Chapter 7

Anatomy and Physiology

7:1 Basic Structure of the Human Body

• The normal function of the human body is compared to an organized machine

• The machine malfunctions, disease occurs• Anatomy: study of form and structure• Physiology: study of processes• Pathophysiology: study of how disease occurs

and body’s response

Anatomy– Topographic anatomy– Gross anatomy– Microscopic anatomy

Physiology– Homeostasis

Protoplasm

• Basic substance of life• Made of ordinary elements (e.g., carbon,

oxygen, hydrogen)• Scientists can combine these elements,

but not create life

Cells

• Made of protoplasm• Microscopic organisms• Carry on all functions of life• Body contains trillions of cells• Vary in shape and size• Perform different functions

Basic Parts of Cells

• Cell membrane• Cytoplasm• Organelles• Nucleus• Nucleolus• Chromatin• Genome

(continues)

Basic Parts of Cells (continued)

• Centrosome• Mitochondria• Golgi apparatus• Endoplasmic reticulum• Vacuoles• Lysosomes• Pinocytic vesicles

Mitosis

• Asexual reproduction process used by most cells

• Different types of cells reproduce at different rates

• Process of mitosis—see Figure 7-2 in text

Meiosis

• Process by which sex cells reproduce• Uses two separate cell divisions• Female cells (ova) and male cells

(spermatozoa or sperm) divide to produce 23 chromosomes each

• When ova and sperm combine, 46 chromosomes result to form zygote

• http://khanacademy.org/video?v=kaSIjIzAtYA

• Go to the above website and view the teaching video.

Stem cell debate

• Stem cells are able to transform themselves into any of the body’s specialized cells and perform many different functions.

• Sources of stem cells:– Umbilical cord blood– Newborn’s placenta– 4-5 day old embryo while still undifferentiated– Adult bone marrow and liver

Order of organization• (Protoplasm-) Atoms• Molecules• Organelles - • Cells• tissues- • organs- • organ system- • organism

Tissues

• Cells of same type joined together• 60%–99% water• Groups of tissues– Epithelial– Connective– Nerve– Muscle

Organs and Systems

• Organs: two or more tissues joined together for a specific purpose

• Systems: organs and other body parts joined together for a particular function

Systems of the body• Integumentary• Muscular• Skeletal• Blood and Cardiovascular• Lymphatic• Respiratory• Digestive• Nervous and Senses• Urinary• Endocrine• Reproductive

Summary

• Protoplasm is basic substance of life• Protoplasm forms structural units called cells• Cells combine to form tissue• Tissues combine to form organs• Organs and other parts combine to

form systems• Systems work together to create miracle of

human body