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Chapter 7. Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation. By: Jessica Juday, Lyudmila Koba, Luke Mros, Grant Prehn and Vincent Xu. Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons. Earth spins on its axis Makes 1 complete revolution every 24hrs Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.5° - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 7Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation
By: Jessica Juday, Lyudmila Koba, Luke Mros, Grant Prehn and Vincent Xu
• Earth spins on its axis• Makes 1 complete revolution every 24hrs
• Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.5°• Earth’s tilt referred to as it’s “obliquity”
Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons
Earths Rotation Around the Sun• 1 revolution around the
Sun = 365 days• Earth’s tilt combined with
solar orbit gives us seasons
• Seasons accumulate at Solstices• Summer Solstice - longest
day• Winter Solstice - shortest
day
Northern Hemisphere:Summer Solstice Jun 21st Winter Solstice Dec 21st
Southern Hemisphere:Summer Solstice Dec 21st Winter Solstice Jun 21st (reverse from that of the north)
Earths Tilt and it’s Direction Are Constant Throughout Orbit
• Reason why we have regular seasons
• Earths tilt defines
the Arctic Circles at 66.5°
• During Winter Solstice, no direct sunlight reaches poleward of this latitude
At Winter Solstice, no direct sunlight reaches past this point
Equinoxes occur midway between solstices.
• Direction of Earth’s tilt not pointing towards/away from the sun.
• Days/Nights become equal in length
Equinoxes
Earths orbit is “Elliptical”• Orbital eccentricity is due to gravitational pull on Earth
from other planets• Earth’s distance from the Sun varies due to position in
elliptical orbit• Close pass: “Perihelion” • Distant pass: “Aphelion”
Earths Eccentric Orbit
Close pass: “Perihelion”
• 146 million km• Jan 3rd
Distant pass: “Aphelion”
• 152 million km• Jul 4th • 7 days longer
between equinoxes• 3% variation in distance• Slight changes in radiation received• Small effect on seasons
Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit
• Orbit varies due to gravitational attractions between Earth and other Celestial bodies
• Causes variation in Earth’s angle of tilt, eccentricity of orbit and positions of solstices/equinoxes in the orbit
• These variations are Cyclical…
Changes like Earth’s orbit and amount of radiation received occur in cycles.
We express these cycles as “Wavelengths”
Cycles and Modulation…
• Period• A wavelength
expressed in units of time
• Frequency• # of cycles that occur in
1 Earth year• Amplitude
• Measure of deviation from long-term average
Modulation• Amplitude of peaks and
valleys change in a cyclic way
• Modulation of a cycle is not in itself a cycle!
If the Earth had a circular orbit with no tilt to the axis, we would have no seasons for there would be no change in solar radiation.
Extremes of Tilt
No Tilt
Alternately, if Earth’s axis had a tilt of 90 degrees, the poles would alternate between day-long darkness, and day-long direct overhead sunshine.
Extremes of Tilt
Equator
90 degree tilt
Decreased axis tilt diminishes the difference in seasons and brings it closer to that of the example below.
Decreasing Tilts
Increased tilt of the axis results in more solar radiation at the summer season poles, and less to the winter season poles.
Effects on Polar Regions
This can be described by reference to the major (longer) and minor (shorter) axis.
The degree of departure from a circular orbit can be described by this equation.
The Shape of an Ellipse
E = Eccentricitya and b = ½ the lengths of major and minor
The eccentricity of an ellipse is related to half of the lengths of it’s longer and shorter axes
Changes in Earth’s Orbit Through Time
The earth’s orbit used to be more elliptical or “eccentric” than it is today.
There is orbital variation at periods of 413,000 years, and 100,000 years.
The longer cycle of 413,000 is not as noticeable because it appears in between the 100,000 year cycles between large and small peaks.
Larger amplitudes appear at 200,000 yrs, 600,000 yrs, and 1,000,000 yrs.
A third cycle happens at 2.1 million years, but it is weak in amplitude.
Eccentricity Cycles
Precession• What is it?
-The motion of the axis of a spinning body, such as the wobble of a spinning top,when an external force acting on the axis.
Earths Three Forms of Precession
1. Precession of the Axis
2. Precession of the Ellipse
3. Precession of the Solstices and the Equinoxes
1. Precession of the Earths Axis
-One rotation every 25,000 years
-Caused by the gravitational pull on the earth's equatorial bulge
-Causes the Celestial northern star to vary-Bright star at the bottom is the star Vega
Axial Precession Cycle
- The ellipse of the earth’s orbit also hasa precession-Rate of precession is even slower thanthat of the axial precession
~22,000 yearshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82p-DYgGFjI&list=PL1Iewcbx3MoVFpQmNOgSy1cu8LeNZUegN
2. Precession of the Ellipse
3. Precession of the Equinoxes
- The point where the equinoxes and solstices occur has a precession of it’s own.
Why is it important?-the point at which the solstices and equinoxes occur determines the intensity of the seasons
What is it caused by?-the combination of the precession of the axis and the ellipse.
One full rotation take between 19-23
Thousand years
What does it look like?
Insolation Changes by Month and SeasonLong-term changes in tilt
Long-term changes in precession
June and December insolation variations
Precession at low and middle latitudes
effects of tilt evident only at higher latitudes
Phasing of insolation maxima and minima
Difference between North Pole and South Pole
Insolation Changes by Caloric SeasonsFamily of monthly precession curves
Caloric insolation seasons
Caloric season insolation anomalies
Complication from overlapping cycles
Searching for Orbital-scale Changes in Climatic Records
Time Series Analysis
• Time Series Analysiso A method used to
analyze climate record data, in hopes to extract rhythmic cycles.
o References patterns against a time component.
• Spectral Analysiso Referencing sine waves
with climate data to measure their correlation.
o A strong correlation indicates a strong cycle.
● Power Spectrum○ the result of a spectrum
analysis○ Used to show data.○ prone to interference
from equipment and climate irregularities.
● Filtering○ A method of honing in
on a specific set of data to better analyze it without referencing other data.
Effects of Undersampling Climate Records
• Time series analysis requires multiple cycle sightings to be accurate (>4).
• Aliasingo False trends found by way of undersampling.o Combated with frequent readings and large sample sizes.o False trends tend to only measure part of natural cycles. This
causes skewed results.
Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s Orbit
• Earth’s characteristics are not set in stone and are prone to change over time.o Coral studies from 440 million years ago.
11% more tidal cycles per year. Earth spun 11% more on its rotational axis.
• Not everything in earth is a cycle we can see.