminalarea.

① BerthsAberth is anareaused toberthandmoorcontainer ships inorder tohandle their cargoesat thecontainerterminal.ThesizeofaberthissetbytheberthlengthLa andthewaterdepthDa.

② Apronareas

(a) Anapronareaisanareainwhichcontainercranesandvehiclesforcargohandlingtravelandcontainershatchcoversofcontainershipsaretemporarilystored.TheLb1inFig. 3.5.2 8)representstheapronareawidth.

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(b)TheapronareawidthLb1mayusuallybedeterminedfromtherail-normallinedistance,therailspanofgantrycraneandthewidthofthestripforthevehicletraveling.

③Marshalingareas

(a) Amarshalingareaisanareainwhichcontainerstobeloadedontoandcontainersunloadedfromcontainershipsarearranged.TheLb2inFig. 3.5.2 8)representsthemarshalingareawidth.

(b)Withregardtothewidthofthemarshaling,awidthofLb2thatisappropriateinrelationtotheberthlengthmayusuallybeadoptedaccordingtotherequiredmarshalingareasize.

Maintenance shopFueling station

Transtainermaintenancearea

Power receptionstation

CFS

Reefer Reefer

Power reception andtransformer facility

C: Back yard area

A: Apron area

B: Marshaling area

La

Lb1

Lb2

Lb

Lb3Gatehouse

Cleaning facilityAdministration building

Fig. 3.5.2 Typical Container Terminal 8)

④ Backyardareas

(a) Abackyardareaisanareathathascontainerfreightstations,maintenanceshops,anadministrationbuildings,andgates. TheLb3 inFig. 3.5.2 8) represents thebackyardareawidth. Briefexplanationsabout typicalfacilitiesofabackyardareaaregivenbelow.Theterm“backyardarea”isnotacommonlyusedterm;inmanycases,theterm“containerterminal”isusedtorefercollectivelytothemarshalingareaandthebackyardarea.However,thissectiontreatsthebackyardareaseparatelyinordertoallowquantitativeperformanceverificationsofcontainerterminalareaswithrespecttotheirsizes.

1) ContainerfreightstationsAcontainerfreightstationisabuildingwheresmall-lotconsignmentcargoes,whichindividuallydonotfullyoccupyacontainer,arereceived,storedanddeliveredandcargoesarepackedintoandtakenoutofcontainers.

2) MaintenanceshopsAmaintenanceshopisabuildingwhereinspectionsofcontainersandrepairsofdamagedcontainersandcleaningofcontainersbeforeandafteruseareperformed.


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3) AdministrationbuildingsAnadministrationbuildingisabuildingusedtocentrallydirectandcontrolalloperationsperformedintheyardby,forexample,planningoperationstobeperformedintheyard,issuingdirectionsandsupervisingtheimplementationofthecontainerarrangementplans.

4) GatesAgateisaplacewherecontainersandcontainercargoesarereceivedanddelivered.

(b)Withregardtothewidthofthebackyardarea,awidthofLb3thatisappropriateinrelationtotheberthlengthmayusuallybeadoptedaccordingtotherequiredbackyardareasize.

(4)Berths

① BerthlengthWithregardtotheberthlengthofacontainerterminal,Chapter 5,2.1 Common Items for Wharves maybereferenced.

② BerthwaterdepthWithregardtotheberthwaterdepthofacontainerterminal,Chapter 5, 2.1 Common Items for Wharves maybereferenced.

(5)ApronAreas

① TheapronareawidthLb1maybecalculatedbyequation (3.5.1).

(3.5.1)

where, a1 :rail-quaywallfacelinedistance a2 :railspanwidth a3 :widthofthestripforthevehicletravelingbehindthecrane

② Rail-quaywallfacelinedistance(a1)Thedeterminationofthedistancebetweentheseasiderailandthefacelineofthequaywallshouldpreferablytake into consideration the locations of themooring posts, cable grooves for containers, cablewinders andstairways that serve as an access tomoored container ships, aswell as the characteristics of the containerterminalinquestion.Whendeterminingthedistancebetweentheseasiderailandthefacelineofthequaywall,avalueofa1=3mmaybeusedasareferencevalue.9)

③ Railspanwidth(a2)Therailspanwidthshouldpreferablybeawidthequaltoorlargerthanthetotalwidthofthelanesrequiredtoaccommodateforthecranesusedcontainerhandlingplusoneadditionalcrane.Inaddition,itispreferabletoadd5 to10mfor thepassageofpersonnelandmiscellaneousoperationvehicles. Whendetermining therequiredwidthperlanebeneathcrane,avalueof5.0m/laneor5.5m/lanemaybeusedasareferencevaluefortractor-trailersorstraddlecarriers,respectively9). Undertheabove-mentionedguidelines,itmaybeconsideredthattherailspanwidtha2forthecasewhere3cranesareusedpershipandstraddlecarriersareusedcanbecalculatedasfollows:

a2=(3+1)lanes×5.5m/lane+8m(allowance)=30m

Iftherailspandeterminedbasedonthestructuraldimensionsofthecraneislargerthantherequiredlanewidthmentionedabove,itisnecessarytousetheformervalue.

④ Determinationofthewidthofthestripforthevehicletravelingbehindthecrane(a3)Thewidthofthestripforthevehicletravelingbehindthecraneshouldpreferablybedeterminedappropriatelywithconsiderationgiventothedimensionsofthecranes,andtheallowancewidth. Inthecasewheretractor-trailersareused,thewidthofthestripforthevehicletravelingbehindthecranemaybecalculatedbyaddinganallowancewidthof3mtothesumofthetotalwidthofthetemporarystorageareasforhatchcovers(4rows:11m;5rows:13.5m)9)andtheminimumlanewidthof3.5m.9)Forexample,ifthenumberofrowsofhatchcoverstorageareasis5,astripwidthof20misobtained.Inthecasewherestraddlecarriersareused,astripwidthof37mwhichiscalculatedbyaddinganallowancewidthof15mtothewidthof22m9)fortheturningofcarriersmaybeused.

⑤ StandardvaluesfortheapronareawidthLb1ThestandardvaluerangefortheapronareawidthisLb1=50to80m.Inthecasewhere3cranesareusedpershipandstraddlecarriersareused,itmaybeconsideredthatLb1canbecalculatedasfollows:

Lb1=a1+a2+a3=3m+30m+37m=70m

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(6)MarshalingAreas

① TheareaofamarshalingareamayusuallybecalculatedusingtheprocedureshowninFig. 3.5.4basedonthedesignhandlingvolume(V0(TEU)).

Calculation of the number of containers handled for marshaling area design (V1):equation (3.5.2)

Calculation of the number of ground slots (V2):equation (3.5.3)

Calculation of the area of the marshaling area (B):equation (3.5.7)

Calculation of the number of dry container ground slots (V3):equation (3.5.4)

Calculation of the number of reefer container ground slots (V4):equation (3.5.5)

Calculation of the ground slot area (Gy):equation (3.5.6)

Fig. 3.5.4 Example of a Procedure for Performance Verifications with respect to the Area of the Marshaling Area

Theareaofamarshalingareamayusuallybecalculatedusingequations (3.5.2) through (3.5.7):

(3.5.2)

(3.5.3)

(3.5.4)

(3.5.5)

(3.5.6)

(3.5.7)

where, V0 :designhandlingvolume(TEU) V1 :numberofcontainershandledformarshalingareadesign(TEU) e :annualturnover(numberoftimes/year)

(3.5.8)

Dy :annualnumberofoperationdays(days) Dt :averageperiodofstorageintheyard(days) f :peakcoefficient V2 :numberofgroundslots(TEU) g1 :coefficientforthemaximumnumberofstacks g2 :effectivenessfactor V3 :numberofdrycontainergroundslots(TEU) h :reefercontainergroundslotratio V4 :numberofreefercontainergroundslots(TEU) Gy :groundslotarea(m2) i1 :floorareaperoneTEUofdrycontainer(m2) i2 :floorareaperoneTEUofreefercontainer(m2) B :areaofthemarshalingarea(m2) j :marshalingareacoefficient


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ThemarshalingareawidthLb2maybecalculatedbyequation (3.5.9)fromtheareaofthemarshalingarea.

(3.5.9)where, B :areaofthemarshalingarea(m2) La :berthlength(m)

② ThespecificsettingsoftheindividualcoefficientsmaybereferencedinReferences8)and9). Dt =2to7days9) Dt =3to9days9) f =1.2to1.38) g1 =transfercrane=4to5piles9) straddlecarrier=3to4piles9) g2 =0.7to0.89) h =0.05to0.158) i1 =(8feet×20feet)=14.9m28) i2 =19.5m2(setbasedonactualrecordsinJapaneseports) j =2.0to3.0(forberthwaterdepthlessthan15m) j =2.5to3.5(forberthwaterdepth15mormore)Dt=2to7days9) Dt =3to9days9) f =1.2to1.38) g1 =transfercrane=4to5piles9) straddlecarrier=3to4piles9) g2 =0.7to0.89) h =0.05to0.158) i1 =(8feet×20feet)=14.9m28) i2 =19.5m2(setbasedonactualrecordsinJapaneseports) j =2.0to3.0(forberthwaterdepthlessthan15m) j =2.5to3.5(forberthwaterdepth15mormore)

③ ReferencevaluesinrespecttosettingofcoefficientIngeneral,sincesettingsofindividuale, f, g1, g2aredifficult,f/(eg1g2)canbesetasacoefficientbyintegratingthem. Inreference8),f/(eg1g2)=0.05to0.020isindicated.

④ ReferencevaluesinrespecttomarshalingareasNumberofgroundslots(V2)Inreference8),thefollowingvaluesareindicatedasnumbersofgroundslots.V2 =1,500to2,000TEU(forberthwaterdepthlessthan15m)V2=1,500to2,500TEU(forberthwaterdepth15mormore)Areaofmarshalingarea(B)Inreference8),thefollowingvaluesareindicatedasareaofmarshalingarea..B=40,000to90,000m2(forberthwaterdepthlessthan15m)B=70,000to110,000m2(forberthwaterdepth15mormore)

⑤ StandardvalueofmarshalingareawidthInreference8),thefollowingvaluesareindicatedasstandardvalueofmarshalingareawidth.Lb2=150to250m(forberthwaterdepthlessthan13m)Lb2=200to300m(forberthwaterdepth13mormorebutlessthan15.5m)Lb2=250to330m(forberthwaterdepth15.5mormore)

(7)BackYardArea(C)

① Theareaofabackyardareamayusuallybecalculatedbyequation(3.5.10).

(3.5.10)where, By :totalareaofthebackyardareafacilities(i.e.totalfloorareaofthecontainerfreightstations,

maintenanceshops,administrationbuildings,gates,constructedinthebackyardarea)(m2) k :backyardareacoefficient

ThebackyardareawidthLb3maybecalculatedbyequation (3.5.11) fromtheareaofthebackyardarea.

(3.5.11)

– 956–


where, C :areaofthebackyardarea(m2) La :berthlength

②Withregardtothespecificsettingsoftheindividualcoefficients,Reference8)maybereferenced.

1)Totalareaofthebackyardareafacilities(By)By=7,500m2(forareaofmarshalingarea:lessthan90,000m2) By=9,000m2(forareaofmarshalingarea:90,000m2ormore)

2) Backyardareacoefficient(k)k=4.0to5.08)

③ StandardvalueofbackyardareawidthLb3Inreference8),Lb3=90to130misindicatedasstandardvalueofbackyardareawidth.

(8)ContainerTerminalAreaWidth

① ThecontainerterminalareawidthLbmaybecalculatedbyequation (3.5.12).

(3.5.12)

where, Lb1 :apronareawidth Lb2 :marshalingareawidth Lb3 :backyardareawidth

② StandardvaluesforthecontainerterminalareawidthLbWhendetermining thecontainer terminalareawidthLb,Reference8)maybe referenced. The followingstandardvaluerangesfor thecontainer terminalareawidthwhicharebasedon theberthwaterdeptharespecified:

Lb=300to400m(whentheberthwaterdepthislessthan15m)Lb=350to600m(whentheberthwaterdepthis15mormore)

References

1) Fujino,S.andY.Kawasaki:NewSeriesCivilEngineering81,Giho-doPublishing,pp184-189,19812) JSCE:CivilEngineeringHandbook:Part37,PortsandHarbours,Giho-doPublishing,,pp.1605,19893) JapanFishingPortAssociation:Handbookforfishportplanning(1992),pp.109-135,19924) Sato,T:.Utilizationplanning(4)oflandareaforfishportfacilities,FishPort,Vol.13No.4,pp51,19715) Sato,T:.Utilizationplanning(5)oflandareaforfishportfacilities,FishPort,Vol.14No.4,pp42,19726) Sato,T:.Utilizationplanning(11)oflandareaforfishportfacilities,FishPort,Vol.16No.2,pp.28-33,19727) Fujino,S.andY.Kawasaki:PortPlanning,NewSeriesCivilEngineering81,Giho-doPublishing,pp.191-193,19818) Takahasi,H.:Amodelforestimationscalesofcontainerterminalareasatthestageofportandharbourplanning-Astandard

for designing principal size in container terminals : A proposal-, Research Report of National Institute for Land andInfrastructureManagementNo,10,2003

9) Port andHarbourBureauMinistryofTransport andOver seasCoastalAreaDevelopment Instituteof Japan:Report ofcontainerterminalfacilityplans,1993


–957–

4 ShedsPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Sheds

Article 83 1 Theprovisionsofthefirstparagraphofthepreviousarticle(Items(1)through(4)only)shallalsobeusedasperformancecriteriaforsheds.2Forsheds,thefollowingperformancecriteriashallbeusedinadditiontotheperformancecriteriaspecifiedinthepreviousparagraph.(1)Sheds in which dusts are generated as a result of the handling of cargoes shall have appropriate

ventilationfacilitiesandequipment.(2)Shedsintowhichwatermayenterasaresultofstormsurgesshallbeprovidedwithappropriatefacilities

andequipmenttopreventingressofwaterasnecessary.

4.1 General

(1)Shedsshallmeetthefollowingrequirementstoensuresmoothcargohandlingbeforetheentranceandafterthedepartureofships.

(a)Thesizeofashedshallbedeterminedappropriatelybyconsideringthekindsandquantitiesofcargoesandtheirhandlingconditions.

(b)Thewidthsandcurvesofpassagewaysinashedshallbedeterminedtoallowsafeandsmoothoperationofcargohandlingequipment.

(2)Withregardtolightingfacilitiesofshedsinwhichcargoesarehandledatnight,theprovisionsofChapter 5,9.4 Lighting Facilitiesmaybereferenced. Shedsshallbeequippedwiththeprovisionsofappropriatesignsandbroadstoensuresafeandsmoothuseasnecessary.

–958–


Chapter 8 Storage Facilities

1 GeneralMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Storage Facilities

Article 45The performance requirements for storage facilities shall be such that the storage facilities satisfy therequirements specified by theMinister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism so as to enablethesafeandappropriatestorageofcargo inconsiderationofgeotechnicalcharacteristics,meteorologicalcharacteristics,seastatesand/orotherenvironmentalconditions,aswellastheconditionsofcargohandling.

Ministerial OrdinanceNecessary Items concerning Storage Facilities

Article 46TheitemsnecessaryfortheperformancerequirementsofstoragefacilitiesasspecifiedinthisChapterbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismandothersshallbeprovidedbythePublicNotice.

Public NoticeStorage Facilities

Article 84TheitemstobespecifiedbythePublicNoticeunderArticle46oftheMinisterialOrdinanceconcerningtheperformancerequirementsforstoragefacilitiesshallbeasprovidedinthesubsequentarticlethroughArticle87.

2 WarehousesPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Warehouses

Article 86TheprovisionsinArticle83shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofwarehouseswithmodificationasnecessary.

[Technical Note]

ThestructureandlocationofwarehousesshallbesetappropriatelyinaccordancewiththerequirementsspecifiedinChapter 7, 3 Cargo Sorting Areasand4 ShedsandArticle3oftheEnforcement Rules for the Warehousing Business Law(MinisterialOrdinanceoftheMinistryofTransportNo.59of1956)asareference.

3 Open Storage YardsPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Open Storage Yards, Timber Storage Yards and Ponds and Coal Storage Yards

Article 85Theprovisionsinitemi)ofArticle82shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaforopenstorageyards,timberstorageyardsandponds,andcoalstorageyardswithmodificationasnecessary.

[Technical Note]

OpenstorageyardsaresubjecttotherequirementsspecifiedinChapter 7,3 Cargo Sorting Areas.Withregardtocalculationsoftheareasofopenstorageyards,Reference1)maybeusedasareference.

PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 8 STORAGE FACILITIES

–959–

4 Timber Storage Yards and PondsPublic NoticePerformance Criteria for Open Storage Yards, Timber Storage Yards and Ponds and Coal Storage Yards

Article 85 Theprovisionsinparagraph1ofArticle82shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaforopenstorageyards,timberstorageyardsandpondsandcoalstorageyardswithmodificationasnecessary.

[Technical Note]

TherequirementsspecifiedinChapter 7, 3 Cargo Sorting Areasshallbeappliedtothetimberstorageyardsandponds.

5 Coal Storage YardsPublic NoticePerformance Criteria for Open Storage Yards, Timber Storage Yards and Ponds, and Coal Storage Yards

Article 85Theprovisionsinparagraph1ofArticle82shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaforopenstorageyards,timberstorageyardsandpondsandcoalstorageyardswithmodificationasnecessary.

[Technical Note]

TherequirementsspecifiedinChapter 7, 3 Cargo Sorting Areasshallbeappliedtothecoalstorageyards.6 Hazardous Materials Storage FacilitiesPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Hazardous Materials Storage Facilities and Oil Storage Facilities

Article 87 1TheprovisionsinArticle83orparagraph1ofArticle82shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofhazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitieswithmodificationasnecessary.

2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofhazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Hazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitiesshallbelocatedinsuchawaythatthey

arenotscatteredoveranarea.However,noncompliancewiththisrequirementmaybepermittedinthecasewherecomplianceisimpossiblebecauseofthetopographyorotherreasons.

(2)Hazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesshallbesurroundedbyabandofvacantlandhavinganappropriatewidthinconsiderationofthetypesofthehazardouscargoes,thestructuresofthefacilitiesandotherrelevantconditions.

7 Oil Storage FacilitiesPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Hazardous Materials Storage Facilities and Oil Storage Facilities

Article 87 1TheprovisionsinArticle83orparagraph1ofArticle82shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofhazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitieswithmodificationasnecessary.

2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofhazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Hazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesandoilstoragefacilitiesshallbelocatedinsuchawaythatthey

arenotscatteredoveranarea.However,noncompliancewiththisrequirementmaybepermittedinthecasewherecomplianceisimpossiblebecauseofthetopographyorotherreasons.

(2)Hazardousmaterialsstoragefacilitiesshallbesurroundedbyabandofvacantlandhavinganappropriatewidthinconsiderationofthetypesofthehazardouscargoes,thestructuresofthefacilitiesandother

–960–


relevantconditions.

References

1) JSCE:CivilEngineeringHandbook,Part11,Portandharbours,Giho-doPublishing,pp.1606,1989

PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 9 FACILITIES FOR SHIP SERVICE

–961–

Chapter 9 Facilities for Ship Service

1 GeneralMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Facilities for Ship Service

Article 47 1TheperformancerequirementsforshipservicefacilitiesshallbesuchthattherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand, Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfied for theprovisionofsafeandsmoothservicestoshipsinlightofgeotechnicalcharacteristics,meteorologicalcharacteristics,seastatesand/orotherenvironmentalconditions,aswellastheconditionsofshipentry.

2Theperformance requirements ofwater supply facilities for ships shall be such that the requirementsspecifiedby theMinisterofLand, Infrastructure,Transport andTourismare satisfied for the sanitarysupplyofwatertoships.

3Theperformancerequirementsforshipstoragefacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)TherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfied

soastoenablethesafebringing-inandbringing-outofships.(2)TherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfied

soastoenabletheproperfixingofships.

Ministerial OrdinanceNecessary Items concerning Facilities for Ship Service

Article 48 TheitemsnecessaryforenforcementoftheperformancerequirementsforshipservicefacilitiesasspecifiedinthisChapterbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismandotherrequirementsshallbeprovidedbythePublicNotice.

Public NoticeFacilities for Ship Service

Article 88 TheitemstobespecifiedbythePublicNoticeunderArticle48oftheMinisterialOrdinanceconcerningtheperformancerequirementsofshipservicefacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentarticle.

2 Water Supply Facilities to ShipsPublic NoticePerformance Criteria of Water Supply Facilities for Ships

Article 89 Theperformancecriteriaofwatersupplyfacilitiesforshipsshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)The facilities shall be installed at appropriate locations, corresponding to the condition of use by

ships.(2)Thefacilitiesshallhaveanappropriatecapacityofwatersupplycorrespondingtothedimensionsofthe

designship.(3)The facilities shall have a structurewhich is capable of preventingwater pollution, and thewater

hydrantsshallbemaintainedinasanitarycondition.

[Technical Note]

(1)Thelayoutandcapacityofhydrantsshallbedeterminedappropriatelyaccordingtothetypeofvessels.

(2)Watersupplyfacilitiesshallmeetthefollowingsanitationrequirements:

– 962–


① Thehydrantsofwatersupplyfacilitiesshallbeofaconstructionthatcanpreventcontaminationofwater.

② Periodicandad-hocwaterqualitytestsshallbeconductedandthehygieneofthehydrantsofthewatersupplyfacilitiesshallbeappropriatelymaintained.

(3)Intakesofhydrantsshouldbesolocatedthatintakehosescanbeeasilyattachedandshallbesoconstructedthatcontaminationofwatercanbeprevented.Inaddition,meanstodrainwatershallbeprovidedinthecasewheretheyareburiedbeneaththeapronfloor.Intakesneedtobeequippedwithcaps.

(4)WaterSupplyVolumeWithregardtothewatersupplyvolumetoships,thevaluesshowninTable 2.1maybeusedasreferencevalues.Inthecaseoflargeships,thecapacitiesofwatertanksareinmanycasesaround800m3becausesuchshipshavetheirownfreshwaterproductionequipment.

Table 2.1 Hydrants and Water Supply Volume

Tonnageofship(grosstonnage)

Requiredwatersupplyvolume

(m3)

Timerequiredtosupplywater(h)

Hydrantspacing(m)

Numberofhydrantsperberth(number

ofpoints)

Watersupplycapacityofeach

hydrant(m3/h)

500 40 5 30 2 41,000 80 5 30–40 2 83,000 250–300 5 40–50 3–4 165,000 500 5 40–50 4 1810,000 800 5 40–50 4 28

PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 10 OTHER PORT FACILITIES

–963–

Chapter 10 Other Port Facilities

Ministerial OrdinanceNecessary Items concerning Other Port Facilities

Article 53 Theitemsnecessaryfortheperformancerequirementsforfixedandmovablepassengerboardingfacilities,wastedisposalseawalls,beaches,andplazasandgreenspaceasspecifiedinthischapterbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismandotherrequirementsshallbeprovidedbythePublicNotice.

Public NoticeOther Port Facilities

Article 90 TheitemstobespecifiedbythePublicNoticeunderArticle53oftheMinisterialOrdinanceconcerningtheperformancerequirementsforfixedandmovablepassengerboardingfacilities,wastedisposalseawalls,beachandplaza,andgreenspacesshallbeasprovidedinthesubsequentarticlethroughArticle95.

– 964–


1 Fixed and Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities1.1 Fixed Passenger Boarding FacilitiesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Fixed and Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities

Article 49 Theperformancerequirementofthefixedandmovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitemsforthesafeandsmoothembarkationanddisembarkationofpassengersinconsiderationofitsstructuretype:(1)TherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismshallbe

satisfiedsoastoenablethesafeandsmoothembarkationanddisembarkationofpassengers.(2)Damageduetoselfweight,Level1earthquakegroundmotions, imposedload,winds,and/orother

actionsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseofthefixedormovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesandnotimpairtheirfunctions.

Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Fixed Passenger Boarding Facilities

Article 91 Theperformancecriteriaoffixedpassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Passagewaysoffixedpassengerboardingfacilitiesshallsatisfythefollowingrequirementssothatthey

allowpassengerstoembarkanddisembarkinthesafeandsmoothmanner:(a)Thepassagewayshallhaveanappropriatewidthandgradient.(b)The passageway shall be provided with the means for preventing slipping or constructed with

materialsthatarenotpronetoslipping.(c)Thepassagewayshallhavesidewalls,railing,orthelikeonbothsides.

(2)The facilities shall not have a staircase.However, in the casewhere it is unavoidable to provide astaircase,considerationshallbegiventothesafetyofpassengersinsettingtherisesofitsstepsandprovisionoflandingsasnecessary.

(3)The facilities shall not be used for dual services for both passengers and vehicles. However, thisrequirementdoesnotapplyinthecasewheretheirstructuresallowthetrafficofpassengersandthetrafficofvehiclestobeseparatedfromeachother.

(4)The allowable range of verticalmovement of the tip section of amovable bridge of the passengerboardingfacilitiesshallbeappropriatelysetbytakingintoconsiderationthetidelevels,thechangesinshipdraftandtheshipmovements.

(5)Theriskofimpairingtheintegrityofstructuralmembersshallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevelunderthepermanentactionsituationinwhichthedominantactionisselfweight.

(6)The riskof impairing the integrityofstructuralmembersand the riskof losing thestabilityof thefoundationsectionshallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevelunderthevariableactionsituationinwhichthedominantactionsareLevel1earthquakegroundmotions,imposedload,andwinds.

[Commentary]

(1)PerformanceCriteriaofFixedPassengerBoardingFacilities①Stabilityoffacility(a)Thesettingsrelatingtothedesignsituationsexcludingaccidentalsituationsandperformancecriteria

offixedpassengerboardingfacilitiesareasshowninAttached Table-70.


–965–

Attached Table 70 Settings for the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations) and Performance Criteria for Fixed Passenger Boarding Facilities



Designsituation


Article

Paragraph

Item

Article

Paragraph


action

49 1 2 91 1 5 Safety Permanent Selfweight Surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures

Structuralsoundnessofthemembers,stabilityofthefoundationsection

–

6 Variable L1earthquakegroundmotion

(Surcharges)

(Winds)

Selfweight,surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures

(Selfweight,earthpressures,waterpressures)

(Selfweight,surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures)


–

[Technical Note]

1.1.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification

(1)Theprovisions in this section canbe applied to theperformanceverificationoffixedandmovablepassengerboardingfacilities(hereinafterreferredtoas“passengerboardingfacilities”).

(2)Passengerboardingfacilitiesshouldhavefunctionsallowingpassengerstoembark/disembarksafelyandsmoothly.Inprinciple,theyshouldbeseparatedfromboardingfacilitiesforvehicles.

(3)Passengerboardingfacilitiesshouldnotcausepassengerstofeeldanger.Theyshouldalsohaveastablestructureagainstshiposcillationsandwinds.

(4)StructuralTypes

①Thestructureofpassengerboardingfacilitiesshallmeetthefollowingrequirements.

(a) The passages of the passenger boarding facility shall be an appropriate width of about 75cm or more.Consideringthefactthatsuchpassagesareusedbyseniorcitizensandphysicallyhandicappedpeopleaswell,itispreferabletohaveawidthof1.2mormore.

(b)Apassagewayshallhaveancillaryprovisionssuchasthesidewallandhandrailonbothsides,andaskidproofagentshallbeappliedoranon-slipperymaterialshallbeusedonthesurfaceofpassageway.

(c)Therisesofthestepsofthestaircasesoffixedpassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbesetgivingoutconsiderationtothesafetyofpassengers.Inaddition,landingsshallbeprovidedasnecessary.Theriseofeachstepmayusuallybesetataround16cm,andthestepwidthmayusuallybesetat30cmormore.Inthecasewheretheheightofsuchastaircaseexceeds3m,itispreferabletoprovide,forevery3m(orless)ofheightofthestaircase,alandingwithwidthof1.2mormore.

(d)Theboardingfacilityshallnotbeusedbothforpassengersandvehicles.Ifpassengerscanbeseparatedfromvehicles,however,thefacilitymaybeusedforbothpassengersandvehicles.

(e)Theinclinationsofpassagesofthepassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbeonesthatareappropriateintermsofthesafetyofpassengers.Theinclinationsofpassagesofthepassengerboardingfacilitiesshallnormallybe12%orless.However,consideringthefactthatsuchpassagesareusedbyseniorcitizens,andphysicallyhandicappedpeopleaswell,itispreferabletouseslopesbetween5%and8%.

② Theallowable rangeofverticalmovementof the tip sectionofamovablebridgeof thepassengerboardingfacilityshallbesettakingintoconsiderationthetiderange,thechangesinshipdraftandtheshiposcillations.Therangeofverticalmovementofthetipsectionofamovablebridgemaybecalculatedbyadding1.0mtothemeanmonthlytiderange.

③Whendesigningthepassengerboardingfacilitiesthataretobeusedforpublictraffic,thefactshallbetakenintoconsiderationthattheywillbeusedbyseniorcitizensandphysicallyhandicappedpeopleaswellandsufficientconsiderationshallbegiventoensuringthattheyallowpeopleinwheelchairstomovesafelyonthem.

– 966–


1.2 Movable Passenger Boarding FacilitiesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Fixed and Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities

Article 49 Theperformancerequirementofthefixedandmovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitemsforthesafeandsmoothembarkationanddisembarkationofpassengersinconsiderationofitsstructuretype:(1)TherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismshallbe

satisfiedsoastoenablethesafeandsmoothembarkationanddisembarkationofpassengers.(2)Damageduetoselfweight,Level1earthquakegroundmotions, imposedload,winds,and/orother

actionsshallnotadverselyaffectthecontinueduseofthefixedormovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesandnotimpairtheirfunctions.

Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities

Article 92 1Theprovisionsintheprecedingarticleexceptthoseinitem(6)shallbeappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofmovablepassengerboardingfacilitieswithmodificationsasnecessary,inconsiderationofthetypeofthefacilities.

2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriterionofmovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesshallbesuchthattheriskoflosingthestabilityofthefacilitiesduetoupliftingofthelegsectionofthefacilitiesshallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlevelunderthevariableactionsituationinwhichthedominantactionsareLevel1earthquakegroundmotions,imposedload,andwinds.

[Commentary]

(1)PerformanceCriteriaofMovablePassengerBoardingFacilities①Stabilityoffacilities(a)Stabilityofthelegsection(serviceability)

ThesettingsrelatingtothedesignsituationsexceptaccidentalsituationsandperformancecriteriaofmovablepassengerboardingfacilitiesareasshowninAttached Table 71.Whenverifyingtheperformanceofamovablepassengerboardingfacilitywithrespecttotheriskofupliftingofthelegsection,appropriateperformancecriteriaregardingitsstabilityshallbeestablished.


–967–

Attached Table 71 Settings relating to the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations) and Performance Criteria of Movable Passenger Boarding Facilities



Designsituation

VerificationitemIndexofstandardlimitvalue

Article

Paragraph

Item

Article

Paragraph

Item Situation Dominatingaction Non-dominatingaction

49 1 2 91 1 5 Serviceability Permanent Selfweight Surcharges,earthpressures,waterpressures


–

6 Variable L1earthquakegroundmotion

(Surcharges)

(Winds)





–

92 2 L1earthquakegroundmotion

(Surcharges)

(winds)




Upliftingofthelegsection

–

References

1) TransportEcologyandmobilityFoundation:Guidelineofthefacilitiesforelderlyandhandicappedpeopleinpublictransportterminals,2001

2) JapanRoadAssociation:SpecificationsandCommentaryforHighwayBridges,MaruzenPublications,20023) JapanRoadAssociation:TechnicalStandardsandcommentaryofgradeseparationfacilitiesforpedestrians,1979

– 968–


2 Waste Disposal SitesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Waste Disposal Sites

Article 50 1TheperformancerequirementsofwastedisposalsitesshallbesuchthattherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismaresatisfiedsoastoappropriatelydisposewastematerialsandprotectdisposalsites.

2TheprovisionsofArticle16shallbeappliedcorrespondinglytotheperformancerequirementsforwastedisposalsites.

Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Waste Disposal Sites

Article 93 1TheprovisionsinArticle39shallbeasappliedtotheperformancecriteriaofwastedisposalsiteswithmodificationsasnecessary.

2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,theperformancecriteriaofwastedisposalsitesshallbesuchthatwastedisposalsitesareappropriatelylocatedwiththenecessarydimensionssoastopreventwashingoutofthewastedmaterialsbywaves,stormsurges,tsunamis,andothersbytakingintoconsiderationtheenvironmentalconditionstowhichthefacilitiesconcernedaresubjected.

[Technical Note]

2.1 General

(1)Wastesdisposalsitesareclassified,accordingtowhattypesofwastesaredisposedof,intothreetypes:(a)inerttypewastesdisposalsiteswhereinerttypeindustrialwastes,dredgedmaterialandexcavatedsoilfromconstructionsitearedumped,(b)controlledtypedisposalsiteswheremunicipalsolidwastesandcontrolledindustrialwastesaredisposedof,(c)strictlycontrolledtypewastesdisposalsitesinwhichharmfulspeciallycontrolledindustrialwastesaresealed.

(2)The purposes of constructing wastes disposal seawalls are to ensure the availability of wastes disposal andto utilize completed disposal sites. The area and location of thewastes disposal sites shall be determined inconsiderationofthedemandsofthelanduseandtheconstrainttobeimposedundertheWastesManagementandPublicCleaningLawwhenitisapplicable.

(3)Nowastesdisposalsiteshasbeenconstructedinareasotherthanseaareasanditisexpectedthatmostofthewastesdisposalsitesthatwillbeconstructedinthefuturewillalsobelocatedinseaareas.Therefore,theterm“wastesdisposalsites”hererefersonlytobesitesconstructedinseas.Thecharacteristicsofthewastesdisposalsites are;① to take into consideration the actions ofwaves and seismicmotion,② in the case of a site forcontrolleddisposalarea,toensurethestabilityoftheseawallandseepagecontrolworkbycontrollingthewaterlevelsoftheretainedwater.

2.2 Purposes of Wastes Disposal Seawalls

(1)Thepurposesofwastesdisposalseawallsaretodevelopawastesdisposalsitesandtoprotectthedisposalsiteandtheareabehinditfromstormsurges,tsunamisandwavesandtoutilizereclaimedlandafterwastesdisposaliscompleted.

(2)Toensuretheenvironmentalsafetyandsuitabilityofthewastesdisposalsites,itisessentialnotonlytoensurethatitmeetstheperformancerequirementsbutalsotoensurethatthedumpingofwastesisappropriatelycontrolled.Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that appropriate coordination is achieved, with regard to the adequateinspectionandcontrolofthereceivingofwastes,incooperationwiththeorganizationsresponsibleforcontrollingthedisposalofwastes.

2.2.1 Inert-type Wastes Disposal Sites

Inerttypewastesdisposalsitesarefacilitiestocreateareclaimedlandbyusinginerttypeindustrialwastesexcavatedsoilfromconstructionseawallsanddredgedmaterial.


–969–

2.2.2 Controlled-type Wastes Disposal Sites

As in thecaseof inert typewastesdisposal sites, controlled typewastesdisposal sitesneed tohave functions topreventthewastesfrombeingwashedout.Inaddition,theyneedtohavetherequiredseepagecontrollingcapabilitysothattheretainedwaterinthesitewillnotleakout.

2.2.3 Strictly Controlled-type Wastes Disposal Sites

Becausethewastestobedisposedofisharmfulsubstances,strictlycontrolledtypewastesdisposalsitesneedtohaveastructurethatcompletelyisolatesthesitefromtheoutside.

2.3 Fundamentals of the Performance Verification

(1)Unlikeinthecaseofrevetmentsofprotectivefacilitiesforharbors,thepurposeofwastesdisposalseawallsistodumpwastesandsuchsitesusuallyhavealongreclamationperiodandoftenremaininastructurallyunstablestatefora longperiodof time.Therefore, it isnecessary topayparticularattention toensuring thestructuralsafetyduringtheconstructionperiod.Oneeffectiveapproachistogiveprioritytothewastesdumpingbehindtheseawallsofthesitessothatsufficientstructuralstabilityisachievedearly.

(2)Ifwastesaredumpedatarapidratenearaseawall,acircularslipfailuremayoccurinthecohesivesoilgroundandthismayimpairfunctionsofthewastesdisposalsites.Therefore,whendeterminingtheareaswherewastestobedumpedandtheratesofdumping,attentionshouldbepaidtothechangesinthestrengthofthegroundduetoconsolidationsettlement.

(3)Thewastes disposal sites are desired to ensure thatwasteswill not bewashed out offshorewhen the site issubjectedtovariableorpermanentactions.Inaddition,itisdesirabletoensurethatthesitehasastructure,forexampleseawallsofthesiteorseepagecontrolwork,thatcanpreventwastesfrombeingwashedoutoffshorewhenthesiteissubjectedtoactionsofLevel2earthquakegroundmotion.


(1)Whenverifyingtheperformanceofasiteofacontrolledtypewastesdisposalsite,theseawallmaybeconsideredasakindofrevetmentandChapter 4, 12.1.3 Performance Verificationmaybereferenced. Inaddition, thefollowingmaybeapplied.

(2)The requirements for seepage control work specified in theMinisterial OrdinanceDetermining EngineeringStandardsPertaining toFinalDisposalSite forMunicipalSolidWastesandFinalDisposalSite for IndustrialWasteswhichapplytoseawallsforcontrolledtypecoastaldisposalsitesareasfollows:

① Thecasewherenoseepagecontrolworkisrequired;Ifalandfillsitehascontinuouslayerwhosethicknessis5mormoreandwhosecoefficientofpermeabilityisk=1×10-5cm/sorless(animpermeablelayer)atthebottomandatthesidesofthesite,itisnotnecessarytoprovideanyseepagecontrolwork.

② Thecasewherethereisnoimpermeablelayerthatcoverstheentirebottomofthelandfillsite;It is regulated that, if there is no impermeable layer, seepage control work that satisfies the requirementsgivenbelow (this is called surface seepage controlwork) or seepage controlworkhaving the equivalent orbetter seepage control capability be provided. In addition,wastes disposal seawalls located in areaswheredeteriorationsofimpervioussheetsduetosunlightmayoccuraresubjecttothesurfaceseepagecontrolworkprotectionrequirementsincludingspreadingofthelight-blockingnonwovenfabric.

(a) Theimpervioussheetislaidonthesurfaceofalayerofclayorothermaterialhavingathicknessof50cmormoreandacoefficientofpermeabilityofk=1×10-6cm/sorless.

(b)Theimpervioussheetislaidonthesurfaceofalayerofasphaltconcreteofathicknessof5cmormoreandacoefficientofpermeabilityofk=1×10-7cm/sorless.

(c) Doubleimpervioussheetsarelaidonthesurfaceofanon-wovenfabricoranyothermaterial.Anon-wovenfabricoranyothermaterialwhichhasasufficientthicknessandstrengthforpreventingsimultaneousdamageofbothimpervioussheetsisprovidedbetweentheimpervioussheets.

③ Thecasewherethereisaimpermeablelayerthatcoverstheentirebottomofthelandfillsite;Itisregulatedthat,ifthereisaimpermeablelayer,seepagecontrolworkthatsatisfiestherequirementsgivenbeloworseepagecontrolworkhavingtheequivalentorbetterseepagecontrolcapabilitybeprovided.Itisalsorequiredthatsuchseepagecontrolworkreachtheimpermeablelayer.

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(a) ThegroundaroundthelandfillsiteissolidifiedtoimpermeablelayertoaLugeonvalueof1orlessbygroutingofchemicals.

(b)Thereisprovidedawallofathicknessof50cmormoreandacoefficientofpermeabilityofk=1×10-6cm/sorlessaroundthelandfillsitetotheimpermeablelayer.

(c) Thereareprovidedsteelsheetpiles(limitedtothosewhichhavemeasurestakentopreventleachingofretainedwaterorthelikefromthepartofjointwiththeothersheetpiles)aroundthelandfillsitetotheimpermeablelayer.

(d)Seepagecontrolworkthatsatisfiestherequirementsspecifiedin(a)to(c)of②above.

(3)In thecaseof inlandwastesdisposal sites, it isoften thecase that impervious sheets areused to ensure thatsufficientseepagecontrolperformanceofthebottomisachieved.Ontheotherhand,inthecaseofwastesdisposalsiteslocatedinareasinseas,itisoftenthecasethatcohesivesoilbelowthebottomisusedtoensurethatsufficientseepagecontrolperformanceofthebottomisachieved.Insuchacase,itisnecessarytoconfirmwhetheralayerofcohesivesoilwhichisequivalenttoanimpermeablelayerexistsatthebottomsofthedisposalsiteslocatedinseasandtoconfirmthatthestrataofcohesivesoilshaveaimpermeabilityequivalenttothatofanimpermeablelayerspecifiedintheMinisterialOrdinanceDeterminingEngineeringStandardsPertainingtoFinalDisposalSiteforMunicipalSolidWastesandFinalDisposalSiteforIndustrialWastes. Itcanbeconsideredthatastratumhavingaseepagecontrolcapabilityequivalenttothatofanimpermeablelayerisevaluatedbythepermeationtime.Thepermeationtimecanusuallybecalculatedbyequation(2.4.1).

(2.4.1)

where, t :permeationtime(s) L :permeationdistance(thicknessoflayer)(cm) k :coefficientofpermeation(cm/s) h :waterleveldifferenceinthelayer,seeFig. 2.4.1(cm)

h

Layer of cohesive soilL

Fig. 2.4.1 Permeation Distance and Water Levels

Calculationsofthethicknessesoflayerswhichareequivalentintermsofthepermeationtimetoaimpermeablelayerwhosethicknessis5mormoreandcoefficientofpermeabilityisk=1×10-5cm/sorlessusingequation(2.4.1)resultinalayerthicknessof1.6mormoreinthecaseofalayerofacohesivesoilwhosecoefficientofpermeabilityisk=1×10-6cm/s.Thelayerthicknessandcontinuityofanimpermeablelayershallbeconfirmedthroughaboringsurvey.Whendeterminingthelayerthickness,itisdesirabletoaddanallowancetakingintoconsiderationthenon-uniformityofthesoillayer.

(4)Topreventleachingoftheretainedwaterfromtheinsideofacostalwastesdisposalsite,itispreferabletomaintainthewaterleveloftheretainedwaterlow.

(5)Controlledtypewastesdisposalsitesretaintheirseepagecontrolcapabilityafterthewastesdisposalareasceasetobeused,anditispossiblethatthestructuralstabilityofseawallsforcontrolledtypewastesdisposalsitemaybeimpairedwhentheleveloftheretainedwaterexceedsthecontrolwaterlevelasaresultofrainetc.Therefore,itisnecessarytoconfirmduringtheperformanceverificationthestabilityoftheseawallsofwhichtheleveloftheretainedwaterreachestheexpectedhighestlevelafterthedisuseofthewastesdisposalsite.


–971–

References

1) PortandharbourBureau,MinistryofTransport:Manualfordesign,constructionandmaintenanceofrevetmentofcontrolleddisposal(Underpreparationforpublishing)

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3 BeachesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Beaches

Article 51 1Theperformancerequirementsforthebeachesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitemstofacilitatethemaintenanceoftheportandharborenvironment:(1)BeachesshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,Transportand

Tourismsothattheywillcontributetothedevelopmentoftheportandharborenvironments.(2)Beachesshallbecapableofmaintainingastablestateoveralongtermagainstvariablewavesandwater

flows.2Inadditiontotherequirementsspecifiedintheprecedingparagraph,thebeacheswhichareutilizedbyanunspecifiedlargenumberofpeopleshallsatisfytherequirementsspecifiedbytheMinisterofLand,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismsoastoensurethesafetyoftheusersofthebeachesconcerned.

Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Beaches

Article 94 1Theperformancecriteriaofbeachesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Beaches shall be appropriately locatedwith thenecessarydimensions so as to ensure the safe and

comfortableusebypeopleandtocontributetotheenhancementofgoodportenvironments.(2)Theriskoflosingthestabilityofthebeachprofilesandplanshapeshallbeequaltoorlessthanthe

thresholdlevelunderthevariableactionsituationinwhichthedominantactionsarevariablewavesandwaterflows.

2Inadditiontotheprovisionsintheprecedingparagraph,thebeacheswhichareutilizedbyanunspecifiedlargenumberofpeopleshallbeprovidedwiththedimensionsrequiredforsecuringthesafetyoftheusersbytakingintoconsiderationtheenvironmentalconditionstowhichthefacilitiesconcernedaresubjectedandtheutilizationconditions.

[Commentary]

(1)PerformanceCriteriaofBeaches①Stabilityoffacility(serviceability)

Thesettingsrelatingtothebeachperformancecriteriaandthedesignsituationsexcludingaccidentalsituations are as shown inAttached Table-72. Whenverifying the performanceof a beachwithrespecttoitsshape,appropriateperformancecriteriaregardingitsstabilityshallbeset.

Attached Table-72 Settings relating to the Performance Criteria of Beaches and the Design Situations (excluding accidental situations)



Designsituation


Article

Paragraph

Item

Article

Paragraph


action

51 1 2 94 1 2 Serviceability Variable Variablewaves,waterflows

– Stabilityofthebeachintermsofitsshape

–


–973–

[Technical Note]

3.1 General

(1)Beaches canbe classified into two types according to the grain size distribution of the sediment; beaches ofthatconsistofmud,sand,andgravelandbeachesthatconsistofbaserockandrockyreefs.Eachbeachcanbezonedintothebackshore,foreshore,tidalflatandshoalzones,whicharedefinedbasedontheirrelativeheighttointertidalzone.Eachbeachcanalsobezonedintoseagrassmeadowsandcoralreefsbasedonthetypesofecosystemsofflorasandfaunas.Fig. 3.1.1 showsacrosssectionofatypicalsandybeach.

Rev

etm

ent

Backshore Foreshore

Foreshorewidth

Slope ofthe foreshore

Slope of the inshore

Backshorewidth

Backshore zoneheightBackshore zoneheight

Inshore

Inshore width

Offshore

H.W.L.

L.W.L.

Fig 3.1.1 Cross Section of a Typical Beach

(2)Tidalflatsaremuddysandbeachesthatareexposedduringlowtide.1)Tidalflatsoftenformcomplexandvaluablenaturalenvironmentsbecauseavarietyofdominantforcesandactionsoccurconcurrentlyinandaroundtidalflats,includingthecycleofebbandflow,changesinsalinityduetoriverdischargesandchangesintopographcausedbywavesandwaterflows.Seagrassmeadowsareshallowseaareasinwhichmacrophytesandseagrassgrowdenselytoformtheircolonies.Suchcoloniesareformedatwaterdepthsbetweenseveraltensofcentimeterandtenmetersplusseveralmeters.Coralreefsaretopographicfeaturesthatareformedbyhermatypicorganismssuchascorals.

(3)Beachnourishmentdefinedassupplyingsandalongshorestohelpdevelopmentofbeaches.Constructedbeachesshouldbeappropriatelydesignedintermsofthegrainsizeandtheslope.Inthecaseofabeachwithoutcontinuoussupplyofsediment,jettiesanddetachedbreakwatersshouldbeplacedtomaintainastablestateofthebeachundersuchconditions.

(4)Beachesusuallyrefersnotonlytoconstructedbeaches,butalsotonaturallydevelopedbeaches.Here,thebeachesreferstoconstructedbeachandnaturalbeachestobemaintainedandrestored.

3.2 Purposes of Beaches

(1)Beachesasakindofshoreprotectionfacilitiesaredevelopedforthepurposesofprotectingshoresfrombeingdamagedbytsunamis,stormsurges,waves,andotherphenomenarelatingtofluctuationsofseawaterorgroundsandfacilitatingappropriatedevelopment,aswellastoconserveshoreenvironmentsandtoprovideproperusesofshoresbythegeneralpublic.Themainpurposeofsuchbeachesisshoreprotection.Ontheotherhand,beacheswhicharefacilitiesforenhancementofportenvironmentsaredevelopedmainlyforthepurposeofmaintainingcomfortable living spaceshaving intimacywithwater. Suchbeaches serve thepurposeof ensuring safe andcomfortableuseofshoreandconservingnaturalenvironmentsinadditiontoprotectingshores.

(2)The functions of intimacywithwater include; (a) recreational areas for such activities as shellfish gathering,swimmingandfishing,(b)recreationalareasforplayingbeachvolleyballetc.,(c)spaceforagricultureorfisheryactivitiesand(d)spacesforenvironmentaleducation.

(3)Naturalenvironmentconservationfunctionsofbeachesincludethefunctionof(a)habitatscreationforavarietyoforganismsbyforminggoodbiologicalenvironmentsfororganismstoliveandgrow,(b)thefunctionofpurifyingseawaterthroughphysicalandbiologicalactionsofbeachesand(c)thefunctionofproducingorganismswhichissupportedbyprimaryproduction.

(4)Inadditiontotheintimacywithwater,beacheshavethefunctionofreducingwaveovertoppingratesbydampingtheenergyoftheincidentwavesthroughwavebreakingandthefunctionofpreventingthescouringoftoesectionsofdikes.

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(1)Eachbeachhasoneormoreof the functions such as intimacywithwater, habitat development function, seawaterpurificationfunction,organismproductionfunction.Becausethesefunctionsmaybecomplementarytoeachotherorconflictwitheachother,itisnecessary,whenexaminingtheconstructionofbeaches,toestablishappropriateobjectivesfirst.Whenestablishingsuchobjectives,itisimportanttoidentifythepastandexistingrelationshipsbetweenthenaturalenvironmentsandthewaystheareainquestionisusedbythelocalresidents.Thisinformationisusefulinconsultingamongthepartiesconcernedanddecidingonplansbasedonthesharingoffeelingsregardingtherolesofthenatureinrelationtohumans.Allanalysesandevaluationsshouldtakeintoconsiderationthefactthatthesefunctionsareaffectedbythestabilityandlevelofmaturityofeachecosystemandenvironmentalchanges.

3.4 Landscape of Beaches

(1)Withregardtolong-termchangesinbeach,morphologyitcanbesaidthataconstructedbeachisstableinthelongtermifthebeachisstableagainsttheprevailingwavesimmediatelyafteritscompletion.Short-termchangesin landscape is affectedmainlyby the littoral drift in the shore-offshoredirection. Therefore it is necessaryto examineappropriatemeasures suchas; (a) examine stabilizationmeasuresbymeansof jetty anddetachedbreakwaters,(b)selectsandgrainsizesforthebeachwhichareappropriateinrelationtothecharacteristicsofthewaves,and(c)replenishthebeachwithsandsothatthelossofsandiscanceledout.

(2)Materialstobeusedforbeachnourishmentneedtobeselectedcarefullybecausesuchmaterialsconstituteanimportantfactor thataffects, togetherwith thebeachmorphology, theperformanceandstabilityof thebeach.When performing analyses and evaluations relating to a beach nourishment-based beach management, it isnecessarytotakeintoconsiderationthefactthatthegrainsizedistributionofanourishedbeachaffectsnotonlythestabilityandcrosssectionofthebeachbutalsothedegreesofsatisfactionofbeachusersandthelevelsofqualityofhabitatsoforganisms inandaround thebeachnourishment site. Inaddition, it isnecessary,whenselectingmaterialstobeusedforbeachnourishment,toexerciseduecare,because,ifsedimentsarewashedawaybywaves,watersadjacenttothebeachnourishmentsitemaybeadverselyaffected.

(3)Whendeveloping a plan toprovide a structure or facilitymadeof a stone in a tidalflat or rocky shore, it isnecessarytogivesufficientconsiderationtolocatingitappropriatelysothatthesafetyofusersandthestabilityofthefacilitiesareensured.

(4)Jettyanddetachedbreakwatersshouldpreferablybesolocatedthatthestabilityofthebeachintermsofitsshapeisensuredandseawatercancirculatewithoutbecomingexcessivelystagnantsothatdeteriorationoftheseawaterqualitywillbemitigated.

(5)Withregardtolandscapeofbeaches,verificationsregardingthedimensionsofeachbeachincludingwidth,heightandlengthandthegrainsizearenecessary.Inaddition,whendeterminingthestructuraldimensions,themethodsdescribedbelowmaybeusedasaguide.

① CrestheightandcrestwidthofthebackshoreThecrestheightofthebackshoreshouldbedeterminedbasedonmeasurementstakenatthesiteoratasimilarcoastlocatednearthesiteorusingtheproposedestimationformulas.1),4),5)Thecrestwidthofthebackshoreshouldbedeterminedtakingintoconsiderationtheamountofshort-termregressionoftheshorelineduringhighwaveperiodsthatisestimatedbyusingnumericalcalculationsorthehistoricaldata.

② SlopeoftheforeshoreTheslopeoftheforeshore,whichisoneoftheessentialdimensionsofabeach,shouldbedeterminedbyusingtheproposedestimationformulas1),4),5)orbasedonmeasurementstakenatthesiteoratasimilarcoastlocatednearthesitetakingintoconsiderationthechangesingrainsizeandthewaveconditions.Theseabottomslopeofatidalflatisoftennotgentlerthanthatofabeach.(SeeFig. 3.4.1.)

③ SedimentgrainsizeThesedimentgrainsizeaffectsnotonlythestabilityandcrosssectionalslopeofthebeach1),4),5)butalsothedegreesofsatisfactionofbeachusersabouttheirusesofthebeach,thedistributionofhabitatsoforganisms,theenvironmentpurificationfunctionsandthepermeabilityorwaterretentioncharacteristic.1),5)Thegrainsizedistributionofthesedimentshouldbeappropriatelydeterminedtakingintoconsiderationthesefactors.


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10-4 10-3

1/5

1/10

1/151/20

1/30

1/60

1/100

d50/H0

10-50.01

0.1

0.5

tan β

N NN

N

S

SS

S S S

SM

MMM

S

N

N N NN

KKKKKH

Rtan β

0.04≧H0 / L0＞0.020.02≧H0 / L0＞0.010.01≧H0 / L0＞0.005

MNKS

：Miyazaki Coast：Niigata Coast：Kanazawa Coast：Sakata Coast：Umi-no-koen Park, Yokohama City：Itsukaichi Artificial Tidal Flat

Fig. 3.4.1 Relationship between Sea Bottom Slope and Sediment Grain Size 4)

(tanβ, d50 and H0 denote the sea bottom slope, median grain size and deepwater wave height, respectively.)

(6)Inaverificationofstability, it isnecessarytopredict theshort-andlong-termchangesof theshorelineor thechanges in water depth and the sediment transport amount by using appropriate numerical calculations andestimationformulastakingintoconsiderationtheeffectsofthefacilitiesforwavecontrolandsedimentmovementcontrolfacilities.2),4)Theinitialshorelineconfigurationshallremainsimilartotheshapeoftheshorelineofthelandscapeofthebeachafterstabilizationthatisdeterminedbasedontheactionsofwavesandthelocationsofjettiesanddetachedbreakwaters.

(7)Whenexaminingaproject toconstructingor restoringa tidalflat, it isnecessary to; (a)giveconsideration toensuringthatthelandscapeofthetidalflatwillremainstableandthefunctionalrequirementsestablishedduringtheplanningphasewillbesatisfied,and(b)devisemeasurestoalloworganismsdesirablefortheareatoliveinthearea.Inotherwords,itisnecessarytoexaminethebasicfacilitiestomaintainthelandscapeofthetidalflatandmeasurestoallowdesirableorganismstoliveinthetidalflatarea,andtofacilitatethesuccessionofsuchorganisms.Withregardtothis,thefollowingbasicprinciplesmaybeusedasasourceofreference:

① Inprinciple,thecrestheightofthebackshoreshouldbetheH.W.L.orhigher.

② Thecrestheightofthebackshoreofatidalflatandtheinclinationoftheforeshoreofthetidalflatisdeterminedbasedontheactionsofwaves.

③ Theforeshoreandbackshoreofa tidalflatshouldbe located insuchaway that theywillnotbefrequentlysubjectedtohighwaves,sothatthestabilityofthelandscapeofthebeachwillbeensured.

④ Itisdifficulttofixthelandscapeoftheinshoreofatidalflatbywavesbecausetheinclinationsoftheinshoreoftidalflatsareverygentle.

⑤ Inthecaseofarivermouthtidalflat,thestabilityofthesedimentagainstthewaterflowissometimestakenintoconsideration.Thereissometimesthecasethatchangesinsalinityaffecthabitatsandactivitiesoforganisms.

⑥ Inthecaseofaforeshoretidalflat,considerationshouldbegiventoensuringthestabilityofthebasicfacilitiesby,forexample,makingthebeachasflataspossibleandsodesigningtheforeshoresectionthatitslengthissufficient. Thenumbersoforganismsthat live in theareaaresometimesaffectedbywhether thesiltyclaycontentsofthetidalflatandbeachareappropriateandwhetherthewaterretentioncapabilityisappropriate.

⑦ Thelandscapeoftheforeshoreofaforeshoretidalflatsometimesconsistsofbothflatsectionsandmulti-stepbartroughsections.ThereissometimesthecasethatmanybenthosessuchasshellfishandsandlugwormsliveinthewaterdepthbelowtheM.W.L.

(8)Inalagoontidalflatwherethesurroundingenvironmentbecomesimportant,theseawatercirculationandtheseawaterqualitymaintenancewillbeanimportantpointfortheperformanceverification.Theheightandslopeofthegroundandthesettingsrelatingtovegetationaredeterminedbasedonsuchconsiderations.Insuchacase,thefollowingbasicprinciplesmaybeusedasasourceofreference:

– 976–


①Withregardtointroductionofseawater,itshouldbeensuredthatconnectionwiththesurroundingwatersismaintainedbychannelsortrainingjetties.

② Introduction of sea water to exchanged is an essential measures of controlling the water levels, salinity,nutrientsanddissolvedoxygen.Sluicegatesaresometimesusedtocontroltheseconditions.Insuchacase,examinationsregardingthewaterbalanceareperformedthattakeintoconsiderationthefreshwaterinflows,seawaterexchanges,seawatercirculation,vaporization,precipitation,overflowsandunderseepage.

③ Seawatercirculationsareessentialalsofromtheperspectiveofensuringthatlarvaeoftransportandrecruitmenttoandfromriversandtheopensea.

④ Toavoidtheformationofhypoxicwatermassesnearthebottomofalagoon,itisadvisabletobesetthegroundheightthatthewaterdepthwillnotexceed1mduringlowesttideperiods.

⑤Whenmakingthelandscapebysoildumping,theheightofthelandshallbedeterminedtakingintoconsiderationofthesettlementoftheland.

⑥Certainkindsofbirdshavepreferencesinrespectofthewaterdepthsoftidalflatsandtheslopeofbeaches.Snipesandploverspreferwaterdepthsof0.4morless,andduckspreferwaterdepthsof0.5mormore.

(9) Therearetwomethodstomaintainbeaches.Oneisthesandbypassmethodwhichmakesthesedimentaccumulatedontheupstreamsideofacoaststructureflowcontinuouslytothedownstreamside.Theotheroneisthesandbackpassmethodwhichmovesthesedimenttoerodedareaslocatedupstreamofthecoaststructure.

3.5 Amenity

(1)Beaches should be appropriately evaluated in relation to the requirements of the amenity function with thefrequenciesoftheiruseforswimming,shellfishgatheringandotherpurposestakenintoconsideration.

(2)Beachesshouldbeappropriatelyprovidedwithrestingareasandplantedvegetationaccordingtotheirpurposes.Whenexaminingtheplantvegetation,itisnecessarytoperformsufficientanalysestakingintoconsiderationthefactthatcoastalareasaresubjectedtospecialenvironmentalconditionssuchasstrongwinds,saltwatersplashesandsalinesoils.

(3)Itisnecessarytotakeintoconsiderationthefactthatthemainpurposeofbeachesishumanuseandgivesufficientconsiderationtoensuringthesafetyoftheuserssothataccidentsduetobeachdeformationsshouldbeavoided.Onceanewlyconstructedorrestoredbeachisopenedforpublicuse,itisnecessarytoconductperiodicpatrolsandinspectionstoconfirmthatthesafetymeasuresarefunctioningproperly.Inparticular,itisimportanttotakemeasures topreventsandoutflowsfromnourishedbeaches,whichmaycausecollapsesorcreatecavities thatcannotberecognizedfromthesurfaceoftheground,andtocontinuouslycheckforandmonitorphenomenathatmayaffectthesafetyoftheusersbyconductingperiodicpatrolsandinspectionsafterthebeachisopenedforpublicuse.

(4)Beachesprovidespaceswherepeoplecanrelaxandenjoyrecreationalactivities.However,thesafetyofbeachusersisoccasionallythreatenedbytidalwaves,stormsurgesandtsunamis.Therefore,beachesshouldbeprovidedasnecessarywithemergencycommunicationequipmentsuchasalarmequipmentandtelephonesthatisnecessarytoallowthebeachuserstoevaluatewhethertheirsafetyisbeingsecured.

3.6 Conservation of Natural Environments

(1)Beaches have natural environment conservation functions such as the function of developing habitats fororganisms,thefunctionofpurifyingseawaterandthefunctionofproducingorganisms.

(2)Beachescanbebrokendownintosuchconstituentsasseaweedcolonyareas,tidalflatsandcoralreefsbasedonthetypesofecosystemsofflorasandfaunas.

References

1) PortandHarbourBureau,MinistryofTransportEdition,WorkingGroupforregenerationofmarinenature:HandbookofMarineNaturalreclamationVol.2,Tideland,p.138,2003

2) WorkingGroupformarinenaturalreclamation:HandbookofMarineNaturalreclamation,Gyosei,20033) BureauofPortsandHarbours,MinistryofTransport(Edition)andJapanPortAssociation:Planninganddesignmanualfor

zonalprotectivecomplex,,p.209,19914) JSCE,CoastalEngineeringCommittee:Handbookofdesignofcoastprotectionfacilities2000,JSCE,p.582,20005) BureauofPortandHarbours,MinistryofTransport(Edition)andJapanMarinaandbeachAssociation:ManualforPlanning


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anddesignofbeach,p.229,20056) BureauofPortandHarbours,MinistryofTransport(Edition)andWaterfrontVitalizationandEnvironmentResearchCenter:

Designandconstructionofmanualforthearrangementofgardenplantsonportgreenbelt,19997) Parks&OpenSpaceAssociationofJapan:Standardcommentaryofurbanparkengineering,20048) PortandHarbourBureau,MinistryofTransportEdition,WorkingGroupforregenerationofmarinenature:Handbookof

MarineNaturalreclamationVol.1,Introduction,p.107,20039) PortandHarbourBureau,MinistryofTransportEdition,WorkingGroupforregenerationofmarinenature:Handbookof

MarineNaturalreclamationVol.3,Seagrassmeadow,p.110,200310) PortandHarbourBureau,MinistryofTransportEdition,WorkingGroupforregenerationofmarinenature:Handbookof

MarineNaturalreclamationVol.3,coralreef,p.103,200311) Port and Harbour Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport: “Greenization “ of Port Administration

(Environment friendlyAdministration of Ports andHarbours, IndependentAdministrative InstitutionNational PrintingBureau,2005.

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4 Plazas and Green SpacesMinisterial OrdinancePerformance Requirements for Plazas and Green Spaces

Article 52 Theperformancerequirementsfortheplazasandgreenspacesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitemstofacilitatedevelopmentofportenvironmentsaswellastherestorationandreconstructionoftheportanditssurroundingareas:(1)The plazas and green spaces shall satisfy the requirements specified by the Minister of Land,

Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism so that they contribute to the development of good portenvironmentsandtoensurethesafetyoftheusersoftheplazasandgreenspaces.

(2)The plazas and green spaces shall satisfy the requirements specified by the Minister of Land,Infrastructure,TransportandTourismso that theycanbeutilizedasabase for the restorationandreconstruction of the port and its surrounding areas in the aftermath of the occurrence ofLevel 2earthquakegroundmotions.

(3)ThedamageduetoLevel2earthquakegroundmotionsandotheractionsshallnotaffectrestorationthroughminorrepairworksofthefunctionsrequiredofplazasandgreenspacesintheaftermathoftheoccurrenceofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions.

Public NoticePerformance Criteria of Plazas and Green Spaces

Article 95 Theperformancecriteriaofplazasandgreenspacesshallbeasspecifiedinthesubsequentitems:(1)Plazasandgreenspacesshallbeappropriatelylocatedwiththenecessarydimensionssoastoensurethe

safeandcomfortableusebypeopleandtocontributetotheenhancementofgoodportenvironments.(2)Plazasandgreenspacesshallbecapableofbeingutilizedasthebasesforrestorationandreconstruction

ofportsandtheirsurroundingareasaftertheyaresubjectedtoLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,andshallbeprovidedwiththedimensionsnecessaryforensuringsmoothtransportofgoodsandmaterialsandprovidingtheareasforrefuges.

(3)ThedegreesofdamagebytheactionofLevel2earthquakegroundmotions,whicharethedominantactionintheaccidentalactionsituation,shallbeequaltoorlessthanthethresholdlimit.

[Commentary]

(1)PerformanceCriteriaofPlazasandGreenSpaces①Stabilityoffacility(restorability)

The settings relating to the design situations limited to the accidental situations only and theperformancecriteriaofplazasandgreenspacesareasshowninAttached Table-73.Thereasonforindicating“damages”inthe“Verificationitem”columnofAttached Table-73isthatitisnecessarytouseacomprehensivetermtakingaccountthattheverificationitemsvarydependingonthetype,structureandstructuraltypeofthefacilities.


–979–

Attached Table 73 Settings for the Design Situations limited to the Variable Situations only and Performance Criteria of Plazas and Green Spaces



Designsituation


Article

Paragraph

Item

Article

Paragraph


action

52 1 3 95 1 3 Restorability Accidental L2earthquakegroundmotion

Selfweight,surcharges

Damages

[Technical Note]

(1)DevelopmentofGoodPortEnvironmentsPlazas and green spaces should preferably be appropriately provided with rest areas and planted vegetationaccordingtotheirpurposes.

References

1) BureauofPortandHarbours,MinistryofTransport(Edition)andWaterfrontVitalizationandEnvironmentResearchCenter:Designandconstructionofmanualforthearrangementofgardenplantsonportgreenbelt,1999

2) Parks&OpenSpaceAssociationofJapan:Standardcommentaryofurbanparkengineering,20043) Port and Harbour Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport: “Greenization “ of Port Administration

(Environment friendlyAdministration of Ports andHarbours, IndependentAdministrative InstitutionNational PrintingBureau,2005.

– 980–


Documents

Chapter 6 Port Transportation Facilities · 2017. 8. 15. · PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 6 PORT TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES – 915 – mobile cranes and others are expected to travel,