RESPIRATION

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RESPIRATORY PROCESS

• mucle contraction•Movement of chromosome

IMPORTANCEOF ENERGY

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Amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid formed

in the muscles

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Aerobic respiration Anerobic respiration

1. Both are cellular respiration2. Glucose is the main substrate3. Energy is produced

similarities

Differences

Oxygen is required Oxygen is not required

Glucose is broken down completely Glucose is not broken down completely

Large amount of energy is released Small amount of energy is released

CO2 and water are produced Ethanol and CO2 are produced in the yeast. Lactic acid is produced in the muscle

Occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria

Only occur in cytoplasm 7

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Each lung has 1.5-2.5 million of alveoli

Left lung – has2 lobes

Right lung- has 3 lobes 9

PART STRUCTURE FUNCTION

Nasal cavity •Inner wall is lined with a ciliated epithelium and mucous secreting cells.

•Dust and microorganisms are trapped by mucous and are carried towards the throat by the cilia.•The air from the atmosphere is warmed and moistened before it enters the lung.

Trachea •A large tube that is supported by C-shaped cartilage.•The inner wall is lined with a ciliated epithelium and mucous secreting cells.

•Dust and microorganisms are trapped by mucous and carried towards the throat by cilia•Carries the inspired air to the bronchi.

Bronchi •Two tubes which branches from the trachea.•Circular rings of cartilages support the tubes.

•Dust and microorganisms are trapped by mucous and carried towards the throat by cilia•Carry the inspired air to the bronchioles.

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Bronchioles •Very small air tubes in the lungs•The tubes are lined with mucous.•Lack of cartilage

•Dust and microorganisms are trapped by the mucous and are carried towards the throat by cilia.•Carries the inspired air to the alveoli

Alveoli •Small,moist,thin wall air sacs (0.2 mmin diameter)

•Gaseous exchange between the blood and the lungs.

Cilia

Bronchus11

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Alveoli13

Reino protistaParamecium

PROTOZOA

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INSECTS

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• Has 4 pairs of gills, each supported by a bony arch.• Gills have 2 rows of gill filaments, contain numerous gill lamella.• Each gill lamella is folded into gill plates that have thin walls and supplied with blood capillaries. The arrangement increase the surface area of the gills.• Oxygen dissolved in the water diffuse into blood capillaries while carbon dioxide diffuse in the reverse direction.

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AMPHIBIANS

Adult frog

Frog development

•Tadpoles breathe through the skin and gills

•Adult frogs breathe through the lungs, skin and mucous lining of mouth.•Lungs, skin and mouth have many blood capillaries.•There are many folds inside the lung sacs, which increase the respiratory surface.•When the frog remains under water for a long time, all the oxygen needed enter the blood through its skin.•Frog swallows air through the nostril to the lung by using the muscles on the floor of its mouth.•When breathing, frog will closed its mouth. 19

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATORY SURFACES IN LARGE

ORGANISMS

Large surface area•Air sacs have folded

linings or lead-like plates.

Thin surface for gas exchange

•Diffusion of gases can occur rapidly

Constantly moving transport medium

•Efficient blood circulatory system ensures that a concentration gradient is always maintained.•Diffusion of gases occur between the respiratory surface and the blood cells.

Moist respiratory surface

•Enable gases to dissolve in a liquid when they diffuse into or out of the cells.

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MECHANISM OF BREATHING IN HUMANS

EXHALATION INHALATION

Internal intercostal muscles (inside the rib cage)contract, external intercostal muscle (outside the rib cage) relax.

External intercostal muscles contract,internal intercostal muscles relax.

Rib cage move downwards and inwards. Rib cage move upwards and outwards.21

EXHALATION INHALATION

The diaphragm muscles relax and move upwards.

The diaphragm muscles contract and become flattens.

Volume of the thoracic cavity will decrease

Volume of thoracic cavity will increase

Pressure inside the thoracic cavity increase, more than the atmospheric pressure.

Pressure inside the thoracic cavity decrease, less than the atmospheric pressure.

Air is forced out of the lungs. Air is drawn into the lungs

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Protozoan

Protozoans

•Unicellular•Large surface area to

volume ratio

•Entire cell surface acts as an area for gaseous exchange •Oxygen enters the

organism and carbon dioxide leaves by

diffusion.

BREATHING MECHANISM

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BREATHING MECHANISM

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BREATHING MECHANISM IN FISH 27

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During expiration, the nostrils open. The muscles of the body wall contract to force the air from the lungs to the mouth cavity and nostrils.

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PARTIAL PRESSURE

• Atmospheric pressure – 760mm Hg

•Partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) – 21% of 760mm Hg, that is 160mm Hg. 30

GASES EXCHANGE ACROSS THE SURFACE OF THE ALVEOLUS AND BLOOD CAPILLARIES

IN LUNGS

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TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN HUMANS

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THE EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND THE BODY CELL

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Content Inspired air Expired air Reason

Oxygen 21% 16% Oxygen is used in cellular respiration

Carbon dioxide 0.03% 4% Carbon dioxide is produces in cellular respiration

Nitrogen 78% 78% Nitrogen is neither used nor produced in cellular respiration

Water vapour Variable Saturated Water is product of cellular respiration. Evaporation from the

lung during expiration.

Dust Variable Little Dust particles have been filtered by the hairs in the nostrils and trapped by the mucous in the

respiratory tract

Temperature Variable About body temperature

Air has been warmed by body temperature

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CONTROL OF BREATHING

• Breathing is involuntary process that controlled by the respiratory system located in medulla oblongata.

• Respiratory centre consist of : a) Inspiratory centre – inspiration b) Expiratory centRe - expiration

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Regulation of Respiration by the Central Chemoreceptor

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Regulation of Respiration by the Peripheral Chemoreceptor

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RESPIRATORY RESPONSE IN DIFFERENCE SITUATIONS

1) At 4000m above sea level, there are roughly 40% less oxygen available than at the sea level.

2) A mountaineer may develop symptoms of hypoxia ( a shortage of oxygen)

3) Symptoms of hypoxia:a) breathlessb) headachec) nausead) vomitinge) heart palpitation

HIGH ALTITUDE

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MECHANISM TO COPE WITH THIS SITUATION

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FEAR

1) Fear is an unpleasant emotion that occurs in response to a consciously recognized source of danger, real or imaginary.

2) Physical symptoms occur :a) rapid heartbeat and breathingb) raise in blood pressurec) increase in muscle tension

Involved in the processing and expression of emotions, especially anger and fear.

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IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING A HEALTHY RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM

Smoking tobacco causes lung diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema and lung

cancer

bronchitis

emphysema

-multiple cavities lined by heavy black carbon deposits.

Keep away from smokers to avoid second-hand smoke.

When there is a haze, stay indoors or cover your nose and mouth with a mask to keep out

of the air pollutants

Exercise because deep breathing make your lungs become

stronger and better at supplying body with oxygen

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PNEUMONIA

1) Invasive infection of the lower respiratory system by bacterial pneumonia.

2) The infection has broken through the wall of the bronchi and entered into the tissues of the lung.

3) The infected lung tissue has blood vessels that may transport the infectious bacteria to other parts of the body.

4) Symptoms : a) large amount of greenish or brownish sputum b) heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute c) fever, chills, fatigue, cough, shortness of breathe

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• Thick, sticky dark brown substance•Carcinogenic (cancer-causing agent)• Damage lung tissues, break down the alveoli•Causes bronchitis and smoker cough

• addictive chemicals• blood platelets become sticky, lead to clotting• increase blood pressure, heart rate• narrows the arteries

• poisonous, odorless gas•Combine with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin

SUBSTANCE IN TOBACCO SMOKE

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RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

-Gaseous exchange occur mainly in the leaves because they have large surface area to volume ratio.

-Gaseous exchange is by simple diffusion through the stomata and the lenticels.

- Lenticels are small openings on the surface of woody stems and roots.

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GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE LIGHT

(1) CO2 diffuses from atmosphere through the stomata into spongy

layer

(2) CO2 move upward through intercellular air space.

(3) CO2 dissolve in the fluid that cover the wall of the mesophyll cell and diffuse into the cell

(4) O2 diffuse out of the cells and leaves the leaf via stomata in reverse direction

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GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN THE DARK

-Less oxygen in the air spaces than the atmosphere.

-Oxygen will diffuse inward through lenticels

-Stomata are normally closed at night

-Aerobic respiration occurred.

-CO2 that is produced by plants will diffuse outwards.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

-Occur when oxygen is absent

-The process is called alcoholic fermentation

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy

-Examples of plants that do anaerobic respiration: a) Young rice plants – planted in fields that are muddy and flooded, have

little or no oxygen - the roots can respire anaerobically that will produce ethanol as waste products. - Ethanol is poisonous to the plant cells but the root cells are tolerant to the ethanol

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-Similarities between respiration and photosynthesis :

Both are metabolic processes

Differences

Respiration Photosynthesis

Process of breaking down organic materials

Process of synthesis organic materials

Occur in all living cells Occur in cells that have chloroplast

Take place in the presence and absence of light

Take place only in the presence of light

Uses glucose and oxygen Uses carbon dioxide and water

Produces carbon dioxide and water Produce glucose and oxygen

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COMPENSATION POINT

– all the carbon dioxide produced in respiration by the plant is re-used in photosynthesis, and there is

no loss or gain in carbon dioxide.

- rate of CO2 uptake = rate of CO2 produced (photosynthesis) (respiration)

- occur during dawn and dusk

- when the rate of photosynthesis and respiration remains at compensation point, plants would not be able to store any food. No food is available to

heterotrophs. Rate of photosynthesis

exceeds rate of respiration

(dawn) 56